1. M.C. Mehta filed a public interest litigation before the Supreme Court in 1984 regarding air pollution threatening the Taj Mahal from nearby industries.
2. The Supreme Court examined reports finding that industries in the Taj Trapezium Zone were major polluters, emitting sulphur dioxide that combined with water to form acid rain damaging the marble Taj Mahal.
3. In its 1996 judgment, the Court ordered 292 polluting industries to switch from coal to natural gas by deadlines or relocate outside the protected Taj Trapezium Zone, establishing guidelines and agencies to facilitate the transition.
The Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 provides the central government authority to protect the environment from pollution and regulate industrial activity. It established rules for emissions standards, hazardous waste management, and regulating hazardous chemicals and genetically modified organisms. The Act introduced penalties for non-compliance and empowers the government to appoint officers to enforce its objectives. Landmark court cases have helped define concepts like polluter pays principle and enforced remediation measures for water and air pollution incidents.
This document summarizes a public interest litigation filed by M.C. Mehta regarding air pollution around the Taj Mahal. It discusses the various reports submitted on sources of pollution like industries and refineries. The court recognized the need for sustainable development and applied the precautionary principle. It directed 292 industries to switch to natural gas and others to relocate, constituting a committee to monitor progress. Analysis shows SO2 levels reduced after the action plan. However, the petitioner notes justice was delayed as it took 16 years to fully address the issue.
This document discusses environmental regulation in India's energy sector. It covers various topics like existing environmental norms and standards for the power sector, pollutants, hazardous substances, penal provisions, and prohibitions. It also discusses critically polluted areas, rehabilitation plans, environmental acts, standards, and challenges with implementation and enforcement. Further, it addresses issues like climate change, national missions on solar and energy, climate technology centers, and India's communications to UNFCCC.
Pollution Monitoring for Industrial PollutantsPiyushPal24
This presentation was prepared as part of an assignment. The presentation discusses the background and objectives of pollution monitoring. A couple of case studies are discussed: The Ganga, India and Sterlite Copper
Public Interest Litigation and Environmental lawSwathiHosamani
The document discusses several important public interest litigations (PILs) in India related to environmental protection. It summarizes key PIL cases that have established important legal precedents, including the first PIL filed in 1983 to stop limestone quarrying (Dehradun case), cases that reduced pollution in the Ganga River by industries (Ganga Water Pollution cases), and other cases related to industrial pollution, vehicular emissions, and more. The document also discusses prominent Indian environmental lawyer M.C. Mehta and his role in bringing many landmark PILs on environmental issues.
The document summarizes the pollution problems affecting the Taj Mahal in Agra, India. Emissions from nearby industries like the Mathura oil refinery contain sulfur and nitrogen oxides that cause acid rain, corroding the marble of the Taj Mahal. This phenomenon is known as "marble cancer." The Supreme Court of India has ordered industries to switch to cleaner fuels and for monitoring stations to be set up to measure air quality. The court case M.C. Mehta vs. UOI & Ors aimed to address the pollution issues impacting the Taj Mahal. The government has since implemented various actions and regulations to help protect the historic monument from further damage by air pollution.
The document summarizes plans by Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi JSC to develop the Tavan Tolgoi coalfield in Mongolia. It owns licenses to 5 of the 6 sub-fields at Tavan Tolgoi, including the main Tsankhi field which contains over 1 billion tonnes of coking coal reserves and resources. Development is currently focused on the East Tsankhi mine which began production in 2011 and aims to ramp up to 20 million tonnes per year. Plans are also outlined to develop the West Tsankhi field through a consortium agreement. The project aims to make Mongolia a major global coking coal exporter over the next decades.
The Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 provides the central government authority to protect the environment from pollution and regulate industrial activity. It established rules for emissions standards, hazardous waste management, and regulating hazardous chemicals and genetically modified organisms. The Act introduced penalties for non-compliance and empowers the government to appoint officers to enforce its objectives. Landmark court cases have helped define concepts like polluter pays principle and enforced remediation measures for water and air pollution incidents.
This document summarizes a public interest litigation filed by M.C. Mehta regarding air pollution around the Taj Mahal. It discusses the various reports submitted on sources of pollution like industries and refineries. The court recognized the need for sustainable development and applied the precautionary principle. It directed 292 industries to switch to natural gas and others to relocate, constituting a committee to monitor progress. Analysis shows SO2 levels reduced after the action plan. However, the petitioner notes justice was delayed as it took 16 years to fully address the issue.
This document discusses environmental regulation in India's energy sector. It covers various topics like existing environmental norms and standards for the power sector, pollutants, hazardous substances, penal provisions, and prohibitions. It also discusses critically polluted areas, rehabilitation plans, environmental acts, standards, and challenges with implementation and enforcement. Further, it addresses issues like climate change, national missions on solar and energy, climate technology centers, and India's communications to UNFCCC.
Pollution Monitoring for Industrial PollutantsPiyushPal24
This presentation was prepared as part of an assignment. The presentation discusses the background and objectives of pollution monitoring. A couple of case studies are discussed: The Ganga, India and Sterlite Copper
Public Interest Litigation and Environmental lawSwathiHosamani
The document discusses several important public interest litigations (PILs) in India related to environmental protection. It summarizes key PIL cases that have established important legal precedents, including the first PIL filed in 1983 to stop limestone quarrying (Dehradun case), cases that reduced pollution in the Ganga River by industries (Ganga Water Pollution cases), and other cases related to industrial pollution, vehicular emissions, and more. The document also discusses prominent Indian environmental lawyer M.C. Mehta and his role in bringing many landmark PILs on environmental issues.
The document summarizes the pollution problems affecting the Taj Mahal in Agra, India. Emissions from nearby industries like the Mathura oil refinery contain sulfur and nitrogen oxides that cause acid rain, corroding the marble of the Taj Mahal. This phenomenon is known as "marble cancer." The Supreme Court of India has ordered industries to switch to cleaner fuels and for monitoring stations to be set up to measure air quality. The court case M.C. Mehta vs. UOI & Ors aimed to address the pollution issues impacting the Taj Mahal. The government has since implemented various actions and regulations to help protect the historic monument from further damage by air pollution.
The document summarizes plans by Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi JSC to develop the Tavan Tolgoi coalfield in Mongolia. It owns licenses to 5 of the 6 sub-fields at Tavan Tolgoi, including the main Tsankhi field which contains over 1 billion tonnes of coking coal reserves and resources. Development is currently focused on the East Tsankhi mine which began production in 2011 and aims to ramp up to 20 million tonnes per year. Plans are also outlined to develop the West Tsankhi field through a consortium agreement. The project aims to make Mongolia a major global coking coal exporter over the next decades.
This presentation by Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi JSC provides an overview of their mining operations and projects. It summarizes that ETT owns licenses over the Tsankhi and West Tsankhi coalfields located in Mongolia's Tavan Tolgoi deposit, one of the largest coking coal deposits globally. It also outlines ETT's current operations including open-pit mining and 3.5Mtpa production at East Tsankhi, as well as plans to develop West Tsankhi through a consortium and expand production at both sites.
Environmental policy in india and the role of judiciary in imparting environm...Ramana Studypoint
The document discusses environmental policy and the judiciary's role in environmental justice in India. It outlines key social, economic, and institutional factors driving environmental degradation in India. It then summarizes the evolution of environmental policy and legislation in India from ancient times to modern times. It discusses the judiciary's role in developing environmental principles like polluter pays and precautionary principles through public interest litigation. The Delhi High Court has contributed significantly through various cases related to river cleaning and pollution control.
DELHI AIR POLLUTION - the need for urgent reforms vit school of lawharish v
This document provides an overview of air pollution in India and the need for reforms. It discusses the components of air, causes of pollution, and effects on health. The objectives are to analyze impacts of pollution, study current legal position, and recommend developments. The methodology includes literature review and analyzing causes, effects, laws in India and internationally. It also discusses key cases that established principles like "Polluter Pays", environmental boards and their roles, and drawbacks in India's approach. In conclusion, it finds issues with monitoring particulate matters, lack of public education on indoor pollution, and calls for a comprehensive approach in policy formation.
DELHI AIR POLLUTION - the need for urgent reforms vit universityRohit Magesh
This document provides an overview of air pollution in India and the need for reforms. It discusses the components of air, causes of pollution, and effects on health. The objectives are to analyze impacts of pollution, study current legal position, and recommend developments. The methodology includes literature review and analyzing causes, effects, laws in India and internationally. It also discusses key cases that established principles like "Polluter Pays", environmental boards and their roles, and drawbacks in India's approach. In conclusion, it finds issues with monitoring particulate matters, lack of public education on indoor pollution, and calls for a comprehensive approach in policy formation.
Yesterday, the SCA ruled that the Minister of Mineral Resources was not empowered to make regulations regarding environmental matters. As a result the SCA set aside the 2015 Regulations for Petroleum Exploration and Production in its entirety. These regulations allowed for the granting of licences for the exploration of shale gas and impacts the controversial Karoo project.
Read the full judgment here.
The National Green Tribunal suspended the environmental clearance granted to South Korean steel company POSCO for its proposed plant in Odisha, India. The Tribunal found that the project's environmental approval was granted without a comprehensive scientific study of its potential impacts. It suspended the clearance until a full review of the project could be conducted. The Tribunal noted the project's large scale and foreign partnership warranted more rigorous environmental scrutiny than it received.
The document discusses the legal framework related to mining and environmental protection in India. It provides an overview of the mining sector and its effects on the environment. It outlines key laws governing mining and the environment, including the MMDR Act, Forest Conservation Act, Water and Air Pollution Acts. The laws aim to balance mining and sustainable development by requiring environmental clearances, rehabilitation plans, and penalties for pollution. Overall the framework recognizes the need to protect the environment while enabling economic activity through proper planning, compliance with regulations, and cooperation between industries, governments, and local communities.
Use of fly ash in road flyover embankment construction on nh works reg dt on ...ssuserbf7f52
This document is a letter from the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways regarding the use of fly ash in road and embankment construction. It summarizes regulations from the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change that mandate using fly ash within 300km of thermal power plants. It requests project details from various agencies on estimated fly ash usage in road projects near power stations to promote utilization in accordance with notifications. A sample memorandum of understanding for transporting ash between a power plant and construction agency is also enclosed.
Taj Mahal: As a case study in Environmental LegislationsJegan Nadar
This PPT covers details of Taj Mahal: As a case study in Environmental Legislation. This Includes the steps taken by Indian Government to Save the dying wonder of the world: Taj Mahal
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Environment Protection Act of 1986 in India. It was enacted to protect and improve the environment in the wake of the Bhopal gas tragedy. The Act gives powers to the central government to coordinate environmental protection efforts. It establishes rules and penalties related to pollution. The Act has 4 chapters covering general powers, pollution prevention and control, roles of government analysts, and miscellaneous items. Landmark court cases that have referenced the Act are also summarized.
The Suratgarh Super Thermal Power Station is located in Rajasthan and produces electricity for northern parts of the state. It has been successful in controlling pollution and received an award from the Ministry of Power for its environmental performance. The power station uses coal from nearby mines as its fuel source and has a total installed capacity of 2,250 MW across 7 units. It was strategically located due to availability of land, water from a nearby canal, transmission infrastructure and labor. The document provides details about the power station's operations, components like turbines and boilers, and the factors considered for choosing its site location.
The document discusses environmental approval requirements for construction and real estate projects in India. It outlines several key acts that govern air, water, and environmental pollution - including the Air Pollution Act, Water Pollution Act, and Environment Protection Act. It also discusses the Indian Forest Act. Environmental Impact Assessments are mandatory for certain large projects. Approvals are required from various authorities at different stages of a project, from planning to completion. Case studies discuss issues with specific projects, like Supertech's Emerald Court project in Noida that violated zoning laws and setback requirements.
The document discusses environmental regulation in India's energy sector. It provides an overview of the learning outcomes which include introductions to environment and energy regulation, the Indian energy scenario, electricity laws and policies, regulatory bodies, and the energy innovation system. It then discusses key aspects of the Indian energy sector such as the historical evolution of electricity laws and policies, major electricity laws, policies and regulatory developments, organizations and regulatory bodies involved, and the organizational architecture of India's energy ministries and commissions.
This document provides an analysis of the Indian cement industry. It discusses the industry overview including key applications of cement and India being the 2nd largest producer globally. It then covers the industry structure including characteristics such as a mix of large and mini cement plants clustered by limestone availability. The document also examines factors such as the energy intensive nature requiring high power costs, environmental impacts, and history of the industry from early rapid growth to periods of control and decontrol.
Air Pollution Control Act - Sachin Kansujia jacks Kansujia
The document outlines the chronology of air pollution control laws in India from 1948 onwards and summarizes the key provisions of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981. It then provides details about the Central and State Pollution Control Boards constituted under the Act and their powers and functions. Finally, it presents a case study on the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy, the world's worst industrial disaster, caused by a leak of methyl isocyanate from a pesticide plant.
This research paper introduces the Bhopal plant gas tragedy disaster that happened in India, 1984:
- Major causes and errors leading to multiple failures of the chemical plant are elaborated.
- Main catastrophic consequences are discussed and classified in terms of casualties and fatalities, acute and chronic health effects, and toxic effects on soil and water.
- Rehabilitation procedures adopted after the incident.
- Preventive barriers that could have been adopted in order to reduce the likelihood of the disaster occurrence.
If accidents are to be reduced, this needs maximum attention and an optimum risk management system.
The document provides an overview of environmental impact assessment (EIA) regulations in India. It discusses the history and evolution of EIA, highlighting key milestones such as its formal adoption in India in the 1990s. It outlines the EIA notification process in India, listing various projects that require environmental clearance. The notification establishes two categories (A and B) for projects based on their potential environmental impacts. Category A projects require clearance from the central government, while Category B requires clearance from state-level authorities. The document discusses amendments made to the EIA notification in 2006 and 2009.
This document discusses key concepts related to customer satisfaction, loyalty, and customer relationship management. It defines customer satisfaction as a measure of how well a company's products and services meet customer expectations. Customer loyalty is described as a commitment to rebuy from or repatronize a preferred brand. The benefits of loyalty include higher profits and less marketing costs. Building loyalty requires satisfying customers and creating incentives like rewards programs. Customer relationship management involves collecting detailed customer data to personalize marketing and better understand customer needs. The goal is enhancing the bottom line by attracting and retaining profitable long-term customers.
Companies that excel at customer acquisition will have:
1. An executive dedicated to managing customer acquisition.
2. A dedicated budget for customer acquisition activities.
3. An understanding of the economics and profitability of acquiring different types of customers.
4. A likelihood of employing CRM technologies to track customers.
This presentation by Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi JSC provides an overview of their mining operations and projects. It summarizes that ETT owns licenses over the Tsankhi and West Tsankhi coalfields located in Mongolia's Tavan Tolgoi deposit, one of the largest coking coal deposits globally. It also outlines ETT's current operations including open-pit mining and 3.5Mtpa production at East Tsankhi, as well as plans to develop West Tsankhi through a consortium and expand production at both sites.
Environmental policy in india and the role of judiciary in imparting environm...Ramana Studypoint
The document discusses environmental policy and the judiciary's role in environmental justice in India. It outlines key social, economic, and institutional factors driving environmental degradation in India. It then summarizes the evolution of environmental policy and legislation in India from ancient times to modern times. It discusses the judiciary's role in developing environmental principles like polluter pays and precautionary principles through public interest litigation. The Delhi High Court has contributed significantly through various cases related to river cleaning and pollution control.
DELHI AIR POLLUTION - the need for urgent reforms vit school of lawharish v
This document provides an overview of air pollution in India and the need for reforms. It discusses the components of air, causes of pollution, and effects on health. The objectives are to analyze impacts of pollution, study current legal position, and recommend developments. The methodology includes literature review and analyzing causes, effects, laws in India and internationally. It also discusses key cases that established principles like "Polluter Pays", environmental boards and their roles, and drawbacks in India's approach. In conclusion, it finds issues with monitoring particulate matters, lack of public education on indoor pollution, and calls for a comprehensive approach in policy formation.
DELHI AIR POLLUTION - the need for urgent reforms vit universityRohit Magesh
This document provides an overview of air pollution in India and the need for reforms. It discusses the components of air, causes of pollution, and effects on health. The objectives are to analyze impacts of pollution, study current legal position, and recommend developments. The methodology includes literature review and analyzing causes, effects, laws in India and internationally. It also discusses key cases that established principles like "Polluter Pays", environmental boards and their roles, and drawbacks in India's approach. In conclusion, it finds issues with monitoring particulate matters, lack of public education on indoor pollution, and calls for a comprehensive approach in policy formation.
Yesterday, the SCA ruled that the Minister of Mineral Resources was not empowered to make regulations regarding environmental matters. As a result the SCA set aside the 2015 Regulations for Petroleum Exploration and Production in its entirety. These regulations allowed for the granting of licences for the exploration of shale gas and impacts the controversial Karoo project.
Read the full judgment here.
The National Green Tribunal suspended the environmental clearance granted to South Korean steel company POSCO for its proposed plant in Odisha, India. The Tribunal found that the project's environmental approval was granted without a comprehensive scientific study of its potential impacts. It suspended the clearance until a full review of the project could be conducted. The Tribunal noted the project's large scale and foreign partnership warranted more rigorous environmental scrutiny than it received.
The document discusses the legal framework related to mining and environmental protection in India. It provides an overview of the mining sector and its effects on the environment. It outlines key laws governing mining and the environment, including the MMDR Act, Forest Conservation Act, Water and Air Pollution Acts. The laws aim to balance mining and sustainable development by requiring environmental clearances, rehabilitation plans, and penalties for pollution. Overall the framework recognizes the need to protect the environment while enabling economic activity through proper planning, compliance with regulations, and cooperation between industries, governments, and local communities.
Use of fly ash in road flyover embankment construction on nh works reg dt on ...ssuserbf7f52
This document is a letter from the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways regarding the use of fly ash in road and embankment construction. It summarizes regulations from the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change that mandate using fly ash within 300km of thermal power plants. It requests project details from various agencies on estimated fly ash usage in road projects near power stations to promote utilization in accordance with notifications. A sample memorandum of understanding for transporting ash between a power plant and construction agency is also enclosed.
Taj Mahal: As a case study in Environmental LegislationsJegan Nadar
This PPT covers details of Taj Mahal: As a case study in Environmental Legislation. This Includes the steps taken by Indian Government to Save the dying wonder of the world: Taj Mahal
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Environment Protection Act of 1986 in India. It was enacted to protect and improve the environment in the wake of the Bhopal gas tragedy. The Act gives powers to the central government to coordinate environmental protection efforts. It establishes rules and penalties related to pollution. The Act has 4 chapters covering general powers, pollution prevention and control, roles of government analysts, and miscellaneous items. Landmark court cases that have referenced the Act are also summarized.
The Suratgarh Super Thermal Power Station is located in Rajasthan and produces electricity for northern parts of the state. It has been successful in controlling pollution and received an award from the Ministry of Power for its environmental performance. The power station uses coal from nearby mines as its fuel source and has a total installed capacity of 2,250 MW across 7 units. It was strategically located due to availability of land, water from a nearby canal, transmission infrastructure and labor. The document provides details about the power station's operations, components like turbines and boilers, and the factors considered for choosing its site location.
The document discusses environmental approval requirements for construction and real estate projects in India. It outlines several key acts that govern air, water, and environmental pollution - including the Air Pollution Act, Water Pollution Act, and Environment Protection Act. It also discusses the Indian Forest Act. Environmental Impact Assessments are mandatory for certain large projects. Approvals are required from various authorities at different stages of a project, from planning to completion. Case studies discuss issues with specific projects, like Supertech's Emerald Court project in Noida that violated zoning laws and setback requirements.
The document discusses environmental regulation in India's energy sector. It provides an overview of the learning outcomes which include introductions to environment and energy regulation, the Indian energy scenario, electricity laws and policies, regulatory bodies, and the energy innovation system. It then discusses key aspects of the Indian energy sector such as the historical evolution of electricity laws and policies, major electricity laws, policies and regulatory developments, organizations and regulatory bodies involved, and the organizational architecture of India's energy ministries and commissions.
This document provides an analysis of the Indian cement industry. It discusses the industry overview including key applications of cement and India being the 2nd largest producer globally. It then covers the industry structure including characteristics such as a mix of large and mini cement plants clustered by limestone availability. The document also examines factors such as the energy intensive nature requiring high power costs, environmental impacts, and history of the industry from early rapid growth to periods of control and decontrol.
Air Pollution Control Act - Sachin Kansujia jacks Kansujia
The document outlines the chronology of air pollution control laws in India from 1948 onwards and summarizes the key provisions of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981. It then provides details about the Central and State Pollution Control Boards constituted under the Act and their powers and functions. Finally, it presents a case study on the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy, the world's worst industrial disaster, caused by a leak of methyl isocyanate from a pesticide plant.
This research paper introduces the Bhopal plant gas tragedy disaster that happened in India, 1984:
- Major causes and errors leading to multiple failures of the chemical plant are elaborated.
- Main catastrophic consequences are discussed and classified in terms of casualties and fatalities, acute and chronic health effects, and toxic effects on soil and water.
- Rehabilitation procedures adopted after the incident.
- Preventive barriers that could have been adopted in order to reduce the likelihood of the disaster occurrence.
If accidents are to be reduced, this needs maximum attention and an optimum risk management system.
The document provides an overview of environmental impact assessment (EIA) regulations in India. It discusses the history and evolution of EIA, highlighting key milestones such as its formal adoption in India in the 1990s. It outlines the EIA notification process in India, listing various projects that require environmental clearance. The notification establishes two categories (A and B) for projects based on their potential environmental impacts. Category A projects require clearance from the central government, while Category B requires clearance from state-level authorities. The document discusses amendments made to the EIA notification in 2006 and 2009.
Similar to Case Study of Taj Trapezium Zone.docx (20)
This document discusses key concepts related to customer satisfaction, loyalty, and customer relationship management. It defines customer satisfaction as a measure of how well a company's products and services meet customer expectations. Customer loyalty is described as a commitment to rebuy from or repatronize a preferred brand. The benefits of loyalty include higher profits and less marketing costs. Building loyalty requires satisfying customers and creating incentives like rewards programs. Customer relationship management involves collecting detailed customer data to personalize marketing and better understand customer needs. The goal is enhancing the bottom line by attracting and retaining profitable long-term customers.
Companies that excel at customer acquisition will have:
1. An executive dedicated to managing customer acquisition.
2. A dedicated budget for customer acquisition activities.
3. An understanding of the economics and profitability of acquiring different types of customers.
4. A likelihood of employing CRM technologies to track customers.
This document discusses strategic management for multinational companies. It covers generic strategies like differentiation and low-cost strategies. Multinational companies can use these same strategies as domestic companies. The document also discusses competitive advantage, the value chain, outsourcing, distinctive competencies, and sustaining competitive advantage. Key aspects of strategy formulation for multinational companies are addressed.
Marketing principle #2 states that all customers change over time, so managing customer dynamics is important. There are several approaches to managing customer dynamics, including the lifecycle approach, customer dynamic segmentation approach, and customer lifetime value approach. The customer lifetime value approach is a key tool for making acquisition, expansion, and retention decisions as it evaluates the long-term profit contribution of each customer by accounting for heterogeneity, dynamic effects, and tradeoffs between marketing strategies.
The document discusses developing competitive advantage and strategic focus through situation analysis and SWOT analysis. It covers collecting and analyzing marketing information, including conducting an internal, customer, and external environment analysis. A SWOT analysis framework is then presented for organizing environmental data. Key elements of a SWOT analysis include identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats within the internal and external environments. Conducting a thorough situation analysis and SWOT is important for informing marketing strategy and leveraging competitive advantages.
The document discusses motivation of salespeople. It defines motivation as the arousal, intensity, direction, and persistence of effort directed toward job tasks over time. The primary purpose of motivation is to encourage salespeople to improve their work efficiency and satisfy their goals. Motivation can be achieved through both financial incentives like compensation, and non-financial incentives. Regular communication and feedback are also important for effective motivation.
This document contains summaries of research conducted by Neil Rackham on effective sales techniques. It discusses Rackham's research on different types of sales questions, including situation questions, problem questions, implication questions, and need-payoff questions. It also addresses how some of Rackham's models have held up or needed updating in recent years. For example, it notes that relationship building is no longer as important as creating customer value, and that salespeople must do more homework to effectively ask situation questions.
The luxury goods market in India is large and growing, driven by economic growth and rising incomes. Luxury includes fashion, automobiles, real estate, watches, and hospitality experiences. Younger consumers increasingly seek luxury brands and experiences over ownership alone. While the market has potential, luxury brands must understand cultural differences and adapt to economic challenges in India.
The document discusses various psychological factors that influence consumer behavior, including motivation, perception, learning, and beliefs/attitudes. It describes motivation as the drives and desires that lead to goal-directed behavior. It discusses different theories of motivation, including Maslow's hierarchy of needs. It also covers topics like learning theories such as classical and operant conditioning, the elements of learning, and factors that influence risk perception.
Public relations involves managing an organization's communications and relationships with the public to build goodwill. Early practitioners like Ivy Lee emphasized a two-way approach of sharing accurate information. Edward Bernays is considered the founder of modern public relations and promoted the idea of "crystallizing public opinion." While PR aims to maintain a positive public image, "spin" refers to selectively emphasizing certain facts to persuade audiences, which some see as deceptive. Skilled spin doctors closely monitor news and public sentiment to control messaging and timing of announcements favoring their clients.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in advertising. It defines advertising and its purposes, which include selling products and services. Advertising reaches large audiences through mass media channels. Effective ads attract attention, build interest and desire, and inspire action. Advertisers develop strategies to identify unique brand attributes and messaging. A variety of techniques can be used to create rational, emotional, social, or biologically-focused ads. The roles of advertisers, agencies, media, suppliers, audiences and new technologies are also discussed.
1) Measuring the effectiveness of promotional programs allows marketers to determine if objectives are achieved, evaluate alternative strategies, and avoid costly mistakes. However, there is disagreement on what to test and problems with research costs and time.
2) Most marketers agree that measuring business impact and value of marketing programs is a key priority, and that it is important to define, measure, and take concrete steps in advertising accountability. However, few can accurately forecast sales impact from marketing spending changes.
3) Effectiveness tests should be based on models of consumer response, consider multiple exposures, provide alternative executions with equal quality, and demonstrate reliability and validity. Tests occur at various stages from concept to post-market and use both
This document provides an overview of integrated marketing communication (IMC) and the marketing communications process. It discusses how IMC carefully integrates different communication channels like advertising, PR, sales promotion etc. to deliver a consistent message. The document then outlines the key steps in developing effective communications: 1) Identifying the target audience, 2) Determining communication objectives, 3) Designing the communication through message strategy, content/creative strategy, and message source selection. It discusses rational, emotional and moral message appeals as well as informational and transformational creative appeals. The document emphasizes designing communications that are tailored to the target audience.
The document discusses various models of corporate social responsibility (CSR), including Gandhi's philosophy of trusteeship, Ackerman's three-phase model of CSR implementation, and the LBG (London Benchmarking Group) model for measuring CSR impacts. It also outlines the evolution of CSR in India, from early merchant charity and trusteeship principles to modern concepts of corporate citizenship. Key drivers for CSR are discussed, as well as areas of social, environmental, and business responsibility. Steps for implementing an effective CSR program and potential barriers to CSR adoption are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of corporate governance. It discusses how early joint stock companies formed in Europe in the 16th century to pool resources for overseas trade. Some of the earliest charter companies included the British East India Company, Dutch East India Company, Muscovy Company, and Eastland Company. These companies were granted monopolies and other powers by European kingdoms. Over time, concepts like limited liability for shareholders emerged to address problems with joint stock companies. By the 20th century, characteristics like limited liability, transferable shares, and centralized management defined the modern corporate form. The document also discusses how corporate objectives and goals have changed over time, from being defined by founders to addressing multiple stakeholders. It provides
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
Case Study of Taj Trapezium Zone.docx
1. Case Study of Taj Trapezium Zone
Equivalent citations: 1987 AIR 1086, 1987 SCR (1) 819
Bench: Kuldip Singh, Faizan Uddin
Date of Judgement: 30/12/1996
Petitioner: M.C. MEHTA
Respondent: UNION OF INDIA & ORS.
Introduction: -
The Taj Mahal, Situated admirably on the banks of River Yamuna. One of the wonders of
the world is regarded as one of the most invaluable national monuments, of unique
magnificence and value. It is constructed wholly of white marble and was proclaimed as
a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. However, the Taj is exposed to corrosion and
damage by rapidly moving social and economic environment which worsen the situation.
It has developed a yellowish shade due to the increased levels of pollution and fumes
around the area. The Taj, a monument of international reputation, is on its way to dreadful
conditions due to climatic contamination. The key contaminant was sulphur dioxide
discharged by the industries which in future reacted with rain water to give acid rain. The
deteriorating condition of the Taj Mahal led M.C. Mehta, an environmentalist to file a public
interest litigation before the Supreme Court in 1984. The Taj Trapezium zone is around
10,400 sq.km trapezium-shaped area comprising the five districts of the Agra area. He
pursued appropriate guidelines to authorities involved to take immediate steps to halt air
pollution in the Taj Trapezium Zone and protect the Taj Mahal.
Facts-
· M.C. Mehta filed a petition due to the lingering threat to the beauty of Taj Mahal to
appeal the Air (Prevention And Control Of Pollution) Act 1981 and Water (Prevention And
Control Of Pollution) Act 1974 and Environmental Protection Act 1986 for the objective of
transferring of 292 factories to stop discharge by coal using industrial units which have
detrimental effect on the Taj Mahal and also to direct them to convert into natural gas as
industrial fuel.
The petitioner said that the chemical industries, the foundries and the refinery at Mathura
remained the main sources to harm the Taj. The sulphur dioxide released by the
factories/industries when mixed with oxygen and moisture in the atmosphere formed
sulphuric acid called acid rain which had an oxidizing effect on the gleaming white marble.
2. Factory discharges, brick kilns, vehicular discharge and generator set were all liable for
contaminating the air around the Taj Trapezium Zone.
· The Supreme Court inspected numerous reports given by different stakeholders.
The report by the Varadharajan Committee called “Report on Environmental Impact of
Mathura Refinery” issued in 1978 was scanned. The report deduced that the sources of
pollution in the Agra region were all coal operators. The Committee suggested the
transfer of existing small businesses and emphasised the use of less pollutin
enducing technologies.
· The National Environment Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)
presented an “Overview Report” in 1990 noticing that there was high effect on the
air quality due to the speedy industrial development of Agra-Mathura region
causing acidic discharges into the air at a disturbing speed.
Orders Passed by the court-
· A series of orders were passed by the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India from
1993. On 8-1-1993, the court coordinated the U.P. Contamination Control Board
to complete an overview of the zone and organise a detailed report of all the
industries and foundries which are the causes of contamination in the region. The
Board therefore put on record an affidavit on 3-5-1993 stating the findings of its
survey. It organised the industries and submitted that there were total of 511
industries in the area. Following the Court’s order dated 8-1-1993, notices were
delivered to all these businesses to put in anti-pollution machineries.
NEERI submitted its report in October 1993 recommending the use of natural gas
as an alternative. The Court passed an order on 11-2-1994 requiring NEERI to
inspect the prospect of using Propane or any supplementary safe fuel as an
alternative to coal by the industries in the TTZ.
· The Court on 11-4-1994 studied the NEERI Report dated July 1993 which
established that the industries were the primary sources of pollution affecting the
Taj. Referring to the Order passed on 11-4-1994, the Ministry of environment,
Forest and climate change appointed Varadharajan Committee to submit its report
regarding preservation of Taj Mahal and monuments in Agra in two volumes. The
Supreme Court examined the NEERI Report dated July 1993 and the
Varadharajan Committee Report, both of which, recommended the repositioning
of the polluting industries.
· The Supreme Court on 14-3-1996 ordered the GAIL, Indian Oil Corporation
(IOC) and the U.P. State Industrial Development Corporation to recognise
3. industrialised areas outside the TTZ which would be attached with the gas supply
system. The Court said that the industries which were not in a state to get gas
connections or which were otherwise contaminating the area may have to be
repositioned outside the TTZ.
· Overall, four NEERI Reports, Two Varadharajan Reports and Various
Reports by the State Pollution Control Board were submitted. After inspecting all
the reports and taking into consideration the other information on the reports, the
court had no reluctance in viewing that the industries were effective contributor to
the pollution in the Taj Trapezium Zone.
· The Supreme Court banked on “Sustainable development” “Precautionary
Principle” and “The Polluter pays principle”.
o Sustainable development– the purpose of this principle is to bring an end to the
pollution while inspiring the development of the industries because development
of industry is important for economy but at the same time environment has to be
protected.
Precautionary Principle– if any pollution is created as a result of development to
any region, then the state must anticipate, prevent and attack the harm caused to
the environment.
o Polluter pays principle– means that if a hazardous commotion is made by any
individual, then such person is liable to make good for the loss instigated to the
other person, regardless of the fact whether he took reasonable care while doing
his activity.
Moreover, the court depended on Article 21 of the Constitution of India which
ensures protection of life and personal liberty. The court also relied on article 48A
and 49 of the constitution of India.
Judgement-
The concluding judgment of this case was given on 30th December 1996 by a
Division Bench consisting of of Justice Kuldip Singh and Justice Faizan Uddin. The
court acknowledged that The Taj Mahal is a work of art and has international
reputation. Not only this but it’s also a significant source of income to the country
because of the vast tourist attraction it brought. The guidelines given by the court
are:-
4. · The 292 industries mentioned in the list shall approach to the Gas
Authority of India Ltd. (GAIL) for permit of industrial gas-connection prior to
February 15, 1997.
The GAIL will take final verdict in regard of all the applications for allowance of gas
connections by March 31, 1997 and convey the allowance letters to every industry.
· The industries which are not in a situation to acquire gas connections and
similarly the enterprises which don’t wish to acquire gas connections may
approach/apply to the Corporation decided before February 28, 1997 for allocating
of elective plots in the industrial areas outside TTZ.
· The industries which do not apply for gas connection or for substitute industrial
area shall not be allowed to operate with the use of coal in the Taj Trapezium Zone from
April 30, 1997. Supply of coke/coal to these industries will be ceased.
· The Government Organisation shall lastly choose and allocate substitute plots, to
the industries which are requesting relocation, before March 31, 1997.
· The GAIL will begin supply of gas to the industries by June 30, 1997. As soon as
the gas supply to an industry starts, the supply of coke/coal to the said industry will be
discontinued with instantaneous effect.
· The transferring industries will set up their particular divisions in the new industrial
estates outside TTZ. The relocating industries will not work and conduct business in TTZ
after December 31, 1997. The shutting by December 31, 1997 is unconditional and
notwithstanding the fact whether the new unit beyond TTZ is fully set up or not.
· The Deputy Commissioner, Agra and the Superintendent of Police, Agra will
prompt the shutting of all the industries which are to be relocated as directed by court on
December 31, 1997.
· The U.P. State Corporation shall provide any help to the industries in the process
of relocation. The allocation of plots, construction of industrial units, etc. and issuance of
any license/permissions, etc., shall be accelerated and granted on the basis of
importance.
· In order to simplify reallocating of industries from TTZ, the State Government and
all other authorities shall set up combined single agency comprising of all the units
associated to act as an agency to sort out all the complications of such industries.
5. · The single window facility shall be set up by the U.P. State Government within one
month. The Registry shall convey this command separately to the Chief Secretary,
Secretary of these Industries and Chairman/Managing director, UPSIDC along with
a copy of the judgment, no additional time will be given to set up the single window
facility.
· The State Government shall frame a structure for the usage of the land
which would become accessible after the relocation of the industries, before June
30, 1997. The State Government can seek direction in this respect from the order
of the court.
· The transferring industries on the relocation in the new industrial estates will
be given benefits in terms of the stipulations of the Agra Master Plan and also the
incentives which are normally extended to new industries in new industrial estates.
· The workers waged in the said 292 industries shall be entitled to the
privileges and aids as specified hereunder-
o The workers will have continuity of employment at the new place where the
industry is transferred. The terms and conditions of their employment will not be
changed to cause them harm.
o The period between the end of the business in Agra and its restart at the spot
of relocate will be treated as dynamic business and the labourers will be paid their
full wages with progression of administration.
o All those labourers who consent to move with the business will be given one
year’s wages as ‘shifting reward’ to assist them with settling at the new area. The
said reward will be paid before January 31, 1998.
o The workers working in the industries who do not plan to relocate and opt for
closure, will be deemed to have been economised by May 31, 1997, and provided
they have been in continuous service. They shall be paid compensation in terms
of Section 25-F (b) of the Industrial Disputes Act. These workers will also be paid,
in extra, six years’ wages as surplus compensation.
o The compensation payable to the workers regarding this judgment will be paid
by the administration within two months of the conservation.
o The perk sum allocated to any worker will be paid in addition.
6. Along with this the court has also ended the use of all the brick kilns in the TTZ
with effect from August 15, 1996. This would be a beneficial step to reduce the
pollution produced by fly-ash. The court further directed the following to monitor
the air pollution in TTZ –
(a) The positioning of hydro cracker division and several other devices by the
Mathura Refinery.
(b) The positioning of 50 hospital beds and two moveable dispensaries by the
Mathura Refinery to provide medicinal aid to the public residing in TTZ.
(c) Building of Agra bypass to redirect all the transportation which passes through
the city of Agra.
(d) Extra sum total of Rs. 99.54 crores authorised by the Planning Commission to
be used by the State Government for the construction of power s
e) The construction of Gokul Barrage, water supply work of Gokul Barrage, roads
around Gokul Barrage, Agra Barrage and water supply of Agra barrage, have also
been commenced on a time schedule basis to supply drinking water to the people
of Agra.
(f) Green belt as suggested by NEERI will be established around Taj.
(g) The Court recommended to the Planning Commission by order dated
September 4, 1996 to deliberate authorising separate allocation for the city of
Agra and the formation of distinct cell under the control of Central Government to
maintain and preserve the Taj, the city of Agra and other national heritage
monuments in the TT.
(h) All retail store and shops functioning within the Taj premises have been
directed to be closed.
(i) Guidelines were delivered to the Government of India to decide the issue,
relating to announcement of Agra as heritage city, within two months.
Apart from this constitutional order, these acts are also there to protect and
enrich the environment:
7. The Water (prevention and Control of pollution) Act, 1974
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
The Environment protection Act, 1986.
Case Comments-
The order passed through with this judgement only covered to 292 industries out
of the 510, whose names were presented by the pollution control board in the court.
However, the rest of the industries also caused the pollution in some ways resulting
in the yellowing of the marble, but the court did not reflect all the sides and
repositioned only those industries which refused to accept natural gas as a
substitute fuel.
Nonetheless, the judgment turned into a milestone for environmental law statute
in India. But the results were there as specialists declared a huge decrease of
Suspended Particulate Matter which is one of the toxins causing staining of the Taj
Mahal and a huge cause in increasing the pollution. This judgment is an admirable
move of the Supreme Court since the court has requested for successful counter
measures as well as kept the rights and advantages of representatives/labourers
working in the industries, making sure that they are secure.
Bibliography
https://www.ourlegalworld.com/m-c-mehta-v-union-of-india-1986-taj-trapezium-case/
https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1964392/
Manupatra.in
https://lawtimesjournal.in/m-c-mehta-v-union-of-india-1986-taj-trapezium-case-
case-summary/