carrier and channel proteins
•Download as PPT, PDF•
3 likes•5,970 views
Channel proteins are specific for certain ions and act as gates that can open and close to form pores across cell membranes, allowing ions to enter or exit. Carrier proteins allow the diffusion of larger polar molecules like sugars and amino acids by binding to these molecules, changing shape, and delivering them through the membrane. Membrane proteins are essential for transporting ions and molecules across cell membranes.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Biological membranes
Biological membranes are composed of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. They define the boundaries of cells and organelles, and are selectively permeable, allowing passage of some molecules but not others. This selective permeability is important for maintaining concentration gradients between intracellular and extracellular fluid. Membranes contain proteins that function as pumps, channels, and receptors, and are involved in processes like active transport and endocytosis. Membranes are fluid and allow lateral movement of proteins and lipids, but retain an asymmetric composition between inner and outer surfaces.
Biological membrane & its chemical composition
The document discusses the biological membrane and its chemical composition. It notes that the plasma membrane is the outer boundary of cells, consisting of a double layer of lipid molecules with embedded proteins. The major components of membranes are glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol. Glycerophospholipids are amphipathic lipids that form the lipid bilayer structure. The fluid mosaic model describes membranes as a fluid structure with lipids and proteins able to move laterally. Membrane proteins can be integral or peripheral, and help with cell functions like transport and signaling. Membrane fluidity is influenced by temperature and lipid composition.
Protein transport, targeting and sorting
I have tried to make a precise presentation on protein transport, targeting and sorting into organelle's other than nucleus. Hope this might help you. Comments are welcome.
Structure and function of plasma membrane 2
The presentation consists of 72 slides,describes following heads
DEFINITION : STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE ( (BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES)
LIPID BILAYER
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
CHOLESTEROL
MODELS EXPLAINING STRUCTURE OF BIO MEMBRANE
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
MOBILITY OF MEMBRANE
GLYCOCALYX : GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS
TRANSPORT OF IONS AND MOLECULES ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
DIVERSITY OF CELL MEMBRANES
SITE OF ATPASE ION CARRIER CHANNELS AND PUMPS-RECEPTORS
Sorting and sorting and regulation of intracellular transport
in this slide share file u can find protein sorting , translocation in different organelles, endocytosis, clathrin independent pathway and disease
Membrane Dynamics:Properties of biological membrane (plasma membrane)
The document discusses membrane dynamics, including:
- Membrane fluidity is affected by temperature, fatty acid composition, and sterol content and allows for lipid movement within bilayers.
- Transbilayer lipid movement between inner and outer leaflets is slow but can be catalyzed by proteins.
- Lipids and proteins can diffuse laterally but this is limited by interactions with structures like lipid rafts and cytoskeleton.
- Caveolin associates with the inner plasma membrane leaflet and forms caveolae, playing roles in transport and signaling.
- Specific proteins cause local membrane curvature and mediate fusion between membranes during processes like endocytosis and viral invasion.
- Integrins attach cells to each other
Plasma membrane, structure and function
The plasma membrane forms a boundary around cells and controls what enters and exits. It is made of a phospholipid bilayer, proteins, and cholesterol. The bilayer forms a fluid mosaic with phospholipids providing structure and proteins facilitating functions like transport. Transport across the membrane includes passive diffusion of lipids and active transport of ions and molecules using protein carriers fueled by energy. Endocytosis and exocytosis move larger particles in and out using vesicles. Cell junctions allow communication between animal and plant cells.
Protein sorting and targeting
The delivery of newly synthesized protein to their proper cellular destination, usually referred to as protein targeting or sorting.
The mode of protein transport depends chiefly on the location in the cell cytoplasm of the polysomes involved in protein synthesis.
There are two modes of protein sorting:-
1) Co - translational Transportation.
2) Post - translational Transportation.
Recommended
Biological membranes
Biological membranes are composed of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. They define the boundaries of cells and organelles, and are selectively permeable, allowing passage of some molecules but not others. This selective permeability is important for maintaining concentration gradients between intracellular and extracellular fluid. Membranes contain proteins that function as pumps, channels, and receptors, and are involved in processes like active transport and endocytosis. Membranes are fluid and allow lateral movement of proteins and lipids, but retain an asymmetric composition between inner and outer surfaces.
Biological membrane & its chemical composition
The document discusses the biological membrane and its chemical composition. It notes that the plasma membrane is the outer boundary of cells, consisting of a double layer of lipid molecules with embedded proteins. The major components of membranes are glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol. Glycerophospholipids are amphipathic lipids that form the lipid bilayer structure. The fluid mosaic model describes membranes as a fluid structure with lipids and proteins able to move laterally. Membrane proteins can be integral or peripheral, and help with cell functions like transport and signaling. Membrane fluidity is influenced by temperature and lipid composition.
Protein transport, targeting and sorting
I have tried to make a precise presentation on protein transport, targeting and sorting into organelle's other than nucleus. Hope this might help you. Comments are welcome.
Structure and function of plasma membrane 2
The presentation consists of 72 slides,describes following heads
DEFINITION : STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE ( (BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES)
LIPID BILAYER
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
CHOLESTEROL
MODELS EXPLAINING STRUCTURE OF BIO MEMBRANE
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
MOBILITY OF MEMBRANE
GLYCOCALYX : GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS
TRANSPORT OF IONS AND MOLECULES ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
DIVERSITY OF CELL MEMBRANES
SITE OF ATPASE ION CARRIER CHANNELS AND PUMPS-RECEPTORS
Sorting and sorting and regulation of intracellular transport
in this slide share file u can find protein sorting , translocation in different organelles, endocytosis, clathrin independent pathway and disease
Membrane Dynamics:Properties of biological membrane (plasma membrane)
The document discusses membrane dynamics, including:
- Membrane fluidity is affected by temperature, fatty acid composition, and sterol content and allows for lipid movement within bilayers.
- Transbilayer lipid movement between inner and outer leaflets is slow but can be catalyzed by proteins.
- Lipids and proteins can diffuse laterally but this is limited by interactions with structures like lipid rafts and cytoskeleton.
- Caveolin associates with the inner plasma membrane leaflet and forms caveolae, playing roles in transport and signaling.
- Specific proteins cause local membrane curvature and mediate fusion between membranes during processes like endocytosis and viral invasion.
- Integrins attach cells to each other
Plasma membrane, structure and function
The plasma membrane forms a boundary around cells and controls what enters and exits. It is made of a phospholipid bilayer, proteins, and cholesterol. The bilayer forms a fluid mosaic with phospholipids providing structure and proteins facilitating functions like transport. Transport across the membrane includes passive diffusion of lipids and active transport of ions and molecules using protein carriers fueled by energy. Endocytosis and exocytosis move larger particles in and out using vesicles. Cell junctions allow communication between animal and plant cells.
Protein sorting and targeting
The delivery of newly synthesized protein to their proper cellular destination, usually referred to as protein targeting or sorting.
The mode of protein transport depends chiefly on the location in the cell cytoplasm of the polysomes involved in protein synthesis.
There are two modes of protein sorting:-
1) Co - translational Transportation.
2) Post - translational Transportation.
Active transpot
Active transport moves materials against a concentration or electrochemical gradient and requires energy in the form of ATP. There are two main types: primary active transport which directly utilizes ATP hydrolysis to transport ions via pumps like the Na-K ATPase pump, and secondary active transport which utilizes the gradient established by primary transport to move another substance like symporters and antiporters. Primary transporters include P-type ATPases, V-type ATPases, and F-type ATPases which transport ions like calcium, protons, and help generate mitochondrial membrane potential. Secondary transporters couple the movement of one solute to the gradient of another like the Na-glucose symporter or the Na-Ca exchanger. Active transport is
Microtubules and molecular motors
Microtubules are cytoskeletal structures that maintain cell shape and facilitate intracellular transport. They are composed of tubulin subunits and are polarized, with microtubule-associated proteins regulating their assembly and stability. Motor proteins like kinesin and dynein move along microtubules to transport vesicles and organelles within cells. Microtubules are nucleated from the centrosome and organize into the mitotic spindle during cell division to separate chromosomes between daughter cells.
Cytoskeleton
The document discusses the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. It provides information on the history, structure, and functions of the three main cytoskeletal components: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are hollow rods that help with intracellular transport and cell division. Microfilaments are made of actin and involved in cell motility and muscle contraction. Intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength and resist stresses on the cell.
Chapter 4 ppt
All living things are composed of cells, the basic unit of structure and function. Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope to look at cork, naming the structures "cells". The cell theory developed in the 1800s states that all organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
Regulation of enzyme activity
1. Enzyme activity can be regulated through several mechanisms including allosteric regulation, feedback inhibition, proenzymes, and protein modification.
2. Allosteric enzymes have effector molecules that bind and induce a conformational change that increases or decreases enzyme activity. Feedback inhibition occurs when a metabolic end product inhibits an earlier enzyme.
3. Proenzymes are inactive precursors that are activated by proteolytic cleavage. Protein modification like phosphorylation can also regulate enzymes by changing their structure.
Cell to cell communication
Cell-to-cell communication involves signaling molecules called ligands binding to receptor proteins on the surface or inside of cells. There are five basic mechanisms of cellular communication including direct contact, paracrine signaling, endocrine signaling, synaptic signaling, and intracellular receptors. Signal transduction involves the reception of an extracellular signal, transduction of the signal inside the cell through multi-step pathways, and cellular responses that often involve changing protein function through phosphorylation. Common types of receptors include membrane receptors, intracellular receptors, receptor kinases, and G-protein coupled receptors which activate second messengers to produce cellular responses. Cells interact and identify each other through surface markers and cell junctions that connect cells.
Atp synthase
ATP synthase—also called FoF1 ATPase is the universal protein that terminates oxidative phosphorylation by synthesizing ATP from ADP and phosphate.
ATP Synthase is one of the most important enzymes found in the mitochondria of cells
Molecular chaperones
This document discusses different types of chaperone proteins. It begins by explaining that chaperones assist other proteins in folding correctly by interacting with unfolded or misfolded proteins. The main types discussed are molecular chaperones like Hsp70 and Hsp90, and chaperonins. Hsp70 binds to hydrophobic regions of unfolded proteins to prevent aggregation, while Hsp90 helps activate client proteins. Chaperonins form folding chambers and there are two groups - group 1 found in prokaryotes and organelles, and group 2 in eukaryotes and archaea. Specific examples of chaperone homologs in different organisms are also provided.
Golgi complex structure and functions
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the Golgi apparatus. It notes that the Golgi apparatus was discovered in 1898 by Camillo Golgi and is present in all eukaryotic cells. It has a central stack of flattened, interconnecting sacs called cisternae. The Golgi apparatus modifies proteins and lipids from the ER, carrying out functions like secretion, synthesis, sulfation, phosphorylation, and apoptosis. It packages molecules into vesicles which are transported within the cell.
Active Transport New
Active transport requires cells to use energy in the form of ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient, such as the sodium-potassium pump transporting sodium and potassium ions across nerve cell membranes. The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to pump 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions into the cell against their gradients. Transport proteins also use active transport for molecules too large to pass through the membrane on their own, such as during endocytosis and exocytosis.
Cell membrane permeability and functions
The document summarizes key aspects of cell membrane structure and function. It describes the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which depicts the membrane as a bilayer of phospholipids embedded with proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol, and other components. The membrane acts as a semi-permeable barrier, allowing selective transport of molecules into and out of the cell through integral membrane proteins. Specific glycoproteins on the cell surface are exploited by viruses to infect particular cell types and organs. Transport across the cell membrane is mediated by membrane-spanning transport proteins that facilitate movement of ions and molecules.
Cell movement
Cell movement is accomplished through the cytoskeleton, which is composed of three main types of fibers: actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Actin filaments interact with motor proteins like myosin to generate movement and play roles in cell adhesion, crawling, and contraction. Microtubules and their motor proteins kinesin and dynein facilitate intracellular transport and movement of cilia and flagella. Intermediate filaments provide structural support to cells but are not involved in motility. The three fiber types work together with associated proteins to control cell shape, division, transport, and movement.
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and algae that conduct photosynthesis. They have their own DNA and can synthesize some of their own proteins, making them semi-autonomous. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and carotenoids which capture light energy. Their internal structure includes an envelope, stroma, and thylakoids where the light reactions take place. It is believed that chloroplasts originated through endosymbiosis between cyanobacteria and eukaryotic cells. The two main stages of photosynthesis are the light reactions on the thylakoid membranes which produce ATP and NADPH, and the dark reactions in the stroma that use these products to fix carbon into sugars.
Plasma/Cell Membrane
General overview of Plasma/ Cell membrane.
Definition of Plasma/ Cell membrane
Structure of Plasma membrane
1. Sandwitch model OR Danielli- Davson Model
2. Fluid mosaic model
Plasma Membrane Proteins
Chemical Composition of Plasma/ Cell Membrane
Movement across the Cell Membrane
Channels through cell membrane
Intracellular trafficing
The power point is an overview of the intracellular trafficking mechanism of various cell organelles
Plasma membrane
Membranes cover the surface of cells and surround organelles within cells. They serve several functions including maintaining cellular integrity by keeping components inside, selectively controlling movement of molecules in and out, and allowing cellular processes to occur separately within organelles. The plasma membrane forms the boundary of the cell and is made of a phospholipid bilayer with various embedded and attached proteins and carbohydrates. It regulates what enters and exits the cell.
Transport and transport protein in cell biology
I B.Sc Cell Biology and Genetics Paper, Architecture of cell, cell membrane, channels, transport of molecules, ions etc, Pumps.
A basic touch
Abc transporters family
The document discusses ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters, which are transmembrane proteins that transport various substrates across biological membranes using ATP hydrolysis. Around half of the 48 human ABC transporters transport lipids and lipid-related compounds. Mutations in many ABC transporters are associated with human diseases related to lipid transport. The document outlines the cellular locations and functions of various ABC lipid transporters and diseases caused by their mutations. It concludes by describing screening services available for characterizing compounds' activities on key ABC transporters.
Ageing and senescence
This document summarizes physiological and molecular mechanisms of aging and senescence in plants. It discusses that senescence is a natural process where organ function declines with age. This involves degradation of cellular components like DNA, proteins, lipids and organelles. Specific genes called senescence-associated genes (SAGs) are involved in breakdown of macromolecules while other genes are downregulated. Senescence can occur at whole plant, organ or cellular levels through programmed cell death. The document also discusses various triggers of senescence and usage of stay-green varieties with delayed senescence.
Structure of model membrane
The document discusses several models that describe the structure of the plasma membrane:
1) The fluid mosaic model proposed in 1972 depicts a bilayer of phospholipids with intrinsic and extrinsic proteins embedded within, giving the membrane a fluid-like quality.
2) The sandwich model from 1930 depicts phospholipids sandwiched between two layers of globular proteins.
3) The unit membrane model from 1959, which is most widely accepted, depicts a trilamellar structure with an inner and outer protein layer surrounding a thin hydrophobic phospholipid bilayer.
The plasma membrane is composed primarily of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and some carbohydrates. Its role is to envelop and protect the cell while
As mechanics of breathing
During inspiration, contraction of the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm causes the rib cage to move upwards and outwards, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity and decreasing pressure inside. This lower pressure allows oxygen to move from the higher pressure atmosphere into the lungs. Expiration is usually a passive process where relaxation of these muscles causes the rib cage and diaphragm to move back to their original positions, decreasing thoracic cavity size, increasing pressure, and allowing gases to move out of the lungs into the lower pressure atmosphere.
types of WBC
This document summarizes the different types of white blood cells (WBCs). It discusses granulocytes which contain granules, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Agranulocytes do not contain granules and include lymphocytes and monocytes. Neutrophils are the most common type of WBC and function through phagocytosis. Eosinophils contain a bi-lobed nucleus and increase during allergic conditions. Basophils contain granules that release histamine and cause inflammation. Monocytes are single kidney shaped cells that phagocytose after becoming macrophages. Lymphocytes include B and T cells which carry out immune functions. B cells mature in bone marrow and
More Related Content
What's hot
Active transpot
Active transport moves materials against a concentration or electrochemical gradient and requires energy in the form of ATP. There are two main types: primary active transport which directly utilizes ATP hydrolysis to transport ions via pumps like the Na-K ATPase pump, and secondary active transport which utilizes the gradient established by primary transport to move another substance like symporters and antiporters. Primary transporters include P-type ATPases, V-type ATPases, and F-type ATPases which transport ions like calcium, protons, and help generate mitochondrial membrane potential. Secondary transporters couple the movement of one solute to the gradient of another like the Na-glucose symporter or the Na-Ca exchanger. Active transport is
Microtubules and molecular motors
Microtubules are cytoskeletal structures that maintain cell shape and facilitate intracellular transport. They are composed of tubulin subunits and are polarized, with microtubule-associated proteins regulating their assembly and stability. Motor proteins like kinesin and dynein move along microtubules to transport vesicles and organelles within cells. Microtubules are nucleated from the centrosome and organize into the mitotic spindle during cell division to separate chromosomes between daughter cells.
Cytoskeleton
The document discusses the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. It provides information on the history, structure, and functions of the three main cytoskeletal components: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are hollow rods that help with intracellular transport and cell division. Microfilaments are made of actin and involved in cell motility and muscle contraction. Intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength and resist stresses on the cell.
Chapter 4 ppt
All living things are composed of cells, the basic unit of structure and function. Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope to look at cork, naming the structures "cells". The cell theory developed in the 1800s states that all organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
Regulation of enzyme activity
1. Enzyme activity can be regulated through several mechanisms including allosteric regulation, feedback inhibition, proenzymes, and protein modification.
2. Allosteric enzymes have effector molecules that bind and induce a conformational change that increases or decreases enzyme activity. Feedback inhibition occurs when a metabolic end product inhibits an earlier enzyme.
3. Proenzymes are inactive precursors that are activated by proteolytic cleavage. Protein modification like phosphorylation can also regulate enzymes by changing their structure.
Cell to cell communication
Cell-to-cell communication involves signaling molecules called ligands binding to receptor proteins on the surface or inside of cells. There are five basic mechanisms of cellular communication including direct contact, paracrine signaling, endocrine signaling, synaptic signaling, and intracellular receptors. Signal transduction involves the reception of an extracellular signal, transduction of the signal inside the cell through multi-step pathways, and cellular responses that often involve changing protein function through phosphorylation. Common types of receptors include membrane receptors, intracellular receptors, receptor kinases, and G-protein coupled receptors which activate second messengers to produce cellular responses. Cells interact and identify each other through surface markers and cell junctions that connect cells.
Atp synthase
ATP synthase—also called FoF1 ATPase is the universal protein that terminates oxidative phosphorylation by synthesizing ATP from ADP and phosphate.
ATP Synthase is one of the most important enzymes found in the mitochondria of cells
Molecular chaperones
This document discusses different types of chaperone proteins. It begins by explaining that chaperones assist other proteins in folding correctly by interacting with unfolded or misfolded proteins. The main types discussed are molecular chaperones like Hsp70 and Hsp90, and chaperonins. Hsp70 binds to hydrophobic regions of unfolded proteins to prevent aggregation, while Hsp90 helps activate client proteins. Chaperonins form folding chambers and there are two groups - group 1 found in prokaryotes and organelles, and group 2 in eukaryotes and archaea. Specific examples of chaperone homologs in different organisms are also provided.
Golgi complex structure and functions
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the Golgi apparatus. It notes that the Golgi apparatus was discovered in 1898 by Camillo Golgi and is present in all eukaryotic cells. It has a central stack of flattened, interconnecting sacs called cisternae. The Golgi apparatus modifies proteins and lipids from the ER, carrying out functions like secretion, synthesis, sulfation, phosphorylation, and apoptosis. It packages molecules into vesicles which are transported within the cell.
Active Transport New
Active transport requires cells to use energy in the form of ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient, such as the sodium-potassium pump transporting sodium and potassium ions across nerve cell membranes. The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to pump 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions into the cell against their gradients. Transport proteins also use active transport for molecules too large to pass through the membrane on their own, such as during endocytosis and exocytosis.
Cell membrane permeability and functions
The document summarizes key aspects of cell membrane structure and function. It describes the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which depicts the membrane as a bilayer of phospholipids embedded with proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol, and other components. The membrane acts as a semi-permeable barrier, allowing selective transport of molecules into and out of the cell through integral membrane proteins. Specific glycoproteins on the cell surface are exploited by viruses to infect particular cell types and organs. Transport across the cell membrane is mediated by membrane-spanning transport proteins that facilitate movement of ions and molecules.
Cell movement
Cell movement is accomplished through the cytoskeleton, which is composed of three main types of fibers: actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Actin filaments interact with motor proteins like myosin to generate movement and play roles in cell adhesion, crawling, and contraction. Microtubules and their motor proteins kinesin and dynein facilitate intracellular transport and movement of cilia and flagella. Intermediate filaments provide structural support to cells but are not involved in motility. The three fiber types work together with associated proteins to control cell shape, division, transport, and movement.
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and algae that conduct photosynthesis. They have their own DNA and can synthesize some of their own proteins, making them semi-autonomous. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and carotenoids which capture light energy. Their internal structure includes an envelope, stroma, and thylakoids where the light reactions take place. It is believed that chloroplasts originated through endosymbiosis between cyanobacteria and eukaryotic cells. The two main stages of photosynthesis are the light reactions on the thylakoid membranes which produce ATP and NADPH, and the dark reactions in the stroma that use these products to fix carbon into sugars.
Plasma/Cell Membrane
General overview of Plasma/ Cell membrane.
Definition of Plasma/ Cell membrane
Structure of Plasma membrane
1. Sandwitch model OR Danielli- Davson Model
2. Fluid mosaic model
Plasma Membrane Proteins
Chemical Composition of Plasma/ Cell Membrane
Movement across the Cell Membrane
Channels through cell membrane
Intracellular trafficing
The power point is an overview of the intracellular trafficking mechanism of various cell organelles
Plasma membrane
Membranes cover the surface of cells and surround organelles within cells. They serve several functions including maintaining cellular integrity by keeping components inside, selectively controlling movement of molecules in and out, and allowing cellular processes to occur separately within organelles. The plasma membrane forms the boundary of the cell and is made of a phospholipid bilayer with various embedded and attached proteins and carbohydrates. It regulates what enters and exits the cell.
Transport and transport protein in cell biology
I B.Sc Cell Biology and Genetics Paper, Architecture of cell, cell membrane, channels, transport of molecules, ions etc, Pumps.
A basic touch
Abc transporters family
The document discusses ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters, which are transmembrane proteins that transport various substrates across biological membranes using ATP hydrolysis. Around half of the 48 human ABC transporters transport lipids and lipid-related compounds. Mutations in many ABC transporters are associated with human diseases related to lipid transport. The document outlines the cellular locations and functions of various ABC lipid transporters and diseases caused by their mutations. It concludes by describing screening services available for characterizing compounds' activities on key ABC transporters.
Ageing and senescence
This document summarizes physiological and molecular mechanisms of aging and senescence in plants. It discusses that senescence is a natural process where organ function declines with age. This involves degradation of cellular components like DNA, proteins, lipids and organelles. Specific genes called senescence-associated genes (SAGs) are involved in breakdown of macromolecules while other genes are downregulated. Senescence can occur at whole plant, organ or cellular levels through programmed cell death. The document also discusses various triggers of senescence and usage of stay-green varieties with delayed senescence.
Structure of model membrane
The document discusses several models that describe the structure of the plasma membrane:
1) The fluid mosaic model proposed in 1972 depicts a bilayer of phospholipids with intrinsic and extrinsic proteins embedded within, giving the membrane a fluid-like quality.
2) The sandwich model from 1930 depicts phospholipids sandwiched between two layers of globular proteins.
3) The unit membrane model from 1959, which is most widely accepted, depicts a trilamellar structure with an inner and outer protein layer surrounding a thin hydrophobic phospholipid bilayer.
The plasma membrane is composed primarily of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and some carbohydrates. Its role is to envelop and protect the cell while
What's hot (20)
More from Rakhi Adarsh
As mechanics of breathing
During inspiration, contraction of the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm causes the rib cage to move upwards and outwards, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity and decreasing pressure inside. This lower pressure allows oxygen to move from the higher pressure atmosphere into the lungs. Expiration is usually a passive process where relaxation of these muscles causes the rib cage and diaphragm to move back to their original positions, decreasing thoracic cavity size, increasing pressure, and allowing gases to move out of the lungs into the lower pressure atmosphere.
types of WBC
This document summarizes the different types of white blood cells (WBCs). It discusses granulocytes which contain granules, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Agranulocytes do not contain granules and include lymphocytes and monocytes. Neutrophils are the most common type of WBC and function through phagocytosis. Eosinophils contain a bi-lobed nucleus and increase during allergic conditions. Basophils contain granules that release histamine and cause inflammation. Monocytes are single kidney shaped cells that phagocytose after becoming macrophages. Lymphocytes include B and T cells which carry out immune functions. B cells mature in bone marrow and
Seed dispersal
The document describes several plants and their seed dispersal mechanisms, including dandelion seeds that are carried by wind until moisture causes them to fall, burdock seeds that stick to animal fur to be transported, poppy heads that scatter seeds through small openings when shaken by wind, lupin pods that split open and catapult seeds away from the parent plant, and coconut husks and sycamore wings that help seeds float or spin farther on wind currents.
Flowerparts
The document discusses the main parts of a flower - the sepals, petals, stamen, and pistil. The sepals are the outermost ring that protect the developing bud. Inside are the petals, which attract pollinators with their color. The stamen are the male reproductive organs that produce pollen. In the center is the pistil, which contains the female reproductive organs including the stigma, style, and ovary that produce seeds.
Types of-asexual-reproduction
Types of asexual reproduction include binary fission, spore formation, and tuber formation. Binary fission involves a parent cell dividing into two equal daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent. Spore formation occurs when fungal hyphae grow vertically and produce spores that are released. Tuber formation takes place as underground stems of certain plants like potatoes swell into storage organs called tubers.
asexual and-sexual_reproduction
This document compares asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves one parent producing offspring that are identical to itself. It occurs in plants, bacteria, protists and some invertebrates. The offspring have no variation and less chance of survival. Sexual reproduction involves two parents producing offspring that are a combination of both parents, making them unique. This provides variation and ability to adapt to environmental changes, but requires finding a mate and takes longer.
Nutrition
Autotrophic nutrition refers to organisms that can produce their own organic compounds from inorganic sources. There are two main types: photoautotrophs like plants use light as an energy source through photosynthesis, while chemoautotrophs like deep sea bacteria use chemical energy through chemosynthesis to produce food without relying on sunlight. Both photosynthesis and chemosynthesis allow autotrophs to make their own organic compounds from inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water.
types of RNA
There are three main types of RNA: transfer RNA (tRNA) which transfers amino acids to ribosomes for protein assembly, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which forms ribosomes along with proteins, and messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm where proteins are made. mRNA is single stranded and made of 1000 nucleotides.
Adrenaline
Adrenaline causes several effects on the body including increasing the pulse rate and blood glucose levels to provide more energy to muscles, as well as increasing breathing rate to deliver more oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. It also causes physical reactions like sweating, goosebumps, hair standing on end, dilated pupils, and pale skin as blood is redirected away from the skin.
The eyeshaveit
The document describes the main parts of the eye including the cornea, iris, pupil, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, retina, and optic nerve. It explains that the cornea focuses light like a camera lens, the iris controls the pupil size to regulate light, and the lens bends light to enable vision. Rods and cones in the retina detect light and color. Protection features of the eye include eyebrows that prevent sweat from entering, eyelashes that collect particles, and tears that keep the eye clean and moist.
04 implantation (1)
The zygote undergoes rapid cell division over the first 30 hours after fertilization, dividing into 2, then 4, then 8 and 16 cells. The trophoblast layer develops into the chorion and amnion membranes, with the chorion growing finger-like villi to increase nutrient absorption and secreting HCG to sustain the corpus luteum, and the villi later forming part of the placenta. The amnion forms a sac around the fetus containing amniotic fluid to protect and provide room for movement of the fetus.
Menstruation
The menstrual cycle consists of four stages: the follicle stage where FSH stimulates follicle development; ovulation where the LH surge triggers egg release; the corpus luteum stage where the follicle forms the progesterone-producing corpus luteum; and menstruation where the corpus luteum breaks down in the absence of pregnancy, dropping estrogen and progesterone levels and causing shedding of the uterine lining.
gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes over 65-70 days. It begins with spermatogonia that undergo mitosis and meiosis to form haploid spermatids from diploid spermatocytes. Sertoli cells secrete fluid to nourish spermatids and protect them, while interstitial cells secrete testosterone. Oogenesis similarly occurs in the ovaries, forming oocytes or eggs over a woman's lifetime from primary oocytes present at birth that undergo meiosis to become haploid secondary oocytes if fertilized.
Gametogenesis
- The document appears to be exam instructions and questions for a biology diploma exam. It provides exam rules and guidelines, as well as two sample exam questions.
- The first question is multiple choice, asking students to shade the correct answer for questions about respiratory and circulatory systems. It contains 14 questions.
- The second question asks students to analyze a graph showing lung pressure changes during breathing and calculate the difference between minimum inspiration and maximum expiration pressures. It is worth 14 marks.
- The document provides instructions for how students should answer multiple choice and graph analysis questions on the exam.
Female reproductive system
The female reproductive system functions to produce sex hormones, eggs, and support embryo development. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The fallopian tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus, catching eggs with cilia and transporting them. The uterus is a muscular organ that supports pregnancy, expanding significantly, with an inner lining that thickens each menstrual cycle to potentially allow embryo implantation.
Male reproductive system
The male reproductive system consists of both external and internal structures. Externally, it includes the testes which produce sperm and testosterone, the scrotum which holds the testes, and the penis. Internally, each testis contains seminiferous tubules that produce sperm and merge to form the epididymis and vas deferens, leading to the urethra which carries sperm and urine. Along the urethra are glands like the seminal vesicles and prostate that secrete fluids to nourish and protect sperm.
The stages-of-fertilisation-in-a-flowering-plant
The key structures in a flower include the stigma, anther, style, ovary, and ovule. The stages of pollination begin when a pollen grain lands on the stigma and stimulates the formation of a pollen tube. The pollen tube grows down the style and carries the pollen grain nucleus and two male gametes. It continues growing until it reaches the micropyle opening of the ovary, where the male gametes are released. One male gamete fuses with the female gamete to form a zygote, while the other fuses with the diploid nucleus to form triploid endosperm.
Inheritance terms to learn
Inheritance is the passing on of characteristics from one generation to the next. Chromosomes are structures in cells that contain genes, which are segments of DNA that code for particular traits. Alleles are variations of a gene that can cause differences in a characteristic. A dominant allele will be expressed over a recessive allele. An individual's genotype refers to their genetic makeup, while their phenotype describes their observable physical traits.
Glycolysis
The document discusses glycolysis, which is the first stage of respiration. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of cells and involves splitting a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. It has two stages - phosphorylation and oxidation. In phosphorylation, glucose is phosphorylated using ATP to form glucose phosphate, which then splits to form two triose phosphates. In oxidation, the triose phosphates are oxidized to form two pyruvate molecules while collecting hydrogen ions to form NADH, and producing a net gain of two ATP molecules.
Need for energy
This document discusses several biological processes that require energy: movement through cilia, flagella, and muscle contraction; maintaining a constant body temperature in endotherms; anabolic processes that form complex molecules; active transport moving molecules against concentration gradients; bioluminescence converting chemical energy to light; and secretion involving packaging and transport of secretory products into vesicles.
More from Rakhi Adarsh (20)
Recently uploaded
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation results
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Contiguity Of Various Message Forms - Rupam Chandra.pptx
Contiguity Of Various Message Forms - Rupam Chandra.pptx
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptx
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
Geography as discipline
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
IT WILL BE HELPFULL FOR THE NUSING STUDENTS
IT FOCUSED ON MEDICAL MANAGEMENT AND NURSING MANAGEMENT.
HIGHLIGHTS ON HEALTH EDUCATION.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
220711130083 SUBHASHREE RAKSHIT Internet resources for social science
Internet resources for social science
Educational Technology in the Health Sciences
Plenary presentation at the NTTC Inter-university Workshop, 18 June 2024, Manila Prince Hotel.
Bossa N’ Roll Records by Ismael Vazquez.
Bossa N Roll Records presentation by Izzy Vazquez for Music Retail and Distribution class at Full Sail University
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Recently uploaded (20)
Contiguity Of Various Message Forms - Rupam Chandra.pptx
Contiguity Of Various Message Forms - Rupam Chandra.pptx
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptx
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptx
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
220711130083 SUBHASHREE RAKSHIT Internet resources for social science
220711130083 SUBHASHREE RAKSHIT Internet resources for social science
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
carrier and channel proteins
- 1. Each channel protein is specific for each ion Each channel protein acts as a gate which can open and close CHANNEL PROTEINS They open up spaces or pores (lined with polar groups) across the membrane and allow entry or exit of charged ions
- 2. CARRIER PROTEINS They allow the diffusion of larger polar molecules such as sugars and amino acids A molecule attaches to the carrier protein at its binding site this changes the shape of the protein and the molecule is delivered through the membrane