The document discusses the Carnot cycle, a theoretical ideal engine developed by Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot in 1824, highlighting its cyclic process consisting of four steps: isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression, and adiabatic compression. It explains the efficiency of the Carnot engine, defined as the ratio of net work done to heat absorbed, with a maximum efficiency equation given by η = 1 - t2 / t1. The document also notes that the Carnot cycle operates on the principle of temperature differences and serves as a foundational concept in thermodynamics.

2. Content
• History Of Carnot Cycle
• Mechanism of Carnot engine
• Efficiency factors
• Applications of Carnot Cycle
• Summary
• References

3. • Discoverer :- Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot
• Officer of engineers in the French army
• Year of discovery :- 1824
• Conceived a theoretical engine
• It is an ideal engine
• Maximum efficiency

4. Carnot Ideal Heat Engine

6. Carnot Cycle
Cyclic stepwise Process
Step1 :- Isothermal Reversible Expansion
Step 2 :- Adiabatic Reversible Expansion
Step 3 :- Isothermal Reversible Compression
Step 4 :- Adiabatic Reversible Compression

7. Step I –Isothermal expansion ( T = constant)
a
b Insulated pistonP2 V 2T1
P1 V 1 T1
T1 = TH
+ QH
a
b
c
d
P :- ↓ V :- ↑ T :- const.
w1 = - R T1 ln (V2 / V1)
QH = R T1 ln (V2 / V1)
∆E = 0
+ QH

8. b
c Insulated pistonP3 V 3T2
P2 V 2 T1
+ QH
Step II –Adiabatic Expansion (Q = 0 )
a
b
c
d
P :- ↓ V :- ↑ T :- ↓
w2 = Cv (T2 - T1)
∆E = Cv (T2 - T1)
q = 0

9. Step III –Isothermal Compression ( T = constant)
d
c Insulated pistonP3 V 3T2
P4 V 4 T2
T2 = TC
- Qc
a
b
c
d
P :- ↑ V :- ↓ T :- const.
w3 = - R T2 ln (V4 /
V3)
QC = R T2 ln (V4 / V3)
∆E = 0

10. Step IV –Adiabatic Compression
a
d Insulated pistonP4 V 4T2
P1 V 1 T1
( Q = 0 )
a
b
c
d
w4 = Cv (T1 - T2)
∆E = Cv (T1 - T2)
q = 0
P :- ↑ V :- ↓ T
:- ↑

11. • Efficiency means the ratio of net work done obtained in a
cycle and total heat absorbed .
• It is denoted by η
η = Net work done / Input
= Wnet/ QH
= ( QH – QC ) / QH
= ( T1 – T2 ) / T1
= 1 – T2 / T1
Efficiency(η) < 1

12. η = 1 – T2 / T1
• Heat source constant at T1 and lowering sink
temperature
• Sink constant at T2 and increasing source
temperature

14. • Diesel engine

15. • Heat
engine

16. • Carnot Cycle is a cyclic Process
• It is a ideal cycle
• It has Maximum Efficiency (η)
given as :- η = 1 – T2 / T1
• It works on temperature difference

17. • Atkins’ Physical Chemistry
By:- Peter Atkins
Julio De Paula
• Advanced Physical Chemistry
By :- J.N. Gurtu
A. Gurtu
• Heat Thermodynamics and statistical physics { S. Chand}
By :- Brij lal
N. Subrahmanyam
P.S. Hemne
• Concepts of physics 2
By:- H C Verma