The document discusses the Carnot cycle, which is an idealized model of a heat engine devised by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in 1824. The Carnot cycle consists of four reversible processes - two isothermal expansion and compression processes and two adiabatic expansion and compression processes - occurring between a high-temperature heat reservoir and a low-temperature heat sink. The efficiency of a Carnot engine operating between two temperature reservoirs can be shown to be equal to 1 - (T2/T1), where T1 is the temperature of the heat reservoir and T2 is the temperature of the heat sink. The Carnot cycle laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics.
This Presentation mainly focuses on Thermal Energy Generation in Sri Lanka and Energy conservation techniques which are using for effective and efficient thermal energy generation.
This Presentation mainly focuses on Thermal Energy Generation in Sri Lanka and Energy conservation techniques which are using for effective and efficient thermal energy generation.
TOP 10 B TECH COLLEGES IN JAIPUR 2024.pptxnikitacareer3
Looking for the best engineering colleges in Jaipur for 2024?
Check out our list of the top 10 B.Tech colleges to help you make the right choice for your future career!
1) MNIT
2) MANIPAL UNIV
3) LNMIIT
4) NIMS UNIV
5) JECRC
6) VIVEKANANDA GLOBAL UNIV
7) BIT JAIPUR
8) APEX UNIV
9) AMITY UNIV.
10) JNU
TO KNOW MORE ABOUT COLLEGES, FEES AND PLACEMENT, WATCH THE FULL VIDEO GIVEN BELOW ON "TOP 10 B TECH COLLEGES IN JAIPUR"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSNje0MBh7g
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Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
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Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
2. • In the early 19th century, steam engines came to play an
increasingly important role in industry and transportation.
• However, a systematic set of theories of the conversion of thermal
energy to motive power by steam engines had not yet been
developed.
• Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1796-1832), a French military
engineer, published Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire in
1824.
• The book proposed a generalized theory of heat engines, as well
as an idealized model of a thermodynamic system for a heat
engine that is now known as the Carnot cycle.
• Carnot developed the foundation of the second law of
thermodynamics and is often described as the "Father of
thermodynamics."
History of Carnot cycle
3. • Heat engine is a device
by which a system is
made to undergo a
cyclic process that
results in conversion of
heat into work.
5. MAIN PARTS OF HEAT ENGINE
1. HO
TRESERVOIR
• SOURCE is a material kept at
high temperature and having
infinite thermal capacity
. Any
amount of heat can be taken
from it without changing its
temperature.
6. 2. Sink
• COLD RESERVOIR or Sink is a
material kept at low temperature and
having infinite thermal capacity
. Any
amount of heat can be given to it
without changing its temperature.
7. 3. Working Substance
• Working substance is a material which
converts heat energy in to work. It is
taken in a cylinder fitted with tight
movable frictionless piston. The lower
side of the cylinder will be thermally
conducting.
8. 4. Insulating Stand
• It insulates the working substance from
thermal contact with the surroundings.
That is used for performing the
adiabatic process.
10. Carnot Engine
• Carnot engine is an ideal heat engine
whose efficiency is maximum. In Carnot
engine, Carnot cycle is used. In carnot
engine, ideal gas is the working
substance, and all the dissipative forces
are absent.
11. Carnot Cycle
• Carnot devised an ideal cycle of
operation for a heat engine and is know
as Carnot cycle. In one complete cycle
of operation, there are four different
thermodynamic processes.
12. The Carnot
Cycle
The Carnot cycle consists of the following four processes:
1.A reversible isothermal gas expansion process.
2.A reversible adiabatic gas expansion process.
3.A reversible isothermal gas compression process.
4.A reversible adiabatic gas compression process.
17. IsothermalExpansion
• At first, the working substance is kept in contact
with the source. The piston of the cylinder is
moved outwards. The gas expands at constant
temperature. The amount of heat (Q1 ) is
absorbed from the source to make the
temperature constant. The volume increases and
pressure decreases. This is called isothermal
expansion. It is represented by the curve 1-2 {AB}
in the indicator diagram.
18. AdiabaticExpansion
• The lower conducting side of the cylinder is kept in
contact with the insulating stand. The piston of the
cylinder is moved outwards. The gas expands
such that no heat enters the system or leaves
from it. The volume increases and pressure
decreases. The temperature is decreased from T1
to T2 . This is called adiabatic expansion. It is
represented by the curve 2-3 {BC}in the indicator
diagram.
19. Isothermal Compression
• The cylinder is kept in contact with the sink. The
piston of the cylinder is moved inwards. The gas is
compressed at constant temperature. The excess
heat produced(Q2 ) will flow to the sink to make
the temperature constant. The volume decreases
and pressure increases. This is called isothermal
compression. It is represented by the curve 3-4
{CD} in the indicator diagram.
20. AdiabaticExpansion
• The cylinder is kept in contact with the insulating
stand. The piston of the cylinder is moved
inwards. The gas is compressed such that no heat
enters the system or leaves from it. The volume
decreases and pressure increases. The
temperature increases from T2 to T1 . This is
called adiabatic expansion. It is represented by the
curve 4-1 {DA}in the indicator diagram.
21. Efficiency of Carnot engine
• We have the efficiency of heat engine, η =W/Q1 where
‘W’ is the work done and Q1 is the amount of heat
absorbed from the source.
• Also W=Q1 –Q2 where Q2 is the amount of energy
rejected to sink. There fore, η = ( Q1 – Q2 )/Q1 = 1
– (Q2 /Q1 )
• For a carnot engine, it can be shown that η =1 – (T2
/T1 ) where T1 is the temperature of source and T2 that
of sink.
22. Points to
remember
Carnot engine is purely an imaginary
engine. But all real engines are
constructed based on carnot cycle.
No other engine
can have same
efficiency as that
of a carnot engine
working between
the same
temperature
range.