The creeping prevalence of aging societies isn’t just a challenge for national governments, policymakers, and healthcare providers to solve. It affects everyone who has, or will have, an elder family member or loved one in their lives—and everyone lucky enough to grow old themselves.
Remaining in good health as an older adult requires much more than what medication and treatment alone have to offer. Below are ten pieces of advice, and some accompanying resources, for those who want their loved ones to age as comfortably, independently, and vibrantly as possible.
This document discusses several common alterations in respiratory function including pulmonary edema, lower respiratory tract infections, traumatic injuries, neurological diseases, adult respiratory distress syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, upper respiratory tract infections, atelectasis, industrial diseases, and obesity. It outlines the clinical manifestations and critical care management of patients with these respiratory conditions.
Here you get all update about care of elderly like introduction, definition, the normal aging process, factors affecting aging process, theories, , health problem in old age and their nursing care and health promotion in elderly.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: Physiological Changes in Older Adults
As skin ages, it becomes thinner and more easily damaged. Intensifying this effect is the decreasing ability of skin to heal itself with age. Skin aging is also noted by a decrease in volume and elasticity and the increased incidence of wrinkles. Aging skin receives less blood flow and lower glandular activity.
Gediatry, mith and reality, theories of agingAnvin Thomas
The document discusses the history and physical examination of older adults. It emphasizes that the examination of older patients requires extra time and attention due to potential sensory, cognitive and medical issues. The exam should focus on functional status, medications, nutritional status and signs of abuse or neglect. The physical exam requires assessing various body systems while limiting the time in supine position which can cause discomfort. A thorough exam is important for appropriate diagnosis and treatment of conditions more common in older patients.
The document discusses the impact of illness on clients and their families. It notes that clients may experience behavioral or emotional changes and changes in self-concept as a result of illness. They may also experience changes in lifestyle, such as changes to diet, activity, exercise, rest, and sleep. The illness can impact families through factors like the family member who is ill, the seriousness and length of the illness, and cultural customs. Families may experience role changes, increased demands on time, stress, financial problems, loneliness, and changes in social customs.
Ventilation of the lungs occurs through breathing, which requires clear airways, an intact respiratory system, and a thoracic cavity capable of expanding and contracting. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli. Factors like cardiac output, hematocrit levels, and exercise affect oxygen transport. Respiratory regulation maintains appropriate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels through neural and chemical controls. Alterations in respiratory function include hypoxia, hypoventilation, and hyperventilation which have signs and symptoms like anxiety, fatigue, and cyanosis.
This document discusses several common alterations in respiratory function including pulmonary edema, lower respiratory tract infections, traumatic injuries, neurological diseases, adult respiratory distress syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, upper respiratory tract infections, atelectasis, industrial diseases, and obesity. It outlines the clinical manifestations and critical care management of patients with these respiratory conditions.
Here you get all update about care of elderly like introduction, definition, the normal aging process, factors affecting aging process, theories, , health problem in old age and their nursing care and health promotion in elderly.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: Physiological Changes in Older Adults
As skin ages, it becomes thinner and more easily damaged. Intensifying this effect is the decreasing ability of skin to heal itself with age. Skin aging is also noted by a decrease in volume and elasticity and the increased incidence of wrinkles. Aging skin receives less blood flow and lower glandular activity.
Gediatry, mith and reality, theories of agingAnvin Thomas
The document discusses the history and physical examination of older adults. It emphasizes that the examination of older patients requires extra time and attention due to potential sensory, cognitive and medical issues. The exam should focus on functional status, medications, nutritional status and signs of abuse or neglect. The physical exam requires assessing various body systems while limiting the time in supine position which can cause discomfort. A thorough exam is important for appropriate diagnosis and treatment of conditions more common in older patients.
The document discusses the impact of illness on clients and their families. It notes that clients may experience behavioral or emotional changes and changes in self-concept as a result of illness. They may also experience changes in lifestyle, such as changes to diet, activity, exercise, rest, and sleep. The illness can impact families through factors like the family member who is ill, the seriousness and length of the illness, and cultural customs. Families may experience role changes, increased demands on time, stress, financial problems, loneliness, and changes in social customs.
Ventilation of the lungs occurs through breathing, which requires clear airways, an intact respiratory system, and a thoracic cavity capable of expanding and contracting. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli. Factors like cardiac output, hematocrit levels, and exercise affect oxygen transport. Respiratory regulation maintains appropriate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels through neural and chemical controls. Alterations in respiratory function include hypoxia, hypoventilation, and hyperventilation which have signs and symptoms like anxiety, fatigue, and cyanosis.
Medical-surgical nursing is concerned with caring for adult patients in various healthcare settings. It is the largest nursing specialty and has evolved into its own area due to advances in medicine and nursing. Medical-surgical nurses now work in many different positions and settings beyond just hospital wards, including clinics, emergency departments, administration, outpatient surgical centers, home health care, and skilled nursing facilities, with some also serving in military medical roles on battlefields.
This document provides information about sensory perception and alterations. It discusses how people normally receive sensory stimulation through sight, sound, touch, smell, and taste. When sensory function is altered, through deprivation, overload, or deficits, a person's ability to relate to their environment changes. The effects of sensory deprivation can include hallucinations and cognitive and emotional disturbances. Nursing care for patients experiencing sensory alterations includes thorough assessment of their perception abilities and risks, and providing an optimal level of meaningful stimulation.
This document discusses geriatric considerations in nursing. It begins by outlining common myths about the elderly, then describes normal age-related changes and types of aging. The rest of the document covers various body systems impacted by aging like cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, nervous, endocrine and sensory systems. It also addresses cognitive changes, psychological aspects, principles of nursing management, and how to support elderly patients through health education, safety, reducing anxiety and encouraging self-care activities.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, which work together to produce and excrete urine. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder. When full, the bladder empties through the urethra. Urine contains water and waste products like urea, salts, and other dissolved substances. Dysfunctions like incontinence, retention, infection, or changes in urine production can indicate underlying issues.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow. The two main conditions that make up COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. Smoking is the primary risk factor for COPD. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, and wheezing. Treatment focuses on bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and smoking cessation. Nursing management for COPD patients focuses on improving ventilation and gas exchange, managing activity intolerance and anxiety, and effectively clearing airways through techniques like chest physiotherapy.
The document discusses key concepts related to health and illness. It defines health according to the WHO as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. Disease is defined as a pathological change, while illness refers to a person's response to disease. Models of health and illness are presented, as are factors like physical, emotional, intellectual, environmental and sociocultural dimensions that can affect health and illness. The document also discusses risk factors, types of acute and chronic illness, and levels of preventative care.
A man's life is normally divided into five main stages namely infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age. In each of these stages an individual has to find himself in different situations and face different problems. The old age is not without problems. In old age physical strength deteriorates, mental stability diminishes; money power becomes bleak coupled with negligence from the younger generation.
Complementary therapies are medical interventions not currently part of conventional medicine. They can be categorized into five groups: alternative medical systems, mind-body interventions, manipulative and body-based methods, energy therapies, and biologically based treatments. Examples include aromatherapy, massage therapy, acupuncture, meditation, yoga, and herbal remedies. Nurses' roles regarding complementary therapies include assessing patient use and risks, promoting safety, providing holistic care, serving as providers, and participating in research.
The document discusses stress, adaptation, and stress management. It defines stress as a condition that results from a change in the environment perceived as threatening. Adaptation is the body's response to stressors and involves physiological and psychological processes. Stress management techniques aim to reduce stress frequency and intensity, and improve emotional and behavioral responses to stress through methods like biofeedback, meditation, relaxation, and exercise.
Geriatric Assessment , Assessment of Elderly Anant Layall
Geriatric assessment is a multidimensional evaluation of elderly patients that includes medical history, physical exam, and assessment of functional abilities. The assessment evaluates patients' physical and cognitive functioning, social support systems, nutritional status, and risk of functional impairment requiring assistance with activities of daily living. A comprehensive geriatric assessment provides a holistic view of elderly patients to develop appropriate care plans.
This document discusses stress, its causes and effects. It defines stress as a state of imbalance resulting from a disparity between situational demands and an individual's ability to meet those demands. Stress can be caused by external factors like the environment or internal factors like lifestyle choices. The general adaptation syndrome describes the body's three stage response to stress. When a person experiences stress, they may exhibit physical or emotional symptoms. Managing stress involves identifying stressors, selecting coping strategies like exercise, nutrition, and social support. The document also examines stress among students and nurses, finding that academic factors are a primary stressor for students while long hours and lack of support contribute to stress in nurses.
This document discusses nursing as a profession. It defines nursing according to various experts throughout history, showing how the definition has evolved. Nursing aims to promote health, prevent illness, restore health, and facilitate coping. Nurses take on various roles such as caregiver, communicator, and leader. They work within an organizational structure and perform independent, dependent, and interdependent functions. A professional nurse is licensed and accountable. Qualities of a good nurse include being caring, competent, and maintaining current professional knowledge.
This document provides an overview of occupational health and safety topics including definitions, objectives, hazards, diseases, and preventive measures. It begins with definitions of occupational health from the Joint ILO/WHO Committee in 1950, focusing on promotion of worker health and adaptation of work to individuals. Objectives include maintenance of health and safety. Physical, chemical, biological, psychosocial and mechanical hazards are described along with related diseases such as pneumoconiosis, lead poisoning, cancer, and dermatitis. Preventive measures for various hazards and diseases are also outlined.
The document outlines the Code of Ethics for Nurses in India. It discusses several key principles:
1) Nurses must respect the uniqueness of each individual and provide culturally sensitive, dignified care without discrimination.
2) Nurses should respect patients' rights to make informed choices and decisions about their own care.
3) Nurses are obligated to maintain patient privacy and confidentiality while only sharing information judiciously.
4) Nurses must maintain competence through continuing education to ensure quality nursing care for all patients.
Precise guide for DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students .. regarding Age Related Problems / Geriatric problems, and its management. Highly recommended for II B.Sc Nursing Students.
The document discusses geriatric care and aging. It defines key terms like gerontology, the study of aging, and geriatric care which aims to keep older persons independent and improve their quality of life. It outlines common physical, psychological, and social changes that occur with aging. It also discusses theories of aging, the role of nurses in geriatric care, assessing health in the elderly, and promoting nutrition, activity, and preventive care for older patients.
Nursing is a professional service devoted to promoting health care and social welfare. It requires special knowledge and skills gained through formal training, as well as adherence to moral and ethical principles. As a profession, nursing is dedicated to improving physical and psychological well-being through care based on theoretical knowledge and research.
A complete study material for a good presentation for the subject advance nursing practice in MSc Nursing level. It is presented by Angelina samuel lal.
The document discusses various topics related to care of terminally ill and deceased patients. It defines key concepts like loss, grief, mourning and different types of grief. It provides guidance on caring for dying patients, including ensuring comfort and dignity. It also discusses deathbed wills, dying declarations, organ donation process, documentation procedures for brought dead cases and more. Terminal cleaning procedures are outlined including use of appropriate disinfectants and personal protective equipment. Embalming is defined as a process to preserve a dead body through draining blood and replacing it with preservative fluids.
Ankit Patel presented on care of the elderly. The document defined elderly as over 65 years old and discussed care needs unique to seniors. It described the normal aging process, including biological, psychological, sociocultural, and sexual changes that occur. Biologically, aging impacts nearly every system of the body, slowing functions and decreasing abilities over time in areas like memory, mobility, and senses. Psychologically, grief and loss are cumulative, and psychiatric disorders are more common in elderly. Socially, aging can bring respect or negative stereotypes depending on culture.
Medical-surgical nursing is concerned with caring for adult patients in various healthcare settings. It is the largest nursing specialty and has evolved into its own area due to advances in medicine and nursing. Medical-surgical nurses now work in many different positions and settings beyond just hospital wards, including clinics, emergency departments, administration, outpatient surgical centers, home health care, and skilled nursing facilities, with some also serving in military medical roles on battlefields.
This document provides information about sensory perception and alterations. It discusses how people normally receive sensory stimulation through sight, sound, touch, smell, and taste. When sensory function is altered, through deprivation, overload, or deficits, a person's ability to relate to their environment changes. The effects of sensory deprivation can include hallucinations and cognitive and emotional disturbances. Nursing care for patients experiencing sensory alterations includes thorough assessment of their perception abilities and risks, and providing an optimal level of meaningful stimulation.
This document discusses geriatric considerations in nursing. It begins by outlining common myths about the elderly, then describes normal age-related changes and types of aging. The rest of the document covers various body systems impacted by aging like cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, nervous, endocrine and sensory systems. It also addresses cognitive changes, psychological aspects, principles of nursing management, and how to support elderly patients through health education, safety, reducing anxiety and encouraging self-care activities.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, which work together to produce and excrete urine. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder. When full, the bladder empties through the urethra. Urine contains water and waste products like urea, salts, and other dissolved substances. Dysfunctions like incontinence, retention, infection, or changes in urine production can indicate underlying issues.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow. The two main conditions that make up COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. Smoking is the primary risk factor for COPD. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, and wheezing. Treatment focuses on bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and smoking cessation. Nursing management for COPD patients focuses on improving ventilation and gas exchange, managing activity intolerance and anxiety, and effectively clearing airways through techniques like chest physiotherapy.
The document discusses key concepts related to health and illness. It defines health according to the WHO as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. Disease is defined as a pathological change, while illness refers to a person's response to disease. Models of health and illness are presented, as are factors like physical, emotional, intellectual, environmental and sociocultural dimensions that can affect health and illness. The document also discusses risk factors, types of acute and chronic illness, and levels of preventative care.
A man's life is normally divided into five main stages namely infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age. In each of these stages an individual has to find himself in different situations and face different problems. The old age is not without problems. In old age physical strength deteriorates, mental stability diminishes; money power becomes bleak coupled with negligence from the younger generation.
Complementary therapies are medical interventions not currently part of conventional medicine. They can be categorized into five groups: alternative medical systems, mind-body interventions, manipulative and body-based methods, energy therapies, and biologically based treatments. Examples include aromatherapy, massage therapy, acupuncture, meditation, yoga, and herbal remedies. Nurses' roles regarding complementary therapies include assessing patient use and risks, promoting safety, providing holistic care, serving as providers, and participating in research.
The document discusses stress, adaptation, and stress management. It defines stress as a condition that results from a change in the environment perceived as threatening. Adaptation is the body's response to stressors and involves physiological and psychological processes. Stress management techniques aim to reduce stress frequency and intensity, and improve emotional and behavioral responses to stress through methods like biofeedback, meditation, relaxation, and exercise.
Geriatric Assessment , Assessment of Elderly Anant Layall
Geriatric assessment is a multidimensional evaluation of elderly patients that includes medical history, physical exam, and assessment of functional abilities. The assessment evaluates patients' physical and cognitive functioning, social support systems, nutritional status, and risk of functional impairment requiring assistance with activities of daily living. A comprehensive geriatric assessment provides a holistic view of elderly patients to develop appropriate care plans.
This document discusses stress, its causes and effects. It defines stress as a state of imbalance resulting from a disparity between situational demands and an individual's ability to meet those demands. Stress can be caused by external factors like the environment or internal factors like lifestyle choices. The general adaptation syndrome describes the body's three stage response to stress. When a person experiences stress, they may exhibit physical or emotional symptoms. Managing stress involves identifying stressors, selecting coping strategies like exercise, nutrition, and social support. The document also examines stress among students and nurses, finding that academic factors are a primary stressor for students while long hours and lack of support contribute to stress in nurses.
This document discusses nursing as a profession. It defines nursing according to various experts throughout history, showing how the definition has evolved. Nursing aims to promote health, prevent illness, restore health, and facilitate coping. Nurses take on various roles such as caregiver, communicator, and leader. They work within an organizational structure and perform independent, dependent, and interdependent functions. A professional nurse is licensed and accountable. Qualities of a good nurse include being caring, competent, and maintaining current professional knowledge.
This document provides an overview of occupational health and safety topics including definitions, objectives, hazards, diseases, and preventive measures. It begins with definitions of occupational health from the Joint ILO/WHO Committee in 1950, focusing on promotion of worker health and adaptation of work to individuals. Objectives include maintenance of health and safety. Physical, chemical, biological, psychosocial and mechanical hazards are described along with related diseases such as pneumoconiosis, lead poisoning, cancer, and dermatitis. Preventive measures for various hazards and diseases are also outlined.
The document outlines the Code of Ethics for Nurses in India. It discusses several key principles:
1) Nurses must respect the uniqueness of each individual and provide culturally sensitive, dignified care without discrimination.
2) Nurses should respect patients' rights to make informed choices and decisions about their own care.
3) Nurses are obligated to maintain patient privacy and confidentiality while only sharing information judiciously.
4) Nurses must maintain competence through continuing education to ensure quality nursing care for all patients.
Precise guide for DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students .. regarding Age Related Problems / Geriatric problems, and its management. Highly recommended for II B.Sc Nursing Students.
The document discusses geriatric care and aging. It defines key terms like gerontology, the study of aging, and geriatric care which aims to keep older persons independent and improve their quality of life. It outlines common physical, psychological, and social changes that occur with aging. It also discusses theories of aging, the role of nurses in geriatric care, assessing health in the elderly, and promoting nutrition, activity, and preventive care for older patients.
Nursing is a professional service devoted to promoting health care and social welfare. It requires special knowledge and skills gained through formal training, as well as adherence to moral and ethical principles. As a profession, nursing is dedicated to improving physical and psychological well-being through care based on theoretical knowledge and research.
A complete study material for a good presentation for the subject advance nursing practice in MSc Nursing level. It is presented by Angelina samuel lal.
The document discusses various topics related to care of terminally ill and deceased patients. It defines key concepts like loss, grief, mourning and different types of grief. It provides guidance on caring for dying patients, including ensuring comfort and dignity. It also discusses deathbed wills, dying declarations, organ donation process, documentation procedures for brought dead cases and more. Terminal cleaning procedures are outlined including use of appropriate disinfectants and personal protective equipment. Embalming is defined as a process to preserve a dead body through draining blood and replacing it with preservative fluids.
Ankit Patel presented on care of the elderly. The document defined elderly as over 65 years old and discussed care needs unique to seniors. It described the normal aging process, including biological, psychological, sociocultural, and sexual changes that occur. Biologically, aging impacts nearly every system of the body, slowing functions and decreasing abilities over time in areas like memory, mobility, and senses. Psychologically, grief and loss are cumulative, and psychiatric disorders are more common in elderly. Socially, aging can bring respect or negative stereotypes depending on culture.
NURSING CARE OF ELDERLY BY RAKESH SINGHRakesh Singh
This document provides an overview of nursing care for the elderly. It begins by defining elderly as over 65 years old and outlines the normal aging process, which includes biological, psychological, sociocultural, and sexual aspects. Biologically, aging impacts nearly every system of the body, slowing functions and decreasing abilities. Psychologically, memory changes and the ability to learn new information remains intact. Socially, aging can bring losses and the elderly desire respect and dignity.
Biological aging refers to the gradual degeneration of the body's cells, tissues and organ systems over time. It can be divided into primary, secondary and tertiary aging. Primary aging is inevitable and governed by maturation, while secondary aging results from environmental factors and habits. Theories of biological aging include programmed and random theories. Programmed aging posits that aging is genetically determined, while random theories cite factors like wear and tear, free radicals and error accumulation. The document then outlines various biological changes that occur with aging in areas like appearance, skeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, reproductive and sensory systems.
Biological aging refers to the gradual degeneration of the body's cells, tissues and organ systems over time. It can be divided into primary, secondary and tertiary aging. Primary aging is inevitable and governed by genetic and biological factors. Secondary aging results from environmental influences like lifestyle. Tertiary aging refers to rapid decline in the last few years of life. Theories of aging include programmed and random theories. Programmed theories suggest aging is genetically determined while random theories cite factors like free radicals, cross-linking and wear and tear. Biological aging causes changes to appearance, skeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, reproductive and sensory systems.
This document provides information about end of life care. It discusses key aspects of end of life care including physical and psychological manifestations at the end of life, the goals of end of life care which are to provide comfort, improve quality of remaining life, and ensure a dignified death. It also discusses variables that can affect end of life care like cultural and spiritual needs as well as nursing management of end of life care.
Common aging changes_spring 2014 abridgedShepard Joy
This document provides an overview of common age-related changes that occur at the cellular, physical, and organ system levels. It discusses changes that can impact the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive, musculoskeletal, nervous, sensory and immune systems. Some key points include how aging impacts lung capacity and heart function, increases risks for infection and fractures, and causes presbyopia, presbycusis and reduced senses of smell, taste and touch. The document emphasizes that understanding these normal aging processes is important for gerontological nursing care that promotes health and function.
Aging is the study of life changes that occur as one grows older across biological, psychological, social, legal, and functional domains. Common aging changes include declines in processing speed and working memory, sensory and perceptual changes, and changes in brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, muscles, bones and skin. The immune system also declines with age, making older adults more susceptible to infection. Overall, aging results from both primary aging due to genetic factors and secondary aging due to environmental influences and disease.
- Old age is the final stage of life where physical strength and mental stability decline. Elderly are those over 65 who may have functional impairments.
- Aging is a biological process where systems slow down over time. People age differently and changes are usually gradual rather than dramatic.
- Aspects of aging include biological, psychological, sociocultural, and sexual changes. Biologically, systems like nervous, sensory, cardiovascular, respiratory, and urinary show declines in function with age.
This document discusses age-related changes to the body's major systems from a geriatric perspective. It begins by outlining objectives to understand aging as not a disease and differentiate expected from pathological vision changes. It then covers changes to the skin, hearing, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and other areas. For the eyes, it details age-related modifications to structures like the eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea, lens and retina. It concludes by considering special examination considerations and management of common vision disorders for older patients.
The document discusses various concepts and theories of aging. It defines aging as the deterioration of physiological functions necessary for survival and fertility that occurs over time. It classifies aging as chronological, biological, psychological, social, and cognitive. It then describes several biologic theories of aging, including the programmed theory, gene theory, and free radical theory. It also discusses cellular theories such as the crosslink theory and wear and tear theory. Finally, it mentions several other theories like the immunologic theory and mitochondrial decline theory.
Aging is a natural process that occurs gradually over time and involves changes in biological, psychological, and social domains. Biologically, aging is associated with declines in cognitive abilities like processing speed and working memory due to changes in the brain and decreases in immune function. The heart and blood vessels also undergo structural and functional changes with aging like thickening of arteries and a slower heart rate. While aging impacts many systems and abilities, there is significant variability between individuals.
1. The document discusses various physical, cognitive, and social changes that occur in late adulthood, including both gains and losses. Key gains include wisdom, experience, and inner strength, while key losses include brain cells, intellectual capabilities, and friends or family.
2. Ageism and its negative impacts are explored, including negative attitudes, misinterpretation of identical behaviors, and discrimination against older individuals.
3. Various age-related changes to the body's systems are covered, such as declines in vision, hearing, digestion, heart function, and bone density. Cognitive changes like slower reaction time and increased risk of dementia are also discussed.
4. Theories of aging are presented, including the idea that
anp seminar ppt new.pptx about geriatricKittyTuttu
This document discusses geriatric nursing and considerations for caring for elderly patients. It begins by defining geriatric nursing as focusing on promoting health and preventing/treating disability and disease in older patients. It then discusses several theories of aging, including biological theories related to programmed cell life limits and error accumulation, and psychosocial theories including continuity, disengagement, and activity theories. The document outlines common age-related changes in body systems and disorders, such as respiratory and cardiac issues. It concludes by discussing psychological aspects of aging, special concerns for geriatric patients, and relevant government policies.
Aging is a gradual, continuous process of natural change that begins in early adulthood. During early middle age, many bodily functions begin to gradually decline. People do not become old or elderly at any specific age. Traditionally, age 65 has been designated as the beginning of old age.
Physical and cognitive changes occur in late adulthood. Life expectancy has increased to around 80 years due to advances in medicine. Physical changes include presbycusis (age-related hearing loss), declining senses of smell and taste, osteoporosis, sleep issues, and sexual changes like diminished libido. Cognitive theories of aging include the cellular clock theory, hormonal stress theory, and free radical theory. Common health concerns in late adulthood are heart disease, cancer, stroke, arthritis, accidents, dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Memory involves both retrospective memories of the past and prospective memories of future plans.
The document provides an overview of concepts and theories of aging. It defines aging and classifies it objectively by chronological age and subjectively by changes in behavior, self-perception, and reaction to biological changes. It discusses concepts of aging including chronological, biological, psychological, social, and cognitive aging. It also outlines several biologic theories that attempt to explain the aging process from a physical perspective, including the programmed theory, gene theory, and free radical theory. In addition, it covers psychosocial theories like disengagement theory and activity theory that examine social and behavioral changes with aging. Developmental theories are also discussed, such as Erikson's theory of ego integrity versus despair in late adulthood.
This document discusses geriatrics and geriatric care. It begins with definitions of geriatrics, geriatric nursing, and gerontology. The objectives of geriatric care are then outlined as maintenance of health, detection of early disease, and prevention of deterioration. General principles of geriatric care are listed, focusing on individualized care, independence, and comfort. Biological aging processes are described for various body systems. Theories of aging are explained. Geriatric health assessment approaches are introduced. Community support and responsibilities of nurses are outlined.
Similar to CARE OF THE ELDERLY (OLDER ADULTS).pptx (20)
The document discusses programs run by the Philippines Department of Health (DOH) related to family planning. It describes the DOH's Family Health Office, which operates health programs to improve family health. These include the National Safe Motherhood Program, Family Planning Program, Child Health Program, and others. It provides details on objectives, components, and services offered by the National Safe Motherhood Program and National Family Planning Program, which aim to improve maternal and child health and allow individuals to plan family size.
ORTHOPEDIC NURSING: CARE OF THE CLIENT WITH MUSCULO-SKELETAL DISORDERRommel Luis III Israel
The document discusses orthopedic nursing and provides information on musculoskeletal anatomy and physiology. It describes the three types of muscles, tendons, ligaments, bones, joints, and other musculoskeletal structures. It then covers assessment of the musculoskeletal system through history, physical examination including gait, posture, and range of motion. Common laboratory procedures used to assess the musculoskeletal system are also outlined such as bone marrow aspiration, arthroscopy, bone scan, and DXA scan. The nursing management of common musculoskeletal problems like pain, impaired mobility, and self-care deficits are summarized. Modalities used including traction and casting are described. Finally, common musculoskeletal conditions like osteoporosis are briefly discussed.
This document discusses common laboratory procedures used to evaluate alterations in the endocrine system. It describes assays that measure hormone levels in the blood, including stimulation and suppression tests. It provides examples of how thyroid hormone levels can indicate hypo- or hyperthyroidism. Tests are also described for radioactive iodine uptake, thyroid scans, basal metabolic rate, fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance, and glycosylated hemoglobin A1C. The purpose, procedure, and interpretation of results are covered for each test.
This document discusses cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, and hepatitis. It provides information on the causes of cirrhosis including alcohol, viral hepatitis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Symptoms of cirrhosis include jaundice, fatigue, bruising, and abdominal swelling. The complications of cirrhosis are also examined, such as bleeding from varices and hepatic encephalopathy. Treatment focuses on preventing further liver damage, managing complications through medications and procedures, and potentially liver transplantation for severe cases.
This document discusses the components and process of nursing diagnosis. It begins by outlining the 5 components of the nursing process: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. It then focuses on the diagnostic phase, explaining the differences between medical and nursing diagnosis. It provides details on the types of nursing diagnoses according to client status, and how nursing diagnoses are formulated using NANDA terminology and diagnostic statement structures. Factors involved in analyzing data, determining strengths, and prioritizing diagnoses are also summarized.
The document discusses acute and chronic renal failure. It defines the key functions of the kidney system and describes important lab values used to assess renal function such as BUN and creatinine. It distinguishes between the different types and causes of acute renal failure including pre-renal, intra-renal, and post-renal. Medical management focuses on fluid balance, electrolyte control, and removing any obstructions. Chronic renal failure is typically irreversible and results from long-standing kidney damage from conditions like diabetes or hypertension.
The document discusses disorders of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. It provides information on the functions of the liver and describes conditions such as jaundice, cirrhosis, hepatitis, liver tumors, and their signs and symptoms. Gallbladder disorders like cholelithiasis and cholecystitis are covered. Pancreatitis, both acute and chronic, as well as pancreatic cancer, are explained in terms of pathophysiology, assessment findings, and treatment. Nursing management is also addressed for various conditions.
This document discusses evidence-based practice (EBP) in nursing. It defines EBP as integrating the best research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values and needs. The document outlines the history of EBP beginning in the 1980s and its focus on improving patient outcomes. It also discusses the skills needed for EBP, including critical thinking, information literacy, and communication skills. The five key steps of the EBP process are also summarized: formulating a clinical question, gathering evidence, appraising evidence, integrating evidence with expertise and patient preferences, and evaluating the practice change.
The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was established in 1976 to provide routine childhood immunizations against six diseases: tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and measles. The program aims to reduce child mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases and has specific goals around immunizing children, maintaining polio-free status, eliminating measles, and controlling other diseases. The EPI follows principles of targeting eligible populations, focusing on epidemiology, and providing immunization as a basic health service. It utilizes a cold chain system to store and transport vaccines according to their temperature sensitivities.
The document discusses critical care nursing in the Philippines. It describes how critical care nursing deals with life-threatening illnesses and injuries. It outlines the responsibilities of critical care nurses to provide optimal care for critically ill patients and their families. It also discusses the development of critical care practice in the Philippines and the role of the Critical Care Nurses of the Philippines organization in promoting education and professional development in the field.
This document discusses various topics related to medication administration including:
- Types of medications and their purposes
- Therapeutic actions and effects of drugs
- Different types of doctors' orders and parts of prescriptions
- Routes of drug administration including their advantages and disadvantages
- The 11 rights of drug administration and importance of proper attitude when administering medications
The document provides information to help understand proper medication administration procedures and guidelines.
This document discusses several endocrine glands and their associated hormones, pathologies of overproduction and underproduction. It addresses the thyroid gland and hormones which can cause Graves' disease (overproduction) or Hashimoto's disease (underproduction). It also discusses the pancreas and diabetes mellitus caused by overproduction or underproduction of insulin. Finally, it reviews the anterior pituitary gland and disorders like acromegaly and gigantism from overproduction of growth hormone, or dwarfism from underproduction.
Health Tech Market Intelligence Prelim Questions -Gokul Rangarajan
The Ultimate Guide to Setting up Market Research in Health Tech part -1
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
This lays foundation of scoping research project what are the
Before embarking on a research project, especially one aimed at scoping and defining parameters like the one described for health tech IT, several crucial considerations should be addressed. Here’s a comprehensive guide covering key aspects to ensure a well-structured and successful research initiative:
1. Define Research Objectives and Scope
Clear Objectives: Define specific goals such as understanding market needs, identifying new opportunities, assessing risks, or refining pricing strategies.
Scope Definition: Clearly outline the boundaries of the research in terms of geographical focus, target demographics (e.g., age, socio-economic status), and industry sectors (e.g., healthcare IT).
3. Review Existing Literature and Resources
Literature Review: Conduct a thorough review of existing research, market reports, and relevant literature to build foundational knowledge.
Gap Analysis: Identify gaps in existing knowledge or areas where further exploration is needed.
4. Select Research Methodology and Tools
Methodological Approach: Choose appropriate research methods such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, or data analytics.
Tools and Resources: Select tools like Google Forms for surveys, analytics platforms (e.g., SimilarWeb, Statista), and expert consultations.
5. Ethical Considerations and Compliance
Ethical Approval: Ensure compliance with ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects.
Data Privacy: Implement measures to protect participant confidentiality and adhere to data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA).
6. Budget and Resource Allocation
Resource Planning: Allocate resources including time, budget, and personnel required for each phase of the research.
Contingency Planning: Anticipate and plan for unforeseen challenges or adjustments to the research plan.
7. Develop Research Instruments
Survey Design: Create well-structured surveys using tools like Google Forms to gather quantitative data.
Interview and Focus Group Guides: Prepare detailed scripts and discussion points for qualitative data collection.
8. Sampling Strategy
Sampling Design: Define the sampling frame, size, and method (e.g., random sampling, stratified sampling) to ensure representation of target demographics.
Participant Recruitment: Plan recruitment strategies to reach and engage the intended participant groups effectively.
9. Data Collection and Analysis Plan
Data Collection: Implement methods for data gathering, ensuring consistency and validity.
Analysis Techniques: Decide on analytical approaches (e.g., statistical
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Solution manual for managerial accounting 18th edition by ray garrison eric noreen and peter brewer_compressed
Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
AvL- Left arm
AvF- Left leg
3.Chest Leads:
V1 : Over 4th intercostal
space near right sternal margin
V2: Over 4th intercostal space near left sternal margin
V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
clavicular line
V5:Over left 5th intercostal space on the anterior
axillary line
V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
•P Wave is a positive wave and the first wave in ECG.
•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
•‘P-R’ interval is the interval
between the onset of ‘P’wave and onset of ‘Q’ wave.
•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
•‘Q-T’ interval is the interval between the onset of ‘Q’
wave and the end of ‘T’ wave.
•‘Q-T’ interval indicates the ventricular depolarization
and ventricular repolarization,
i.e. it signifies the
electrical activity in ventricles.
Duration:0.4-0.42sec
S-T Segment:
•‘S-T’ segment is the time interval between the end of ‘S’ wave and the onset of ‘T’ wave.
Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
•‘R-R’ interval is the time interval between two consecutive ‘R’ waves.
•It signifies the duration of one cardiac cycle.
Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
Heart rate = 10×No.of QRS complex in 6 sec 5large box = 1sec
5×6=30
10×7 = 70 Beats/min
Abnormalities of ECG:
Cardiac Arrythmias:
1.Tachycardia
Heart Rate more than 100 beats/min
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Digital Health in India_Health Informatics Trained Manpower _DrDevTaneja_15.0...DrDevTaneja1
Digital India will need a big trained army of Health Informatics educated & trained manpower in India.
Presently, generalist IT manpower does most of the work in the healthcare industry in India. Academic Health Informatics education is not readily available at school & health university level or IT education institutions in India.
We look into the evolution of health informatics and its applications in the healthcare industry.
HIMMS TIGER resources are available to assist Health Informatics education.
Indian Health universities, IT Education institutions, and the healthcare industry must proactively collaborate to start health informatics courses on a big scale. An advocacy push from various stakeholders is also needed for this goal.
Health informatics has huge employment potential and provides a big business opportunity for the healthcare industry. A big pool of trained health informatics manpower can lead to product & service innovations on a global scale in India.
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1. CARE OF THE OLDER ADULTS
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 1
2. • Elderly is an individual over 65
years old who have a functional
impairments
• Elderly care, or simply eldercare,
is the fulfillment of the special
needs and requirements that are
unique to senior citizens.
• Geriatrics is defined as the branch
of medicine concerned with
medical problems and care of old
people.
• Geriatric nursing is the specialty
that concerns itself with the
provision of nursing services to
geriatric or aged individual.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 2
3. Elder abuse is any from of
mistreatment that results in
harm or loss to an older
person.
Aging is defined as a
maturational process that
creates the need for individual
adaptation because of physical
and psychological declines
occurs during a lifetime.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 3
4. Myths and stereotypes about
elder people
Most elder people are
senile and demented.
Most elder people
feels measurable and
depressed most of the
time.
Older people can not
work as effective as
younger people.
Older people can not
learn complex new
skills and experiences
declines in intellectual
ability.
Most elder people are
sick and need help with
daily activity.
Older people are set in
their ways and cannot
change.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 4
6. INTRODUCTION
Aging is not merely the passage of time. It is the manifestation of
biological events that occur over a span of time.
It is important to recognize that people age differently. The aging
body does change. Some systems slow down, while others lose their
"fine tuning."
As a general rule, slight, gradual changes are common, and most of
these are not problems to the person who experiences them. Sudden
and dramatic changes might indicate serious health problems.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 6
7. Normal aging has
three aspects:
• BIOLOGICAL
ASPECT OF AGING
• PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASPECTS OF
AGING
• COGNITIVE
ASPECTS OF
AGING
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 7
9. • Individuals are unique in
their psychological and
physical aging process.
• As the individual ages,
there is a quantitative
loss of cells and changes
in many of enzymatic
activities within cells .
• Age related a change
occurs at different rate in
different people.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 9
10. NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Decreased speed of neural
conduction
• Decreased number of brain
cells
• Decrease in cell of the nerve
fibers
• Decreased neurotransmitters
• Decline in memory for recent
events
• Decreased rapid eye
movement sleep
• Decreased cerebral
circulation
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 10
14. • SENSORY CHANGES
Eye :
• Diminished ability to focus on close
objects
• Decreased visual acuity
• The eye's external changes give
evidence of advancing age. These
changes result from loss of orbital fat,
loss of elastic tissue and decreased
muscle tone.
• The cornea flattens which reduces the
refractory power
• The retina of older individual becomes
thinner because of fewer neural cells
and receives only 1/3rd of the amount
of light that of a younger person. Due
to this problem in reading, not able to
see in dim light and also have
difficulty in colour perception.
• The lens of the eye loses its elasticity
and increases in density
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 14
17. Ear:
• Hearing problem
• Cerumen gland are reduced in
number dry and hard ear wax,
along with itching.
• Degenerative changes occur in
ossicles contributing to hearing loss
• Presbycusis is the term used to
describe hearing loss associated
with normal aging.
Taste and smell:
• Decreased ability to taste and smell
• Very rarely the capacity to smell
diminishes;
• Taste perception and taste
discrimination decreases as the age
advances
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 17
20. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Decreased elasticity
Decreased secretion of natural oil and perspiration
Thinning of skin
Decreased heat regulation
Decreased protection against trauma and solar exposure
The number of pressure and light touch sensors decreases with age
Immune, vascular and thermoregulatory responses of the skin decrease with age.
Loss of hair colour and thinning of pubic, axillary and scalp hair.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 20
22. CARDIOVASCULA
R SYSTEM
Decreased
physical demands
and activity of
heart.
Slower heart rate
and reduce
cardiac output
Decreased
contractility
Impaired
coronary artery
blood flow
Less oxygen and
blood supply to
organ, so that it
affects the
function of organ
Decreased altered
preload and after
load
Increased
atherosclerotic
plaques and
blood pressure
Diminished ability
to respond to
stress.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 22
25. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiratory muscles are atrophy and weaken so
reduced the ability of chest enlarge
Short of breath
Increased rigidity of thoracic cage, residual lung
volume
Decreased gas exchange and diffusing capacity
Decreased elasticity and vital capacity
Decreased cough efficiency.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 25
27. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
• Decreased bone density
• Decreased muscle size and strength
• Decreased joint cartilage
• In aging, the increased parathyroid
hormone, decreased vitamin D and
calcitonin also play role in calcium loss
in older people.
• In women, estrogen deficiency, calcium
malabsorption, lifestyle factors
(calcium intake and exercise) can result
in bone loss.
• Aging brings decline in numbers of
muscles resulting in reduced muscle
mass.
• The muscle strength also reduces
especially due to lack of exercise.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 27
31. URINARY SYSTEM
• Decreased blood supply and loss of
nephrons
• Less blood can filtered by the kidney
• Decreased bladder capacity, and
concentrating
• Decreased diluting ability
• Increased prostate size
• Delayed sensation to void
• In female relaxed perineal muscles
• In men, BPH is associated with aging
leads to urinary incontinence (dribbling).
• Increasing age is also associated with an
increase in involuntary bladder
contractions, a reduction in bladder
capacity and an increase in residual
volume. These contribute to
development of incontinence in older
adults.
• Weak pelvic muscles causes stress
incontinence.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
31
33. GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
Decreased salivary secretions, loss of teeth
Lose of sense of smell and taste so decrease the appetite and desire food
Slowing of peristaltic action
Altered nutrition, digestion and bowel function
Weakening of lower esophageal sphincter
Difficult to chew food because of loose teeth.
Liver weight and size decreases with age
There is decrease in number of hepatic cells and as a result, a diminished capacity for metabolism of
drugs and hormones.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 33
36. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Changes in women
• Decreased breast tissue
• Sexual dysfunction
• Decreased sexual desire
• Vaginal narrowing and decreased elasticity
• Decreased vaginal secretions
38. Changes in men
In male decreased size of penis and testes
Erectile ability undergoes changes. Takes longer time for
erection, amount of semen is reduced and the intensity of
ejaculation is lessened.
It is not clear that whether the increase in impotence is
age related
41. Following are the areas that affect
psychological aspects of aging
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 41
Retirement
Role changes
Loneliness
Depression and
suicide
44. • Changes In mental
functioning:
• Decrease
adaptation, coping,
perception,
comprehension
and understanding
often observed
with advanced age.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 44
45. Change in Memory
• Short term memory
deteriorate with age,
long term memory does
not show similar
changes.
• Decreased number of
neuron and blood supply
to brain contribute to
this factors.
• Long term memory
retrieval is easier in old
age than short term
memory.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 45
46. Learning and Intelligence
• Aging process may affect learning.
• The slowing of reaction time with age and
over arousal of central nervous system are
noted in old age. It may lead to lower level
of performance in tasks which requires
high efficiency.
• Ability to learn continue throughout the
life, although strongly influenced by
personal interests and preferences.
• Accuracy of performances diminishes.
• High degree of regularity in intellectual
function present on most of the old age
people
• Intellectual abilities of older people do not
decline, but do become obsolete.
• Their formal educational experience is
reflected in their intelligence performance
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 46
48. Three types of factor that mainly
affect aging
Genetic or
hereditary
factor
Environmental
and Life style
factors
socio
economic
factors
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 48
49. Genetic and hereditary
Factors
• The aging process
depends on a
combination of both
genetic and
environmental factors.
Recognizing that every
individual has his or her
own unique genetic
makeup and
environment, which
interact with each other,
that is why the aging
process can occur at
such different rates in
different people.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 49
50. BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 50
Environ
mental
and Life
style
factors:
However,
many
environment
al conditions,
such as the
quality of
health care
that you
receive, have
a substantial
effect on
aging. A
healthy
lifestyle is an
especially
important
factor in
healthy aging
and longevity
.
Behaviors of
a Healthy
Lifestyle
• Not smoking
• Drinking
alcohol in
moderation
• Exercising
• Getting
adequate
rest
• Eating a diet
high in fruits
and
vegetables
• Coping with
stress
• Having a
positive
outlook
51. Socio- economic
factors:
• Adverse living and
working conditions
can increase wear
and tear tissue.
Stressful condition
of living are
considered likely to
accelerate the
process of aging.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 51
53. Three types components
of assessment
1. Functional assessment:
Numerous tools are available for
functional assessment:
A. Katz index:
evaluate ability to perform daily personal
self care activities. It include six
functions: like bathing, dressing, toileting,
transfer, continence and feeding.
B. Barthel index:
include 10 items for self care
C. Lawton index:
complex personal care.
D. OARS (older American research services
centre) Social resources scale:
it evaluate five area: like social resources,
economic resources , physical health,
mental health and ADLs.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 53
55. 2. Physical examination:
head to toe assessment
3. Nutritional assessment:
• Nutrition history like
food choices, use of
alcohol, weight history,
calorie intake.
• Clinical data like
anthropometric
measurements, BMR etc
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 55
57. • Various theories have been
proposed to explain the
process of normal aging
and helps to dispel some of
the myths. Theories have
tried to describe the
complex biopsychological
process of aging. No single
theory of aging is
universally accepted.
• There are two types of
aging theories:
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 57
58. 58 BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
Biological theories
of aging:
• Free radical theory
• Cross link theory
• Immunological theory
• Error theory
• Wear and tear theory
• Somatic mutation
theory
• DNA damage theory
• Programmed cellular
aging theory
59. Psychological
theories of aging
59 BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
Disengagement Theory
Continuity theory
Activity Theory
Adjustment theory
61. The aging process or
age-related changes
influences a drug’s
pharmacokinetics
which include
following:
• Absorption:
• Distribution:
• Metabolism:
• Excretion:
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 61
62. HEALTH PROBLEMS IN OLD
AGE/ COMMON HEALTH
PROBLEMS IN ELDERLY
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 62
63.
64. Common health problems:
• Hypertension
• Ischemic heart disease
• Heart failure
• Peripheral vascular disease
• Varicose veins
• Stroke attack
Nursing intervention:
• Exercise regularly, pace activities
• Avoid smoking
• Eat a low fat, low salt diet
• Weight control
• Check blood pressure regularly
• Participate in stress reduction activities
• Regular medication BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 64
66. Common health problems
• Chronic pneumonia
• Obstructive pulmonary disease
• Dyspnoea
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 66
67. Nursing intervention
• Deep breathing exercise regularly
• Avoid smoking
• Take adequate fluids
• Prevent pulmonary infections
• Avoid crowds during cold and flu season
• Wash hands frequently
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 67
69. Common health problems:
• Parkinsonism-characterized by tremor, rigidity,
slowness of movement
• Alzheimer disease- loss of short term memory,
deterioration in behaviour and slowness of
thought
• Dementia- it is a chronic or persistent disorder of
behaviour and higher intellectual function due to
organic brain disease.
• Depression, anxiety
• Sleep disturbance
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 69
70. Nursing intervention:
• Advice for hospitalization and encourage
visitors
• Teach fall prevention technique
• Environmental safety like sufficient light,
proper chairs for seating, elevated toilet seats
• Encourage slow rising from a resting position
• Reduce the risk of falls
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 70
72. Common health problems:
• Problem with speech, chewing and
swallowing
• Constipation
• Colon gas and faecal impaction
• Diarrhoea
• Gastro oesophageal reflux or hernia
• Faecal incontinence, prolapsed rectum
• Dysphasia, anorexia
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 72
73. Nursing intervention:
• Use ice chips
• Mouth wash, brush, massage gums daily
• Eat small quantity, frequent meals
• Eat high fiber, low fat diet, limit laxatives
• Toilet regularly
• Drink adequate fluid
• For appetite serve food attractively and
different types of foods
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 73
75. Common health problems:
• Renal insufficiency
• Urinary incontinence
• Urinary tract infection
• Enlarged prostate
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 75
76. BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 76
Nursing intervention:
Regular supervision is necessary
Ready access to toilet
Drink adequate fluids
Avoid bladder irritants e.g. alcohol, caffeine
Practice pelvic floor muscle exercise
Maintain perineal hygiene
Skin should be clean and dry. Apply cream
Clean underclothes
78. BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 78
Common health problems:
Female- breast cancer, cervical cancer
Painful intercourse
Vaginal bleeding, vaginal itching and
irritation
Male- prostate cancer
Delayed erection
81. Common health
problems:
• Paget’s disease
• Osteoporosis
• Osteomalacia
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Spondyolysis
• Complaints of back
pain and joint pain
• Stiffness of joints
• Fractures
• Foot pathology gait
disturbance
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 81
82. Nursing
intervention:
• Exercise regularly
• Eat high calcium
diet
• Limit phosphorus
intake
• Hormones and
calcium
supplements may
be prescribed
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 82
85. Nursing intervention:
• Wear eye glasses or sun glasses
• Use adequate indoor lighting
with area light and night light
• Use magnifier for reading
• Use large lettering to label
medication
• Avoid night driving
• Advice for hearing examination
• Allow the individual more time
to adjust to the environment
• Use gestures and object to help
with verbal communication
• Speak slowly and clearly
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 85
87. BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 87
Common health problems :
Pressure sores
Herpes zoster
Dermatitis
Pruritus
88. BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 88
Nursing Intervention:
Avoid solar exposure
Cloth dress appropriately for
temperature
Maintain a safe indoor temperature
Excessive use of soap should be
avoided
Apply cream for lubricate skin
89. Dementia
• Dementia is a syndrome in which there is
deterioration in memory, thinking, behavior
and the ability to perform everyday
activities. It mainly affects older people,
although it is not a normal part of ageing.
• It is estimated that 47.5 million people
worldwide are living with dementia. The
total number of people with dementia is
projected to increase to 75.6 million in 2030
and 135.5 million in 2050, with majority of
sufferers living in low- and middle-income
countries.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 89
90. • Depression
• Depression can cause great suffering and
leads to impaired functioning in daily life.
Unipolar depression occurs in 7% of the
general elderly population. Depression is
both under diagnosed and undertreated in
primary care settings. Symptoms of
depression in older adults are often
overlooked and untreated because they
coincide with other problems encountered
by older adults.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 90
92. • Elder abuse is any form if mistreatment
that result in harm or loss to an older
person.
• Elder abuse is a general term used to
describe certain types of harm to older
adults. Other terms commonly used
include: "elder mistreatment", "senior
abuse", "abuse in later life", "abuse of
older adults", "abuse of older women",
and "abuse of older men".
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 92
93. Risk factors
for elder
abuse
• Poor health and functional
impairment in elder person.
• Cognitive Impairment.
• Substance abuse or mental
illness
• Dependence of abuser on
victim.
• Shared living arrangement
• Social isolation
• External factor causing loss
• History of violence
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 93
94. Types of
elder abuse
• Physical abuse: (hitting, slapping, burning,
pushing, restraining or giving too much
medication or the wrong medication)
• Psychological abuse: (shouting, swearing,
frightening, blaming, ignoring or
humiliating a person)
• Emotional abuse: humiliation,
intimidation, blaming
• Financial abuse: (the illegal or
unauthorized use of a person’s property,
money, pension book or other valuables)
• Sexual abuse: (forcing a person to take
part in any sexual activity without his or
her consent - this can occur in any
relationship)
• Neglect: (where a person is deprived of
food, heat, clothing or comfort or essential
medication)
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 94
95. Preventing
elder abuse
• Listening to senior and their
caregivers.
• Intervening when you suspect
elder abuse.
• Educating other about elder
abuse.
• What you can do as caregiver?
• What you can do as concerned
family member or friends?
• How you can protect yourself as
an adult?
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 95
97. Introduction
• A wide variety of prosthetic devices and
communication aids--including hearing
aids are currently available to help the
hearing-impaired elderly. However,
successful application of these aids in
the elderly depends on motivation, type
of hearing loss, and third-party-payer
policies.
• Prosthesis is an artificial device used to
replace a missing body parts such as
limb, tooth, eye or heart valve.
• Common prosthesis used in older people
is Dental prosthesis and hearing aid.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 97
98. Dental
prosthesis
• It is an artificial appliance
which is used as a
substitution for
replacement of teeth.
• Dentures are prosthesis
devices constructed to
replace missing teeth,
which are supported by
surrounding soft and hard
tissues of oral cavity.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 98
99. Advantages
of denture
• Mastication:
improved chewing
capacity
• Aesthetics: improved
appearance
• Phonetics: improve
pronunciations.
• Self esteem
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 99
103. Instructions
for patient
with dentures
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 103
Learning to wear new dentures can take time so
don’t become discouraged if you find some
difficulty in beginning.
A lower dentures usually takes more time to adjust
to than upper denture.
It is natural to experience fullness of mouth with
new dentures.
Try to eat soft food for first few days. Then progress
to more solid food.
It is perfectly normal to experience some
discomfort during adjustment periods.
Brush the denture each day.
105. Introduction
• A hearing aid is an electro
acoustic body worn
apparatus which typically
fits in or behind the
wearer’s ear and is
designed to amplify and
modulate sound for wearer.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 105
106. Indication
• Hearing loss
• Conductive hearing
loss
• Sensorineural
hearing loss
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 106
109. Types of
hearing aid
• Pocket model
• Behind the ear
• In the ear
• In the canal
• Spectacle type
• Bone conduction
hearing aid
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 109
116. Care of hearing aid
BY:
ROMMEL
LUIS
C.
ISRAEL
III
11
6
Prevent it from
falling down.
Don’t spill liquid on
hearing aid
The hearing aid
should be fitted well
Cord should not be
twisted or knotted.
Protect it from dust
and dirt.
Remove battery
from hearing aid
when it is not in use.
118. Role of
nurse in
geriatric
care is
divided in
following
heading
Care of Elder in hospital settings:
Care of elder in community setting:
Special consideration in elderly care:
• Promotion of self respect and
dignity
• Promotion of comfort
• Safety
• Daily living activities
• Promotion of independence
• Promotion of movement and
mobility
• Use of medication in elderly
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 118
120. • Informed consent
• Autonomy
• Confidentiality and
disclosure
• Advance directives
1. Living wills
2. Durable power of attorney
3. Do not resuscitate order
• Withholding food and fluids
• Euthanasia, assisted suicide
and palliation
• Discharge and placement
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III 120