The heart is a roughly cone-shaped, hollow muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs. It is about 10-12 cm in length and weighs 225 grams in women and 310 grams in men. The heart has four chambers and four valves that ensure one-way blood flow. It is surrounded by layers of tissue and has a complex internal electrical conduction system that coordinates contractions. The cardiac cycle involves coordinated atrial and ventricular systole and diastole that pump blood through the heart and lungs in two circuits to provide oxygenated blood to the body.

1. By,
Miss. harshada Bafna
M . Pharemacy (QA)

2. The Heart
• Roughly cone shaped
hollow mascular organ.
• Length-About 10-12 cm.
• Weight-About 225 gm
(Women)
• -About 310 gm
(Men)
• Breadth – About 9 cm.
• Thickness- About 6 cm.
10-12
cm
9 cm
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3. • In thoracic cavity
between lungs.
• Little more towards
left.
• Apex (Bottom)
• Base (Top)
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4. 1. Pericardium
2. Epicardium
3. Myocardium
4. Endocardium
Layers of Heart wall
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5. Internal structure of Heart
Tricuspid
Valve
Bicuspid
Valve
Aortic
Valve
Pulmonary
Valve
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6. Heart Valves
• Heart valves ensure
unidirectional blood flow
through the heart.
• Atrioventricular (AV) valves lie
between the atria and the
ventricles
– AV valves prevent backflow into
the atria when ventricles
contract.
1. Tricuspid Valve (Right chamber)
2. Bicuspid valve or Mitral valve
(Left valve)
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7. Heart Valves
• Semilunar valves prevent
backflow of blood into
the ventricles.
3. Aortic semilunar valve
lies between the left
ventricle and the aorta.
4. Pulmonary semilunar
valve lies between the
right ventricle and
pulmonary trunk.
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8. Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
and Lungs
• Right atrium  tricuspid valve
 right ventricle
• Right ventricle  pulmonary
semilunar valve  pulmonary
arteries  lungs
• Lungs  pulmonary veins 
left atrium
• Left atrium  bicuspid valve
 left ventricle
• Left ventricle  aortic
semilunar valve  aorta
• Aorta  systemic circulation
 Right atrium
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9. S.N. Parameter Arteries Veins
01 Walls Thick Thin
02 Lumen Narrow Wider
03 Valves Absent except Aorta &
Pulmonary
Present
04 Pressure Blood is under high
pressure.
Blood is under low
pressure.
05 Type of blood
carry
Oxygenated except
Pulmonary artery.
Deoxygenated except
Pulmonary veins.
06 --- Carry blood away from the
heart.
Carry blood towards
heart.
07 Colour Red Blue
08 Location Placed deeper as compared
to veins.
Placed superficially
as compared to
arteries.
09 Pulse Detectable Usually not
detectable.
Difference between Arteries and Veins
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10. Conducting system of Heart
1. SA Node
2. AV Node
3. Bundle of
HIS
4. Bundle
Branches
5. Purkinje
fibres
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12. Cardiac Cycle
• Cardiac cycle refers to all events occuring in
the heart during each heart beat.
– Systole – contraction of heart muscle
– Diastole – relaxation of heart muscle
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13. Stages of Cardiac cycle
• Atrial systole – Contraction of Atria (0.1 Sec)
• Ventricular systole – Contraction of Ventricles (0.3
Sec).
• Complete cardiac diastole – Relaxation of Atria &
Ventricles (0.4 Sec).
Each cardiac cycle completed in 0.8 sec
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14. Cardiac Cycle (0.8 Sec)
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15. 1 2
2 3
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16. Cardiac Output (CO)
• Cardiac Output is the amount of blood pumped
by each ventricle in one minute
– CO is the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke
volume (SV)
• HR is the number of heart beats per minute
• SV is the amount of blood pumped out by a ventricle with
each beat
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CO (ml/min) = HR (75 beats/min) x SV (70
ml/beat)
CO = 5250 ml/min (5.25 L/min)
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17. Heart Sounds
• Heart sounds (lub-dup) are associated with
closing of heart valves
– First sound occurs as AV valves close and signifies
beginning of systole (contraction)
– Second sound occurs when SL valves close at the
beginning of ventricular diastole (relaxation)
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18. Blood Pressure
• BP is defined as pressure exerted by the blood
on the walls of blood vessels.
• Phases of Arterial B.P.—
1. Systolic B.P.- 120 mmHg (100-140mmHg).
2. Diastolic B.P. – 80 mmHg (75-85mmHg).
3. Pulse pressure – 40 mmHg (30-50 mmHg).
Blood Pressure = Cardiac output ×
Peripheral resistance
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19. Measurement of B.P.
• Stethoscope
Sphygmomanometer
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20. Principle of Sphygmomanometer
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21. Methods of BP determination
• Palpatory method
– Feeling of pulse.
• Oscillatory method
– Observing oscillations.
• Auscultatory method
– Hearing the sound.
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23. Procedure
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24. Sound during BP measurement
1. Tapping sound – 120 mmHg
2. Murmuring sound- 105 mmHg
3. Loud sound (Gong type)- 90 mmHg
4. Mild & muffled sound- 85 mmHg
5. No sound – Diastolic pressure.
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25. .
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26. Cardiovascular Disorders
Systolic Diastolic
Normal < 130 < 85
High normal 130 -139 85-89
Mild (Borderline) 140-159 90-99
Moderate 160-179 100-109
Severe 180-209 110-119
Very severe > 210 > 120
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31. Name of arteries supplying blood to--
1. Heart - Coronary artery
2. Liver – Hepatic artery
3. Kidneys – Renal artery
4. Stomach – Coeliac artery
5. Spleen – Coeliac artery
6. Intestine – Superior mesenteric artery
7. Upper extremities – Axillary artery, Brachial
artery, radial artery and ulcer arteries.
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