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The Cardiovascular System.pdfnnnnmmmmmmmmmm
1. The Circulatory System
By : Madiha Saleem
RM, BSN, MSN (Scholar) DUHS
Dow Institute of Nursing and Midwifery
Dow University of Health Sciences
2. 2
Objectives
By the end of this lecture, the students will be able to;
• Describe the location, structure and functions of the heart and its great
• blood vessels.
• Discuss the blood flow through the heart.
• Describe the structure and functional features of the conducting system
• of the heart.
• Describe the principle events of a cardiac cycle.
• Describe the following types of blood circulation:
• Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation (coronary & hepatic portal
circulation).
• Explain the structure and function of:
• Arteries, Veins, Capillaries.
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Heart
• Hollow, muscular organ
• 300 grams (size of a fist)
• 4 chambers
• Right atrium, Right ventricle, Left atrium, left ventricle
• Found in chest between lungs
• Right side of heart is separated from left side by septum
• Surrounded by membrane called Pericardium
• Pericardial space is fluid-filled to nourish and protect the heart
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4. Heart
• It lies obliquely, little more to left than right.
• Its base lies above and apex below.
• Its base extends to the level of 2nd rib.
• Its apex lies at of 5th intercostal space, little
below to nipple, at left side of the body at
LMCL (Left mid clavicularline line).
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5. 5
Heart
• The heart is a complex muscular pump that maintains
blood pressure and flow through the lungs and the
rest of the body.
• The heart pumps about 100,000 times and moves
7200 liters (1900 gallons) of blood every day
• Heart receives blood supply from coronary arteries
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Functions of the
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System transports materials to and from
cells:
• It supplies the oxygenated blood to cells of the body.
• It brought the deoxygenated blood in to heart from
different parts of the body.
• Nutrient
• Hormones
• Waste products
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Heart Valves
• Valves are flap-like structures that allow blood to
flow in one direction
• There are two types of heart valves
– AV valves
• Bicuspid or Mitral valve lies between left
atrium and left ventricle
• Tricuspid valve lies between right atrium and
right ventricle
– Semilunar valves
• Aortic valve
• Pulmonic valve
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Atrioventricular Valves (AV-Valves)
• Connect right atrium to right ventricle and left atrium
to left ventricle
• Permit blood flow in 1 direction:
– atria to ventricles
• Between atria and ventricles
• Papillary muscles tense chordae tendineae and AV
valves closes.
– prevent valves from swinging into atria
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Semilunar Valves
• They are shaped like a half moon, hence the name
semilunar.
There are two types of Semilunar valves
– Aortic valve
– Pulmonary valve
• The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle
and the aorta.
• The pulmonary valve is located between the right
ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
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Normal Heart Sounds
Heart Sounds can be auscultated anywhere over pericardium, but
heard best at defined listening points (auscultory landmarks)
S1 Sound (Lub)
• S1 (lub) - produced by closure of mitral and tricuspid valves
(A-V valves)
• Signifies beginning of systole
• Best heard over apical area (left, midclavicular, 5th ICS-
Tricuspid & Mitral)
• Valve closure is almost simultaneous, so only one sound is
heard
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Normal heart Sounds
S2Sound (Dub)
• S2 (dub) - produced by closure of aortic and pulmonic
valves (semilunar valves)
• Best heard over base area (Aortic & Pulmonic)
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Cardiac Land Marks
Aortic area - 2nd ICS, RSB
Pulmonic area - 2nd ICS, LSB
Erb’s point – midway b/w pulmonic & tricuspid
Tricuspid area - 5th ICS, LSB
Mitral area - 5th ICS, 1 cm medial to midclavicular
line- LMCL ( PMI, apex)
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23. Cardiac Cycle
• A single cardiac cycle includes all the events
associated with one heartbeat, thus a cardiac
cycle consists of systole and diastole of the
atria plus systole and diastole of the ventricles.
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24. Pressure and Volume Changes
During the Cardiac Cycle
• In each cardiac cycle the atria and ventricle
alternately contract and relax, forcing blood
from areas of higher pressure to area of lower
area.
• Heart rate 75 beats/min, a cardiac cycles last
0.8sec.
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26. Pulmonary Circulation
• Pulmonary circulation is the circulation system
that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
and returns oxygenated blood from the lungs
back to the heart.
• The two blood vessels involved in the
pulmonary circulation are pulmonary artery
and the pulmonary vein.
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27. Pulmonary Circulation
• The deoxygenated blood flows into the right
ventricle from the right atrium.
• This blood is carried to the alveoli of lungs for
the oxygenation by the pulmonary artery.
• Pulmonary artery, which immediately
originates from the right ventricle, is called the
pulmonary trunk.
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28. Pulmonary Circulation
• The pulmonary trunk divides into two; the left
pulmonary artery and the right pulmonary
artery.
• The left pulmonary artery carries blood to the
left lung while the right pulmonary artery
carries blood to the right lung.
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30. Systemic Circulation
• Systematic circulation includes the arties and
arterioles that carry oxygenated blood from the
left ventricle to systematic capillaries, plus the
veins and venules that return deoxygenated
blood to the right atrium.
• Blood leaving the aorta and flowing through
the systemic arties in a bright red color.
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33. Arteries
• The wall of an artery has three coats or tunics
• Tunica interna (Inner coat)
• Tunica media (Middle coat)
• Tunica externa (Outer coat)
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35. Veins
• The diameter of veins ranges from 0.1 mm to
greater than 1 mm.
• The veins (blue) take oxygen-poor blood back
to the heart.
• Veins are composed of three coats
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38. Capillaries
• Capillaries are microscopic vessels that
arterioles to venules.
• Range in diameter from 4 to 10um
• The flow of blood from arterioles to venules
through capillaries is called the
microcirculation.
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40. Cardiac output CO
• The volume of blood eject from the left ventricle or
right ventricle into aorta or pulmonary trunk each
minute cardiac output equals the stroke volume SV.
• The volume of blood ejected by the ventricle during
contraction multiplied by the heart rate HR the
number of heart beat per minute.
CO (min/ml) = SV (ml/beat) multiply HR (beat/min)
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42. Regulation of Stroke Volume
Three factors regulate stroke volume and ensure that the
left and right ventricle pump equal volume of blood.
Preload: The degree of stretch on the heart before it
contracts
Contractility: The force fullness of contraction of
individual ventricle muscle fibers
After load: The pressure that must be exceeded before
ejection of blood from the ventricle can occur
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