carbohydrate.pptx
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•34 views
Biomedical importance- The study of carbohydrates is necessary because they have many important functions in our body. Some examples are as follows:Carbohydrates are major dietary components, which meet 60-70% of our energy requirement. These are starch, sucrose, lactose, etc.Carbohydrates are important constituents of glycoproteins and proteoglycans in cells, tissues and organs. Carbohydrates are used to synthesize many compounds like fats, amino acids, etc. Studying the composition of carbohydrates requires the study of the chemical nature and structure of carbohydrates commonly used. "Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydroxy alcohols." The simplest carbohydrates known in nature have 3-carbon atoms and are found both as aldehydes (aldose) and ketones (ketose). Depending on the number of carbon atoms, carbohydrates are called triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, heptose, etc. having 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 carbon atoms respectively. However, each can exist both as an aldehyde derivative i.e. aldose, and as a ketone derivative i.e. ketose Carbohydrates are commonly referred to as 'sugars' as many of them are sweet in taste such as sucrose, glucose, etc. But all carbohydrates are not sweet in taste, e.g. starch, cellulose etc. functions- 1. They are the most abundant dietary source of energy (4 Cal/g) for all organisms. 2. Carbohydrates are precursors for many organic compounds (fats, amino acids). 3. Carbohydrates (as glycoproteins and glycolipids) participate in the structure of cell membrane and cellular functions such as cell growth, adhesion and fertilization. 4. They are structural components of many organisms. These include the fiber (cellulose) of plants, exoskeleton of some insects and the cell wall of microorganisms. 5. Carbohydrates also serve as the storage form of energy (glycogen) to meet the immediate energy demands of the body.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
After reading the text, please describe the 3 types of chemical bond.docx
After reading the text, please describe the 3 types of chemical bonds and the four important macromolecules. In addition, describe the types of cells you know and give us a brief description of the cell structure.
TEXT:
The large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules are called biological
macromolecules
. There are four major classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids), and each is an important component of the cell and performs a wide array of functions. Combined, these molecules make up the majority of a cell's mass. Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning that they contain carbon. In addition, they may contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and additional minor elements.
Carbon
It is often said that life is "carbon-based." This means that carbon atoms, bonded to other carbon atoms or other elements, form the fundamental components of many, if not most, of the molecules found uniquely in living things. Other elements play important roles in biological molecules, but carbon certainly qualifies as the "foundation" element for molecules in living things. It is the bonding properties of carbon atoms that are responsible for its important role.
Carbon Bonding
Carbon contains four electrons in its outer shell. Therefore, it can form four covalent bonds with other atoms or molecules. The simplest organic carbon molecule is methane (CH4), in which four hydrogen atoms bind to a carbon atom (
Figure 13
).
However, structures that are more complex are made using carbon. Any of the hydrogen atoms could be replaced with another carbon atom covalently bonded to the first carbon atom. In this way, long and branching chains of carbon compounds can be made (
Figure 14a
). The carbon atoms may bond with atoms of other elements, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus (
Figure 14b
). The molecules may also form rings, which themselves can link with other rings (
Figure 14c
). This diversity of molecular forms accounts for the diversity of functions of the biological macromolecules and is based to a large degree on the ability of carbon to form multiple bonds with itself and other atoms.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
are macromolecules with which most consumers are somewhat familiar. To lose weight, some individuals adhere to "low-carb" diets. Athletes, in contrast, often "carb-load" before important competitions to ensure that they have sufficient energy to compete at a high level. Carbohydrates are, in fact, an essential part of our diet; grains, fruits, and vegetables are all natural sources of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar. Carbohydrates also have other important functions in humans, animals, and plants.
Carbohydrates can be represented by the formula (CH2O)
n
, where
n
is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are an essential part of all living things and serve important structural and energy storage roles. They can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on their size. Glucose is a key monosaccharide that circulates in the blood and provides energy to cells. Plants produce carbohydrates through photosynthesis, converting carbon dioxide and water into energy-rich compounds. Carbohydrates then provide both an immediate and long-term source of energy for animals. In humans, carbohydrates typically make up 30-50% of daily caloric intake and include starch, sugars, and fiber that play roles in nutrition, metabolism, and health.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are an essential part of living things and serve important structural and energy storage roles. They can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of sugar units. Glucose is a key monosaccharide that circulates in the blood and provides energy, while cellulose is a structural polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls. Carbohydrates exhibit stereoisomerism where structural variations lead to optical activity and different properties like sweetness. They play roles in photosynthesis, human nutrition, energy storage in plants as starch or animals as glycogen, and providing structure in plants and animals.
Chemistry of Life Biological MoleculesBiological Molecules.docx
Chemistry of Life: Biological Molecules
Biological Molecules
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
· describe the ways in which carbon is critical to life
· explain the impact of slight changes in amino acids on organisms
· describe the four major types of biological molecules
· understand the functions of the four major types of molecules.
The large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules are called biological macromolecules. There are four major classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids), and each is an important component of the cell and performs a wide array of functions. Combined, these molecules make up the majority of a cell's mass. Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning that they contain carbon. In addition, they may contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and additional minor elements.
Carbon
It is often said that life is "carbon-based." This means that carbon atoms, bonded to other carbon atoms or other elements, form the fundamental components of many, if not most, of the molecules found uniquely in living things. Other elements play important roles in biological molecules, but carbon certainly qualifies as the "foundation" element for molecules in living things. It is the bonding properties of carbon atoms that are responsible for its important role.
Carbon Bonding
Carbon contains four electrons in its outer shell. Therefore, it can form four covalent bonds with other atoms or molecules. The simplest organic carbon molecule is methane (CH4), in which four hydrogen atoms bind to a carbon atom (Figure 13).
Figure 13: Molecular Structure of Methane
Carbon can form four covalent bonds to create an organic molecule. The simplest carbon molecule is methane (CH4), depicted here.
OpenStax
However, structures that are more complex are made using carbon. Any of the hydrogen atoms could be replaced with another carbon atom covalently bonded to the first carbon atom. In this way, long and branching chains of carbon compounds can be made (Figure 14a). The carbon atoms may bond with atoms of other elements, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus (Figure 14b). The molecules may also form rings, which themselves can link with other rings (Figure 14c). This diversity of molecular forms accounts for the diversity of functions of the biological macromolecules and is based to a large degree on the ability of carbon to form multiple bonds with itself and other atoms.
Figure 14: Molecular Structure of Stearic Acid, Glycine, and Glucose
These examples show three molecules (found in living organisms) that contain carbon atoms bonded in various ways to other carbon atoms and the atoms of other elements. (a) This molecule of stearic acid has a long chain of carbon atoms. (b) Glycine, a component of proteins, contains carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms. (c) Glucose, a sugar, has a ring of carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.
OpenSt.
Bio substances
Living things are composed of organic and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds contain carbon and are used to form biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids that are essential for life. Carbohydrates include sugars, starch, and cellulose and are used for energy. Lipids are made of fatty acids and glycerol and function to store energy, provide insulation, and form cell membranes. Proteins are made from amino acids and are required for structures, movement, transport, and chemical reactions. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA store and transmit genetic information using nucleotides as their basic units.
Chemical constituents of_cells
This document summarizes the key chemical constituents of cells. It describes that chemicals in cells can be divided into organic and inorganic substances. The four major inorganic substances are water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salts. The four main organic macromolecules that make up living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each macromolecule has specific structures and functions, such as carbohydrates providing energy and lipids storing energy.
Chemical constituents of_cells
This document summarizes the key chemical constituents of cells. It describes that chemicals in cells can be divided into organic and inorganic substances. The four major inorganic substances are water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salts. The four main organic macromolecules that make up living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each of these molecules has distinct structures and performs important functions for cellular metabolism and heredity.
Chemical constituents of_cells
This document summarizes the key chemical constituents of cells. It describes that chemicals in cells can be divided into organic and inorganic substances. The four major inorganic substances are water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salts. The four main organic macromolecules that make up living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each of these molecules has distinct structures and performs important functions for cellular metabolism and heredity.
Recommended
After reading the text, please describe the 3 types of chemical bond.docx
After reading the text, please describe the 3 types of chemical bonds and the four important macromolecules. In addition, describe the types of cells you know and give us a brief description of the cell structure.
TEXT:
The large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules are called biological
macromolecules
. There are four major classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids), and each is an important component of the cell and performs a wide array of functions. Combined, these molecules make up the majority of a cell's mass. Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning that they contain carbon. In addition, they may contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and additional minor elements.
Carbon
It is often said that life is "carbon-based." This means that carbon atoms, bonded to other carbon atoms or other elements, form the fundamental components of many, if not most, of the molecules found uniquely in living things. Other elements play important roles in biological molecules, but carbon certainly qualifies as the "foundation" element for molecules in living things. It is the bonding properties of carbon atoms that are responsible for its important role.
Carbon Bonding
Carbon contains four electrons in its outer shell. Therefore, it can form four covalent bonds with other atoms or molecules. The simplest organic carbon molecule is methane (CH4), in which four hydrogen atoms bind to a carbon atom (
Figure 13
).
However, structures that are more complex are made using carbon. Any of the hydrogen atoms could be replaced with another carbon atom covalently bonded to the first carbon atom. In this way, long and branching chains of carbon compounds can be made (
Figure 14a
). The carbon atoms may bond with atoms of other elements, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus (
Figure 14b
). The molecules may also form rings, which themselves can link with other rings (
Figure 14c
). This diversity of molecular forms accounts for the diversity of functions of the biological macromolecules and is based to a large degree on the ability of carbon to form multiple bonds with itself and other atoms.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
are macromolecules with which most consumers are somewhat familiar. To lose weight, some individuals adhere to "low-carb" diets. Athletes, in contrast, often "carb-load" before important competitions to ensure that they have sufficient energy to compete at a high level. Carbohydrates are, in fact, an essential part of our diet; grains, fruits, and vegetables are all natural sources of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar. Carbohydrates also have other important functions in humans, animals, and plants.
Carbohydrates can be represented by the formula (CH2O)
n
, where
n
is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are an essential part of all living things and serve important structural and energy storage roles. They can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on their size. Glucose is a key monosaccharide that circulates in the blood and provides energy to cells. Plants produce carbohydrates through photosynthesis, converting carbon dioxide and water into energy-rich compounds. Carbohydrates then provide both an immediate and long-term source of energy for animals. In humans, carbohydrates typically make up 30-50% of daily caloric intake and include starch, sugars, and fiber that play roles in nutrition, metabolism, and health.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are an essential part of living things and serve important structural and energy storage roles. They can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of sugar units. Glucose is a key monosaccharide that circulates in the blood and provides energy, while cellulose is a structural polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls. Carbohydrates exhibit stereoisomerism where structural variations lead to optical activity and different properties like sweetness. They play roles in photosynthesis, human nutrition, energy storage in plants as starch or animals as glycogen, and providing structure in plants and animals.
Chemistry of Life Biological MoleculesBiological Molecules.docx
Chemistry of Life: Biological Molecules
Biological Molecules
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
· describe the ways in which carbon is critical to life
· explain the impact of slight changes in amino acids on organisms
· describe the four major types of biological molecules
· understand the functions of the four major types of molecules.
The large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules are called biological macromolecules. There are four major classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids), and each is an important component of the cell and performs a wide array of functions. Combined, these molecules make up the majority of a cell's mass. Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning that they contain carbon. In addition, they may contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and additional minor elements.
Carbon
It is often said that life is "carbon-based." This means that carbon atoms, bonded to other carbon atoms or other elements, form the fundamental components of many, if not most, of the molecules found uniquely in living things. Other elements play important roles in biological molecules, but carbon certainly qualifies as the "foundation" element for molecules in living things. It is the bonding properties of carbon atoms that are responsible for its important role.
Carbon Bonding
Carbon contains four electrons in its outer shell. Therefore, it can form four covalent bonds with other atoms or molecules. The simplest organic carbon molecule is methane (CH4), in which four hydrogen atoms bind to a carbon atom (Figure 13).
Figure 13: Molecular Structure of Methane
Carbon can form four covalent bonds to create an organic molecule. The simplest carbon molecule is methane (CH4), depicted here.
OpenStax
However, structures that are more complex are made using carbon. Any of the hydrogen atoms could be replaced with another carbon atom covalently bonded to the first carbon atom. In this way, long and branching chains of carbon compounds can be made (Figure 14a). The carbon atoms may bond with atoms of other elements, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus (Figure 14b). The molecules may also form rings, which themselves can link with other rings (Figure 14c). This diversity of molecular forms accounts for the diversity of functions of the biological macromolecules and is based to a large degree on the ability of carbon to form multiple bonds with itself and other atoms.
Figure 14: Molecular Structure of Stearic Acid, Glycine, and Glucose
These examples show three molecules (found in living organisms) that contain carbon atoms bonded in various ways to other carbon atoms and the atoms of other elements. (a) This molecule of stearic acid has a long chain of carbon atoms. (b) Glycine, a component of proteins, contains carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms. (c) Glucose, a sugar, has a ring of carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.
OpenSt.
Bio substances
Living things are composed of organic and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds contain carbon and are used to form biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids that are essential for life. Carbohydrates include sugars, starch, and cellulose and are used for energy. Lipids are made of fatty acids and glycerol and function to store energy, provide insulation, and form cell membranes. Proteins are made from amino acids and are required for structures, movement, transport, and chemical reactions. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA store and transmit genetic information using nucleotides as their basic units.
Chemical constituents of_cells
This document summarizes the key chemical constituents of cells. It describes that chemicals in cells can be divided into organic and inorganic substances. The four major inorganic substances are water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salts. The four main organic macromolecules that make up living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each macromolecule has specific structures and functions, such as carbohydrates providing energy and lipids storing energy.
Chemical constituents of_cells
This document summarizes the key chemical constituents of cells. It describes that chemicals in cells can be divided into organic and inorganic substances. The four major inorganic substances are water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salts. The four main organic macromolecules that make up living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each of these molecules has distinct structures and performs important functions for cellular metabolism and heredity.
Chemical constituents of_cells
This document summarizes the key chemical constituents of cells. It describes that chemicals in cells can be divided into organic and inorganic substances. The four major inorganic substances are water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salts. The four main organic macromolecules that make up living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each of these molecules has distinct structures and performs important functions for cellular metabolism and heredity.
biomolecules.pdf
1. Organic compounds are made up of carbon along with hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. They make up all living things.
2. Carbon can form chains and rings by bonding through single, double, or triple covalent bonds. Very large molecules called macromolecules are formed when many smaller molecules bond together.
3. Polymers are large molecules composed of many repeating smaller molecule units called monomers. They are formed through a process called dehydration synthesis which requires the removal of a water molecule.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that serve as a major energy source. They include monosaccharides (simple sugars), oligosaccharides (short-chain sugars), and polysaccharides (long-chain sugars). Monosaccharides like glucose are the basic units that link together to form more complex carbohydrates. Polysaccharides provide structure and storage functions, with cellulose giving structure to plants and glycogen storing glucose in animal tissues. Carbohydrates serve vital energy, structural, and storage roles across living organisms.
important slide related to physiology as well different cell structure.pptx
Physiology is the study of how the body functions through physical and chemical processes at all levels of organization, from molecules to whole organisms. It includes studying cells, tissues, organs and body systems. The document outlines key topics in physiology including the chemical composition of the body, important molecules like proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, as well as nucleic acids. Physiology aims to understand how different parts of the body work individually and together to allow organisms to function properly.
Interaction between carbohydrate , protein and fat metabolism
The breakdown and synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids connect with the pathways of glucose catabolism. The simple sugars are galactose, fructose, glycogen, and pentose. These are catabolized during glycolysis. The amino acids from proteins connect with glucose catabolism through pyruvate, acetyl CoA, and components of the citric acid cycle. Cholesterol synthesis starts with acetyl groups, and the components of triglycerides come from glycerol-3-phosphate from glycolysis and acetyl groups produced in the mitochondria from pyruvate.
Carbohydrates
This document summarizes carbohydrates and their classification. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and can be expressed by the formula (CH2O)n. They are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are the simplest form and include glucose and fructose. Oligosaccharides have 2-10 monosaccharide units and include sucrose and maltose. Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides and include starch, cellulose, and glycogen. Carbohydrates serve important functions as energy sources and structural components.
Carbohydrates.pptx
Carbohydrates are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They include sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides) and starches/fibers (polysaccharides). Monosaccharides like glucose are the simplest type, while polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds. Carbohydrates serve important functions like energy storage, structure in cell walls, and as components of other biomolecules. They are classified based on their structure as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides.
Bacterial nutrition
Bacteria have basic nutritional requirements including a source of energy, nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, minerals, and water. The sources of these nutritional requirements define an organism. Many bacteria can synthesize molecules from basic minerals, while others require preformed organic molecules. Bacterial cells are composed primarily of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, and other minor elements. These elements are obtained from various sources and serve important functions in bacterial cells.
Biological molecules
The document summarizes key biological molecules including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and cellulose and can be monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Proteins are made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Lipids include triglycerides and fats/oils. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA store and express genetic information through nucleotides of bases, sugars, and phosphates.
Macromolecules(1)
All cells share similarities in their basic macromolecular components and chemical reactions. They all use nucleic acids like DNA and RNA to store and access genetic information. Proteins, which are polymers of amino acids, serve as enzymes to catalyze cellular reactions. Lipids form cellular membranes and carbohydrates serve structural and energy roles. The same condensation and hydrolysis reactions are used to form and break down these macromolecules in all organisms, reflecting their shared evolutionary origin.
Biology transition work
The document provides information about various biological molecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, water, DNA, glucose, amino acids, glycerol and triglycerides. It defines each molecule, describes their monomers and polymers where relevant, lists some of their functions and provides examples of common types. It also describes tests that can be used to identify each molecule and gives their structures.
Biological Macromolecules.pptx
This document provides an overview of the four main types of biological macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It describes the general characteristics and structures of carbohydrates including monosaccharides like glucose, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. For proteins, it discusses the building blocks of amino acids and different protein structures like keratin, silk, and collagen. For lipids, it defines triglycerides, phospholipids, fatty acids and cell membranes. The document aims to distinguish between each macromolecule and relate their structures to properties.
Occupational Therapy & Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are an essential biomolecule that provide energy to living organisms. They are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Glucose is a common monosaccharide that serves as the basic unit of carbohydrates like starch and glycogen. Starch is the storage carbohydrate in plants while glycogen serves this role in animals. Cellulose, made of glucose polymers, provides structure but is not digestible. The primary function of carbohydrates is to act as a fuel and energy source for cells.
12 Biology M1 M5 M6
The document summarizes key macromolecules found in living cells, including polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the basic structures and functions of these macromolecules. Specifically, it notes that polysaccharides and lipids are important macromolecules, proteins require specific 3D structures to function, and DNA contains the genetic information in most organisms.
Lecture 4 molecules of life
The document discusses the four major classes of biological macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the monomers, polymers, and functions of each macromolecule class. It also discusses nutrition and interpreting food labels, noting health effects of obesity like diabetes and heart disease.
Physical Science: Biological Macromolecules.pptx
The document provides information about four main types of biological macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It defines each macromolecule and provides examples. Carbohydrates function as the primary energy source and are made up of saccharides. Lipids function for long-term energy storage and insulation and are made of fatty acids. Proteins have structural and functional roles in the body and are composed of amino acids. Nucleic acids involve genetic material and are made of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphates. The document explains the monomers that make up each macromolecule and their basic structures.
Cells
Carbon compounds are the primary components of living things. There are four main classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches and are a key energy source. Lipids include fats and phospholipids and function in energy storage and cell membranes. Proteins have many functions including enzymes, structure, and transport. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA contain genetic information and aid in protein production. ATP temporarily stores energy to power cellular functions.
Understanding energy systems underpins the study of exercise and the effect i...
The document discusses lipids, which are organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, waxes, sterols and triglycerides. Lipids are an important structural component of cells and contain more energy than proteins or carbohydrates. The main classes of lipids are simple lipids like triglycerides and waxes, and compound lipids like phospholipids, sphingolipids and glycolipids. Other types discussed include terpenoids, sterols, fatty acids and derived lipids.
Biochemistry
The document discusses the key biomolecules that make up living organisms, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It explains that carbohydrates include simple sugars like glucose and fructose as well as complex carbohydrates like starches and cellulose. Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Lipids include fats, which are triglycerides consisting of a glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids. These biomolecules are composed of just six main elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
Macromolecules introduction
The document discusses macromolecules, which are large complex organic molecules that are essential for life. There are four main classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides formed from two monosaccharides bonded together like sucrose, and polysaccharides made of long chains of monosaccharides like starch, glycogen, and cellulose. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and phospholipids, with phospholipids containing a phosphate group allowing them to form cell membranes. The document provides examples and information about specific macromolecules like glucose, starch, and phospholipids, and explains they are
Nutrients
Nutrients are divided into macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients include carbohydrates, fiber, fats, protein, and water, and provide structural material and energy. Carbohydrates are divided into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Fats are classified as saturated or unsaturated. Protein provides structural material and enzymes. Micronutrients include minerals and vitamins which are required in smaller amounts. Minerals have structural or electrolyte functions while vitamin deficiencies can lead to disease.
BMW.pptx
WASTE MANAGEMENT PROCESS AND INFECTION PREVENTION-Biomedical waste management is a systematic process .
Depending on the category of waste, according to the policy and planning of BMWM of a healthcare setting-the treatment, destruction and disposal method, many methods are adopted to treat and destroy or dispose of BMW-onsite or offsite.
Disinfection-The aim of disinfection is to eliminate microorganisms or at least reduce their numbers to a satisfactory level.
Chemical treatment: The types of chemicals used for disinfection of health-care waste are mostly aldehydes, chlorine compounds, sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide, ammonium salts and phenolic compounds.
On-Site Biomedical Waste Disposal
Autoclave:
Microbiological and biotechnological waste, waste sharps, soiled and solid wastes are treated in an autoclave.
It is ideal for treating all infectious waste (except anatomical and cytotoxic waste) even bulk liquid and pathological.
Hydroclave- It is an advanced autoclave with consistently high sterility and much more uniform heat penetration.
Microwave treatment: Microwave of the frequency of about 2450 MHz are used to decontaminate medical waste.
The waste to be treated must be humid as in presence of moisture, microwaves penetrate and sterilize the material.
Antibiotic stewardship.pptx
Antiobiotic stewardship-At present, the multifaceted etiology of antibiotic resistance has many factors which are at play.
These include inadequate regulations and usage imprecision, awareness deficiency in best practices which steers undue use of antibiotics, use of antibiotics as a poultry and livestock growth promoter rather than to control infection, and online marketing which made the unrestricted availability of low-grade antibiotics very accessible.
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE-When antibiotics are not given wisely or there is overuse of these, resistance bacteria emerge
Emergence of MRSA and MDRO-Bacteria multiply rapidly and mutations arise regularly.
Segments of DNA can be transferred by transformation.
Antibiotics' overuse, misuse and abuse favor the emergence and survival of resistant organisms.
The misuse of antibiotics includes failure to take the prescribed course of the antibiotics or to take the course of treatment at incorrect daily intervals.
The replication of organisms that have accidentally developed mechanisms to avoid destruction can pose a serious threat to the successful treatment of infections.
The basis of drug resistant may be genetic or nongenetic.
The transmission of resistance could be by transformation, conjugation and mutations.
Infections because of MRSA and MDRO may cause infections in any part of the body, including bloodstream, urinary tract, lungs, skin, wounds or surgical site.
Risk Factors for MRSA and MDRO Infections- Repeated hospitalization or regular dialysis visits
Existing colonization with MDRO
An underlying disease or condition such as chronic kidney disease, diabetes, or skin lesions
Previous prolonged use of antibiotics
An existing acute illness
Prolonged stay in the hospital
Elderly or a patient on immune-suppressing medicine
Patient has experienced invasive procedures, such as dialysis, use of medical devices, urinary catheters, or nasogastric tubes used to give medicines, fluids, or nutrients
Prevention-The infections because of MRSA and MDRO are hard to treat as they do not respond to common antibiotics.
Based on the isolated organism in clinical specimen, best antibiotic for treatment is chosen. "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that if you are prescribed antibiotics, you follow the doctor's instructions."
One of the best ways to control MRSA and MDRO infection is to perform hand hygiene with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.
More Related Content
Similar to carbohydrate.pptx
biomolecules.pdf
1. Organic compounds are made up of carbon along with hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. They make up all living things.
2. Carbon can form chains and rings by bonding through single, double, or triple covalent bonds. Very large molecules called macromolecules are formed when many smaller molecules bond together.
3. Polymers are large molecules composed of many repeating smaller molecule units called monomers. They are formed through a process called dehydration synthesis which requires the removal of a water molecule.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that serve as a major energy source. They include monosaccharides (simple sugars), oligosaccharides (short-chain sugars), and polysaccharides (long-chain sugars). Monosaccharides like glucose are the basic units that link together to form more complex carbohydrates. Polysaccharides provide structure and storage functions, with cellulose giving structure to plants and glycogen storing glucose in animal tissues. Carbohydrates serve vital energy, structural, and storage roles across living organisms.
important slide related to physiology as well different cell structure.pptx
Physiology is the study of how the body functions through physical and chemical processes at all levels of organization, from molecules to whole organisms. It includes studying cells, tissues, organs and body systems. The document outlines key topics in physiology including the chemical composition of the body, important molecules like proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, as well as nucleic acids. Physiology aims to understand how different parts of the body work individually and together to allow organisms to function properly.
Interaction between carbohydrate , protein and fat metabolism
The breakdown and synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids connect with the pathways of glucose catabolism. The simple sugars are galactose, fructose, glycogen, and pentose. These are catabolized during glycolysis. The amino acids from proteins connect with glucose catabolism through pyruvate, acetyl CoA, and components of the citric acid cycle. Cholesterol synthesis starts with acetyl groups, and the components of triglycerides come from glycerol-3-phosphate from glycolysis and acetyl groups produced in the mitochondria from pyruvate.
Carbohydrates
This document summarizes carbohydrates and their classification. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and can be expressed by the formula (CH2O)n. They are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are the simplest form and include glucose and fructose. Oligosaccharides have 2-10 monosaccharide units and include sucrose and maltose. Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides and include starch, cellulose, and glycogen. Carbohydrates serve important functions as energy sources and structural components.
Carbohydrates.pptx
Carbohydrates are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They include sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides) and starches/fibers (polysaccharides). Monosaccharides like glucose are the simplest type, while polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds. Carbohydrates serve important functions like energy storage, structure in cell walls, and as components of other biomolecules. They are classified based on their structure as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides.
Bacterial nutrition
Bacteria have basic nutritional requirements including a source of energy, nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, minerals, and water. The sources of these nutritional requirements define an organism. Many bacteria can synthesize molecules from basic minerals, while others require preformed organic molecules. Bacterial cells are composed primarily of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, and other minor elements. These elements are obtained from various sources and serve important functions in bacterial cells.
Biological molecules
The document summarizes key biological molecules including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and cellulose and can be monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Proteins are made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Lipids include triglycerides and fats/oils. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA store and express genetic information through nucleotides of bases, sugars, and phosphates.
Macromolecules(1)
All cells share similarities in their basic macromolecular components and chemical reactions. They all use nucleic acids like DNA and RNA to store and access genetic information. Proteins, which are polymers of amino acids, serve as enzymes to catalyze cellular reactions. Lipids form cellular membranes and carbohydrates serve structural and energy roles. The same condensation and hydrolysis reactions are used to form and break down these macromolecules in all organisms, reflecting their shared evolutionary origin.
Biology transition work
The document provides information about various biological molecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, water, DNA, glucose, amino acids, glycerol and triglycerides. It defines each molecule, describes their monomers and polymers where relevant, lists some of their functions and provides examples of common types. It also describes tests that can be used to identify each molecule and gives their structures.
Biological Macromolecules.pptx
This document provides an overview of the four main types of biological macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It describes the general characteristics and structures of carbohydrates including monosaccharides like glucose, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. For proteins, it discusses the building blocks of amino acids and different protein structures like keratin, silk, and collagen. For lipids, it defines triglycerides, phospholipids, fatty acids and cell membranes. The document aims to distinguish between each macromolecule and relate their structures to properties.
Occupational Therapy & Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are an essential biomolecule that provide energy to living organisms. They are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Glucose is a common monosaccharide that serves as the basic unit of carbohydrates like starch and glycogen. Starch is the storage carbohydrate in plants while glycogen serves this role in animals. Cellulose, made of glucose polymers, provides structure but is not digestible. The primary function of carbohydrates is to act as a fuel and energy source for cells.
12 Biology M1 M5 M6
The document summarizes key macromolecules found in living cells, including polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the basic structures and functions of these macromolecules. Specifically, it notes that polysaccharides and lipids are important macromolecules, proteins require specific 3D structures to function, and DNA contains the genetic information in most organisms.
Lecture 4 molecules of life
The document discusses the four major classes of biological macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the monomers, polymers, and functions of each macromolecule class. It also discusses nutrition and interpreting food labels, noting health effects of obesity like diabetes and heart disease.
Physical Science: Biological Macromolecules.pptx
The document provides information about four main types of biological macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It defines each macromolecule and provides examples. Carbohydrates function as the primary energy source and are made up of saccharides. Lipids function for long-term energy storage and insulation and are made of fatty acids. Proteins have structural and functional roles in the body and are composed of amino acids. Nucleic acids involve genetic material and are made of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphates. The document explains the monomers that make up each macromolecule and their basic structures.
Cells
Carbon compounds are the primary components of living things. There are four main classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches and are a key energy source. Lipids include fats and phospholipids and function in energy storage and cell membranes. Proteins have many functions including enzymes, structure, and transport. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA contain genetic information and aid in protein production. ATP temporarily stores energy to power cellular functions.
Understanding energy systems underpins the study of exercise and the effect i...
The document discusses lipids, which are organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, waxes, sterols and triglycerides. Lipids are an important structural component of cells and contain more energy than proteins or carbohydrates. The main classes of lipids are simple lipids like triglycerides and waxes, and compound lipids like phospholipids, sphingolipids and glycolipids. Other types discussed include terpenoids, sterols, fatty acids and derived lipids.
Biochemistry
The document discusses the key biomolecules that make up living organisms, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It explains that carbohydrates include simple sugars like glucose and fructose as well as complex carbohydrates like starches and cellulose. Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Lipids include fats, which are triglycerides consisting of a glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids. These biomolecules are composed of just six main elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
Macromolecules introduction
The document discusses macromolecules, which are large complex organic molecules that are essential for life. There are four main classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides formed from two monosaccharides bonded together like sucrose, and polysaccharides made of long chains of monosaccharides like starch, glycogen, and cellulose. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and phospholipids, with phospholipids containing a phosphate group allowing them to form cell membranes. The document provides examples and information about specific macromolecules like glucose, starch, and phospholipids, and explains they are
Nutrients
Nutrients are divided into macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients include carbohydrates, fiber, fats, protein, and water, and provide structural material and energy. Carbohydrates are divided into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Fats are classified as saturated or unsaturated. Protein provides structural material and enzymes. Micronutrients include minerals and vitamins which are required in smaller amounts. Minerals have structural or electrolyte functions while vitamin deficiencies can lead to disease.
Similar to carbohydrate.pptx (20)
important slide related to physiology as well different cell structure.pptx
important slide related to physiology as well different cell structure.pptx
Interaction between carbohydrate , protein and fat metabolism
Interaction between carbohydrate , protein and fat metabolism
Understanding energy systems underpins the study of exercise and the effect i...
Understanding energy systems underpins the study of exercise and the effect i...
More from SubhashreeMahapatro
BMW.pptx
WASTE MANAGEMENT PROCESS AND INFECTION PREVENTION-Biomedical waste management is a systematic process .
Depending on the category of waste, according to the policy and planning of BMWM of a healthcare setting-the treatment, destruction and disposal method, many methods are adopted to treat and destroy or dispose of BMW-onsite or offsite.
Disinfection-The aim of disinfection is to eliminate microorganisms or at least reduce their numbers to a satisfactory level.
Chemical treatment: The types of chemicals used for disinfection of health-care waste are mostly aldehydes, chlorine compounds, sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide, ammonium salts and phenolic compounds.
On-Site Biomedical Waste Disposal
Autoclave:
Microbiological and biotechnological waste, waste sharps, soiled and solid wastes are treated in an autoclave.
It is ideal for treating all infectious waste (except anatomical and cytotoxic waste) even bulk liquid and pathological.
Hydroclave- It is an advanced autoclave with consistently high sterility and much more uniform heat penetration.
Microwave treatment: Microwave of the frequency of about 2450 MHz are used to decontaminate medical waste.
The waste to be treated must be humid as in presence of moisture, microwaves penetrate and sterilize the material.
Antibiotic stewardship.pptx
Antiobiotic stewardship-At present, the multifaceted etiology of antibiotic resistance has many factors which are at play.
These include inadequate regulations and usage imprecision, awareness deficiency in best practices which steers undue use of antibiotics, use of antibiotics as a poultry and livestock growth promoter rather than to control infection, and online marketing which made the unrestricted availability of low-grade antibiotics very accessible.
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE-When antibiotics are not given wisely or there is overuse of these, resistance bacteria emerge
Emergence of MRSA and MDRO-Bacteria multiply rapidly and mutations arise regularly.
Segments of DNA can be transferred by transformation.
Antibiotics' overuse, misuse and abuse favor the emergence and survival of resistant organisms.
The misuse of antibiotics includes failure to take the prescribed course of the antibiotics or to take the course of treatment at incorrect daily intervals.
The replication of organisms that have accidentally developed mechanisms to avoid destruction can pose a serious threat to the successful treatment of infections.
The basis of drug resistant may be genetic or nongenetic.
The transmission of resistance could be by transformation, conjugation and mutations.
Infections because of MRSA and MDRO may cause infections in any part of the body, including bloodstream, urinary tract, lungs, skin, wounds or surgical site.
Risk Factors for MRSA and MDRO Infections- Repeated hospitalization or regular dialysis visits
Existing colonization with MDRO
An underlying disease or condition such as chronic kidney disease, diabetes, or skin lesions
Previous prolonged use of antibiotics
An existing acute illness
Prolonged stay in the hospital
Elderly or a patient on immune-suppressing medicine
Patient has experienced invasive procedures, such as dialysis, use of medical devices, urinary catheters, or nasogastric tubes used to give medicines, fluids, or nutrients
Prevention-The infections because of MRSA and MDRO are hard to treat as they do not respond to common antibiotics.
Based on the isolated organism in clinical specimen, best antibiotic for treatment is chosen. "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that if you are prescribed antibiotics, you follow the doctor's instructions."
One of the best ways to control MRSA and MDRO infection is to perform hand hygiene with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.
nursing process.pptx
overview-The term Nursing Process was defined by 'Hall' in 1955.
Yura and Walsh in 1967 proposed four components for nursing process ie. assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
The American Nurses Association (ANA) proposed five components adding "Nursing Diagnosis" as the second component.
In 1982 the recommendations of NANDA (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association) was accepted widely..
Definition-Nursing process is a systematic and rational method of identifying health care needs, planning and providing nursing care.
It provides a logical frame work on which the nursing care is based.
Purposes-To identify a client’s health status & actual or potential health care problems or needs.
To establish plans to meet the identified needs.
To deliver specific nursing interventions to meet those needs.
Descriptions-The nursing process is a systematic method that directs the nurse and patient as together they accomplish the following:
Systematically collect patient data (assessing)
Clearly identify patient strengths, actual and potential problems (diagnosing)
Characteristics-Various words and phrases have been used to describe the nursing process.
Key descriptors include systematic, dynamic, interpersonal, outcome oriented, and universally applicable.
Problem solving & nursing process-One of the strengths of the nursing process is that it is based on a methodology that is familiar to most nursing students problem solving.
Problem-solving is a basic life skill; iden- tifying a problem and then taking steps to resolve it are a matter of common sense. However, different approaches to problem-solving yield different results, some of which are more successful than others.
Advantages-It is systematic and has an orderly sequence
Encourages nurses to work together to achieve a common goal
Helps to identify the patient's health care status and actual or potential health problems.
Helps to identify nursing priorities and help direct nursing interventions based on identified priorities
Provides continuity of care
Identifies the needs and helps to plan the specific interventions to provide quality care.
Advantages to nurses-Provides consistent and systematic nursing education
Provides a common language and forms a basis for communication and understanding between nursing professionals and the healthcare team
Job satisfaction to nurses
Legal safety
Improves professional growth
Raynaud's disease.pptx
This document lists several potential causes of Raynaud's phenomenon including rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, cryoglobulinemia, polymyositis, Buerger's disease, autoimmune disorders, injuries to the hands and feet from repetitive motions or vibrating tools, smoking, living in cold climates, and certain medications.
Epidemiology & infection control.pptx
Infection prevention and control is required to prevent the transmission of communicable diseases in all health care settings.
Infection prevention and control demands a basic understanding of the epidemiology of diseases; risk factors that increase patient susceptibility to infection; and the practices, procedures and treatments that may result in infections.
The risk of acquiring a healthcare-associated infection is related to the mode of transmission of the infectious agent , the type of patient-care activity or procedure being performed and the underlying patient's host defenses.
Healthcare workers should be vaccinated against preventable diseases such as hepatitis B.
Personnel at risk for exposure to tuberculosis should be screened per recommendations.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT-Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to a variety of barriers used either alone or in combination to protect health care workers from contact with transmissible pathogens.
These include single-use disposable gloves, aprons and long-sleeved gowns as well as facial protection for eyes, nose and mouth.
Facial protection, footwear and hair cover or cap.For PPE to be protective and considered appropriate, blood and body fluids must not be able to penetrate the PPE material.
The equipment must be accessible to the employee and must be worn whenever there is the potential for exposure to infectious material; it must be removed before leaving the work area and must be placed in an area designated for PPE.
Ensure sufficient supplies of appropriate PPE. HCWs should be trained on the use of PPE as part of the infection prevention and control (IPC) training.
PPE should be removed prior to leaving the isolation room and discarded into appropriate health care waste stream.
PPE should be put on and taken off in correct sequence and disposed in accordance with the Biomedical Waste Management and Handing Rules 2016, and 2018.
Hand hygiene should always be the final step following removal and disposal of PPE.
All respirators should be fit-tested for each individual so that each person is assured that his or hers is working properly. Males must have their facial hair to achieve a tight fit.
Uses-Healthcare workers (HCWs) who provide direct care to patients and who may come in contact with blood, body fluids, excretions, and secretions.
Support staff including cleaners, and laundry staff in situations where they may have contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, and excretions.
Laboratory staff, who handle patient specimens
Family members who provide care to patients and are in a situation where they may have contact with blood, body fluids, secretions and excretions.
Healthcare workers (HCWs) in a hemodialysis unit, because of the high risk of transmission of blood-borne infections during the various activities associated with hemodialysis and handling of equipment.
Patients in a hemodialysis unit, in the form of a barrier over clothing during cannulation
chronic renal failure.pptx
INTRODUCTION
Cancer is a general term used to refer to a condition where the body’s cells begin to grow and reproduce in an uncontrollable way. Lung cancers are the fourth most common cancer reported in the Indian males.
DEFINITION
Lung carcinoma is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. If left untreated, this growth can spread beyond the lung by the process of metastasis into nearby tissue or other parts of the body.
CAUSES
The most common causes of fracture include,
I. Tobacco smoke
Tobacco use is responsible for more than one of every six deaths. The younger a person is when he or she starts smoking, the greater the risk of developing lung cancer.
II. Secondhand smoke
Passive smoking has been identified as a possible cause of lung cancer in nonsmokers. People who are involuntarily exposed to tobacco smoke in a closed environment (house, automobile, and building) have an increased risk of lung cancer when compared with unexposed nonsmokers.
III. Environmental and occupational exposure
Various carcinogens have been identified in the atmosphere, including motor vehicle emissions and pollutants fromrefineries and manufacturing plants. High levels of radon have been associated with the development of lung cancer, especially when combined with cigarette smoking. Chronic exposure to industrial carcinogens, such as arsenic, asbestos, mustard gas, chromates, coke oven fumes, nickel, oil, and radiation has been associated with the development of lung cancer.
IV. Genetics
Some familial predisposition to lung cancer seems apparent, because the incidence of lung cancer in close relatives of patients with lung cancer appears to be two to three times that in the general population regardless of smoking status.
TYPES OF LUNG CANCER:
1. Small cell lung carcinoma
• Accounts for 15%-25% of lung cancers
• It is most malignant form
• Tends to spread early via lymphatic and bloodstream
• Is frequently associated with endocrine disturbances
• Predominantly central and can cause bronchial obstruction and pneumonia.
2. Non-small cell lung carcinoma
Is further classified by cell type,
Adenocarcinoma
• Most common type
• Accounts for approximately 30%-40% of lung cancers
• More common in women
• Often gas no clinical manifestations until widespread metastasis is present
• Usually begins in mucous glandular tissue, is most commonly located in peripheral portions of lungs.
Squamous cell carcinoma
• Second most common type of lung cancer
• Accounts for 30%-35% of lung cancers
• Is more common in men
• Arises from the bronchial epithelium of the lungs or bronchus, slow-growing cancer that usually begins in the bronchial tubes.
Large cell carcinoma
• The least common form
• Accounts for 5%-15% of lung cancers
• Composed of large sized cells that are anaplastic and often arise in the bronchi, commonly causes cavitation
• Is highly metastatic via lymphatic and blood.
STAGING OF NON-SMALL CELL LUNG C
BPH.pptx
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA:-
INTRODUCTION:-
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common diseases in aging men. It can cause bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms that affect quality of life by interfering with normal daily activities and sleep pattern. BPH typically occurs in men older than 40 years of age.
DEFINITION:- BPH is a benign enlargement of the prostate gland.
ETIOLOGY:-Hormonal changes associated with the aging process:-
i) Excessive accumulation of dihydroxytestosterone in the prostate gland cells. This can stimulate cell growth and an overgrowth of prostate tissue. Older man have a decrease in the blood’s testosterone level, but continue to produce and accumulate high levels of DHT in the prostate.
ii) Another cause is, an increased proportion of estrogen (as compared to testosterone) in the blood. A higher amount of estrogen within the gland increases the activity of substances (e.g. DHT) that promote cell growth.
RISK FACTORS:-
Aging
Obesity (in particular increased waist circumference)
Lack of physical activity
Alcohol consumption
Erectile dysfunction
Smoking
Hypertension
Heart disease
Diabetes
Western diet (high in animal fat and protein and refined carbohydrates low in fiber)
A positive family history of BPH.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:-
BPH develops over a prolonged period, changes in the urinary tract are slow and insidious. BPH is a result of complete interactions involving resistance in the prostatic urethra its mechanical and spastic effects, bladder pressure during voiding, destrusor muscle strength, neurologic functioning, and general physical health. The hypertrophied lobes of the prostate may obstruct the bladder neck or urethra, causing incomplete emptying of the bladder and urinary retention. As a result, a gradual dilation of the ureters (hydroureter) and kidneys ( hydronephrosis) can occur. Urinary retention may result in UTIS because urine these remain in the urinary tract serves as a medium for infective organism.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION:-
Manifestation of BPH are mainly associated with symptoms of the lower urinary tract. The patient’s symptoms are usually gradual in onset and may not be noticed until prostatic enlargement has been present for some time.
Symptoms can bdivided into two groups:
Irritative and obstructive.
Irritative symptoms:-
Nocturia(often the first symptom that the patient notices)
Urinary frequency
Urgency
Dysuria
Bladder pain
Incontinence
-----all these are associated with inflammation or infection.
Obstructive symptoms:-
Decrease in the force of the urinary stream.
Difficulty in initiating voiding.
Intermittency (stopping and starting stream several times while voiding).
Dribbling at the end of urination.
Sensation of incomplete bladder emptying.
------some generalized symptoms may also be noted, including fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting and pelvic discomfort.
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION:-
.History and physical examination.
Digital rectal examination (DRE):- To estimate its siz
aneurysm.pptx
DEFINITION:
An aortic aneurysm is an enlargement (dilation) of the aorta to greater than 1.5 times normal size.
1)Abdominal aortic aneurysm:
2)Thoracic aortic aneurysm:
1)Hardening of the arteries ( Atherosclerosis).
2)Genetic conditions:
Aortic aneurysms in younger people often have a genetic cause –people who are born with Marfan syndrome.
3)Other medical conditions: Inflammatory conditions ,such as giant cell arteritis.
4)Problems with your hearts aortic valve:
Some times people who have problems with the valve.
5)Untreated infection: Such as syphilis or salmonella, and HIV.
6)Traumatic injury: Rarely ,some people who are injured in falls or motor vehicle crashes develop thoracic aortic aneurysms.
RISK FACTORS-1)Age
2)Male gender
3)Hypertension
4)Coronary artery disease
5)Family history
6)High cholesterol
7)Lower extremity
8)Carotid artery disease.
9)Previous stroke
10)Tobacco use
11)Excess weight.
SIGN & SYMPTOMS-
THORACIC AORTIC ANEURYSM.
•Constant boring pain, which may occur only when the patient is in the supine position.
Dyspnea, cough( parpoxysmal and brassy).
Hoarseness , stridor ,weakness or completer loss of the voice( aphonia).
Dysphagia.
Dilated superficial veins on chest ,neck, neck or arms.
Edematous areas on chest wall.
Cyanosis
Unequal pupils.
1.Patients complaints of “ heart beating” in abdomen when lying down or a feeling of an abdominal mass or abdominal throbbing.
2.Cyanosis and mottling of the toes if aneurysm is associated with thrombus.
DIAGNOSTIC MEASURE-Chest x.ray , CT angiography ( CTA), and transesophageal electrocardiography( TEE) , are done to reveal abnormal widening of the thoracic aorta.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm : Pulsation of pulsatile mass in the middle and upper abdomen , duplex ultrasonography or CTA is used to determine the size ,length and location of the aneurysm.
Dissecting aneurysm : Arteriography ,CTA,TEE duplex ultrasonography and magnetic resonance angiography ( MRA).
COMPLICATION
•Rupture of an aneurysm is the most serious complication.
•If rupture occurs into the retroperitoneal space , bleeding may be controlled by surrounding anatomic structures, preventing exsanguination and death.
MEDICALMANAGEMENT
•The goal of both medical and surgical management is to prevent aneurysm rupture.
•Early detection and prompt treatment are essential .
•Conservative therapy of small asymptomatic AAA’s ( 4-5.5) is the best practice.
This consists of risk factor modification ( ceasing tobacco use , decreasing B.P, optimizing of aneurysm size using ultrasound ,CT, or MRI.
•Growth rates may be lowered with B- adrenergic blocking agents ( eg. Propranolol) , Statins ( eg. Simvastatin) and antibiotics( eg. Doxycycline).
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT-Surgical repair is recommended in patients. with asymptomatic aneurysm 5-5 cm in diameter or larger.
•Surgical procedure are
1)Open aneurysm repair (OAR)
2)Endovascular graft procedure
Acute renal failure.pptx
1) Acute renal failure (ARF) is an abrupt reduction in renal function that results in the inability to excrete wastes and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. It can be caused by pre-renal issues like decreased blood flow, intrarenal issues like direct kidney damage, or post-renal issues like urinary tract obstruction.
2) ARF progresses through initiating, oliguric, diuretic, and recovery phases. It is characterized by decreased urine output, fluid overload, electrolyte imbalances, and rising BUN and creatinine. Treatment focuses on fluid management, electrolyte control, and sometimes dialysis.
3) Nursing care for ARF involves frequent monitoring for
Isolation precaution.pptx
Standard precautions including hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment like gloves and gowns, and environmental cleaning are the basic level of infection control and should be followed for all patient care. Additional transmission-based precautions like airborne, droplet, or contact precautions are implemented based on the pathogen and route of transmission. Proper use of personal protective equipment, patient placement, and monitoring of isolation practices helps prevent the spread of infectious diseases in healthcare settings.
valvular disorder.pptx
The mitral valve becomes calcified and immobile, the orifice narrows which prevents normal passage of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
A block in blood flow is due to abnormality of the mitral valve leaflet that prevents proper opening of the valve during diastole.
OSCE.pptx
Have set of clear objectives
Identify the practical aspects
Select the task
Set up stations
Assign scores for each sub task
Break into sub task
Conduct after orienting students & examiners
Make notes & the process of review
Analyse the result & use the same for student assessment
HAI.pptx
The hospital-acquired infections or nosocomial infections are those infections developed in hospitalized patients who were neither infected nor were in incubation at the time of their admission.
Health behaviour & Health education.pptx
Information is the knowledge derived from study, experience or instruction. It can also be defined as a collection of facts or data.
Education is both the acquisition of knowledge and experience and the development of skills, habits and attitudes that help a person lead a full and meaningful life.
Communication is the interaction between two or more persons that involves the exchange of information between the sender and the receiver.
Therefore, information, education and communication are closely related to health and play a vital role in creating awareness about health, mobilizing people and making them knowledgeable about health-related factors through efficient mass communication methods.
Essaytype question & SAQ.pptx
Essay type questions permit the pupil to respond by selecting, organizing, and presenting the facts he considers appropriate.
Essay type questions are a test containing questions requiring the students to respond in writing, it emphasizes recall rather than recognition of the correct alternative.
Buerger's disease.pptx
Buergen's disease is an obstructive vascular disorder caused by segmental inflammation in the arteries and veins of the upper on lower extremities.
It is also known as & thromboangitis obliterans (TAO)
It results in thrombus formation & occlusion of the vessels.
Discussion & Symposium method.pptx
Group discussion is a cooperative, problem solving activity, which seeks a consensus regarding the solution of a problem..
Group discussion is defined as a discussion which involves an interchange of informed opinions and reactions, group consideration of a problem or issue, sharing of ideas and information and exchange of questions and answers
Attitude Scale.pptx
Attitude is the bridge between knowledge and practice. Thus assessment of attitude becomes an integral part of student evaluation.
Nursing is such a profession where nurses deal with the patients who are in need. So attitude of the nurses really matters to the quality of care they provide.
Not only helping the student nurses to develop a healthy attitude, but assessing the same is also an important role of an educator. Unless assessed, we will not know if the students have developed appropriate attitude to enhance their profession.
The assessment of attitude is essentially by observation of verbal and nonverbal behavior of the student and is likely to be very subjective. However, development of various attitude scales has reduced its subjectivity.
types- There are two attitude scales commonly used to assess the attitude of individuals:
Likert scale and semantic differential scale.
Likert scale was named after a psychologist Rensis Likert, who developed it in 1932 as a psychological concept measurement scale.
Likert scale is the most commonly used scaling technique.
It was developed to measure the attitudes, values and feelings of people.
Primarily, the original version of this scale was developed with a five-point scale (strongly agree, agree, uncertain, disagree and strongly disagree) containing a mixture of positive and negative declarative statements regarding measuring variables.
However, one can even observe the Likert scale now with four point (strongly agree, moderately agree, disagree and uncertain) to seven point (very strongly agree, strongly agree, agree, uncertain, disagree, strongly disagree and very strongly disagree) scaling categories.
Semantic differential scale measures individual's attitude toward objects, events or another individual.
Respondents describe their feelings on scales with semantic labels.
When bipolar adjectives are used at the end points of the scales, these are termed semantic differential scales.
This scale consists of a series of contrasting adjective pairs (good- bad, beneficial- harmful) listed on opposite ends of the bipolar scale.
The individual is given instruction to quickly tick on or in between the opposite adjective pairs.
Scoring is done thereafter by adding the construct on each statement (one to seven).
Lecture method CET 1.pptx
The ultimate aim of teaching and learning in nursing education is to prepare good nurses who can provide quality nursing care to the patients as well as to conduct researches, to act as good nursing educators and administrators.
In every teaching-learning process apart from teacher there are three important components, i.e. learner, teaching-learning objectives and teaching methods.
microteaching.pptx
According to Allen "Microteaching as a scaled down teaching encounter in class size and class time". The number of students is from 5-10 and the duration of period ranges from 5-20 minutes.
More from SubhashreeMahapatro (20)
Recently uploaded
FACIAL NERVE
The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, is one of the 12 cranial nerves originating from the brain. It's a mixed nerve, meaning it contains both sensory and motor fibres, and it plays a crucial role in controlling various facial muscles, as well as conveying sensory information from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024 with Policy Makers, Academic Innovation C...
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
The Power of Superfoods and Exercise.pdf
Healthy Eating Habits:
Understanding Nutrition Labels: Teaches how to read and interpret food labels, focusing on serving sizes, calorie intake, and nutrients to limit or include.
Tips for Healthy Eating: Offers practical advice such as incorporating a variety of foods, practicing moderation, staying hydrated, and eating mindfully.
Benefits of Regular Exercise:
Physical Benefits: Discusses how exercise aids in weight management, muscle and bone health, cardiovascular health, and flexibility.
Mental Benefits: Explains the psychological advantages, including stress reduction, improved mood, and better sleep.
Tips for Staying Active:
Encourages consistency, variety in exercises, setting realistic goals, and finding enjoyable activities to maintain motivation.
Maintaining a Balanced Lifestyle:
Integrating Nutrition and Exercise: Suggests meal planning and incorporating physical activity into daily routines.
Monitoring Progress: Recommends tracking food intake and exercise, regular health check-ups, and provides tips for achieving balance, such as getting sufficient sleep, managing stress, and staying socially active.
Comprehensive Rainy Season Advisory: Safety and Preparedness Tips.pdf
The "Comprehensive Rainy Season Advisory: Safety and Preparedness Tips" offers essential guidance for navigating rainy weather conditions. It covers strategies for staying safe during storms, flood prevention measures, and advice on preparing for inclement weather. This advisory aims to ensure individuals are equipped with the knowledge and resources to handle the challenges of the rainy season effectively, emphasizing safety, preparedness, and resilience.
DECODING THE RISKS - ALCOHOL, TOBACCO & DRUGS.pdf
Introduction: Substance use education is crucial due to its prevalence and societal impact.
Alcohol Use: Immediate and long-term risks include impaired judgment, health issues, and social consequences.
Tobacco Use: Immediate effects include increased heart rate, while long-term risks encompass cancer and heart disease.
Drug Use: Risks vary depending on the drug type, including health and psychological implications.
Prevention Strategies: Education, healthy coping mechanisms, community support, and policies are vital in preventing substance use.
Harm Reduction Strategies: Safe use practices, medication-assisted treatment, and naloxone availability aim to reduce harm.
Seeking Help for Addiction: Recognizing signs, available treatments, support systems, and resources are essential for recovery.
Personal Stories: Real stories of recovery emphasize hope and resilience.
Interactive Q&A: Engage the audience and encourage discussion.
Conclusion: Recap key points and emphasize the importance of awareness, prevention, and seeking help.
Resources: Provide contact information and links for further support.
Bath patient Fundamental of Nursing.pptx
This is presentation about how to bath a patient.
It is a fundamental of nursing.
CANSA support - Caring for Cancer Patients' Caregivers
International Cancer Survivors Day is celebrated during June, placing the spotlight not only on cancer survivors, but also their caregivers.
CANSA has compiled a list of tips and guidelines of support:
https://cansa.org.za/who-cares-for-cancer-patients-caregivers/
Pneumothorax and role of Physiotherapy in it.
This particular slides consist of- what is Pneumothorax,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is a summary of Pneumothorax:
Pneumothorax, also known as a collapsed lung, is a condition that occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air buildup puts pressure on the lung, preventing it from expanding fully when you breathe. A pneumothorax can cause a complete or partial collapse of the lung.
Professional Secrecy: Forensic Medicine Lecture
Professional Secrecy: Forensic Medicine Lecture , Medical jurisprudence
Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to Care
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
Common Challenges in Dermatology Billing and How to Overcome.pptx
Discover the common challenges in dermatology billing and coding. Learn how expert assistance can help improve your practice's productivity.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - ...
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - ...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.R3 Stem Cell Therapy: A New Hope for Women with Ovarian Failure
Discover the groundbreaking advancements in stem cell therapy by R3 Stem Cell, offering new hope for women with ovarian failure. This innovative treatment aims to restore ovarian function, improve fertility, and enhance overall well-being, revolutionizing reproductive health for women worldwide.
Top massage center in ajman chandrima Spa
We are one of the top Massage Spa Ajman Our highly skilled, experienced, and certified massage therapists from different corners of the world are committed to serving you with a soothing and relaxing experience. Luxuriate yourself at our spas in Sharjah and Ajman, which are indeed enriched with an ambiance of relaxation and tranquility. We could confidently claim that we are one of the most affordable Spa Ajman and Sharjah as well, where you can book the massage session of your choice for just 99 AED at any time as we are open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Visit : https://massagespaajman.com/
Call : 052 987 1315
Innovative Minds France's Most Impactful Healthcare Leaders.pdf
This edition features a handful of Innovative Minds: France's Most Impactful Healthcare Leaders that are leading us into a better future.
Tips for Pet Care in winters How to take care of pets.
Tips for Pet Care in winters How to take care of pets.
Recently uploaded (20)
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024 with Policy Makers, Academic Innovation C...
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024 with Policy Makers, Academic Innovation C...
Comprehensive Rainy Season Advisory: Safety and Preparedness Tips.pdf
Comprehensive Rainy Season Advisory: Safety and Preparedness Tips.pdf
CANSA support - Caring for Cancer Patients' Caregivers
CANSA support - Caring for Cancer Patients' Caregivers
Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.
Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to Care
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to Care
Common Challenges in Dermatology Billing and How to Overcome.pptx
Common Challenges in Dermatology Billing and How to Overcome.pptx
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - ...
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - ...
R3 Stem Cell Therapy: A New Hope for Women with Ovarian Failure
R3 Stem Cell Therapy: A New Hope for Women with Ovarian Failure
Innovative Minds France's Most Impactful Healthcare Leaders.pdf
Innovative Minds France's Most Impactful Healthcare Leaders.pdf
Tips for Pet Care in winters How to take care of pets.
Tips for Pet Care in winters How to take care of pets.
carbohydrate.pptx
- 3. The study of carbohydrates is necessary because they have many important functions in our body. Some examples are as follows:Carbohydrates are major dietary components, which meet 60-70% of our energy requirement. These are starch, sucrose, lactose, etc.Carbohydrates are important constituents of glycoproteins and proteoglycans in cells, tissues and organs. Carbohydrates are used to synthesize many compounds like fats, amino acids, etc. Studying the composition of carbohydrates requires the study of the chemical nature and structure of carbohydrates commonly used.
- 4. "Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydroxy alcohols." The simplest carbohydrates known in nature have 3-carbon atoms and are found both as aldehydes (aldose) and ketones (ketose). Depending on the number of carbon atoms, carbohydrates are called triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, heptose, etc. having 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 carbon atoms respectively. However, each can exist both as an aldehyde derivative i.e. aldose, and as a ketone derivative i.e. ketose
- 5. Carbohydrates are commonly referred to as 'sugars' as many of them are sweet in taste such as sucrose, glucose, etc. But all carbohydrates are not sweet in taste, e.g. starch, cellulose etc.
- 7. 1. They are the most abundant dietary source of energy (4 Cal/g) for all organisms. 2. Carbohydrates are precursors for many organic compounds (fats, amino acids). 3. Carbohydrates (as glycoproteins and glycolipids) participate in the structure of cell membrane and cellular functions such as cell growth, adhesion and fertilization. 4. They are structural components of many organisms. These include the fiber (cellulose) of plants, exoskeleton of some insects and the cell wall of microorganisms. 5. Carbohydrates also serve as the storage form of energy (glycogen) to meet the immediate energy demands of the body.