This document discusses CAPTCHAs, which are challenges used to distinguish humans from bots by testing patterns recognition. It begins by defining CAPTCHAs and providing background on why they were developed, such as to prevent spam. It then covers various types of CAPTCHAs, including text, image, and audio-based, as well as their applications and how they work. The document also addresses issues with CAPTCHAs, such as accessibility and usability problems, as well as methods that have been used to break existing CAPTCHAs. In conclusion, while CAPTCHAs are generally effective against bots, their implementations face challenges to be improved in terms of issues like accessibility, compatibility and security.

1. CAPTCHABY- AUROBINDO NAYAK0701288307

2. AGENDADEFINITIONBACKGROUNDTYPESAPPLICATIONSCONSTRUCTING CAPTCHABREAKING CAPTCHAISSUES WITH CAPTCHACONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTIONCAPTCHA – Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers & Humans Apart.Invented at CMU by Luis von Ahn, Manuel Blum, et.al.It is a program that is a challenge response to test to separate humans from computer programs.

4. Generic CAPTCHAs distort letters & numbers - Distorted characters are presented to the user.User has to recognize the distorted letters.If the guessed letters are correct, the user is inferred to be a human & allowed access.

5. Contd…Humans can read the distorted & noisy text.Current OCRs(Optical Character Recognition) cannot read them.

6. BACKGROUNDWhy CAPTCHA was needed ?Sabotage of Online Polls.

7. Spam e-mails.

8. Abusing free Online accounts.

9. Tampering with rankings on recommendation systems (like Ebay, Amazon)What is TURING TEST ?Proposed by Alan Turing.To test a machine’s level of intelligence.Human judge asks questions to two participants, one is a machine & the other human.The judge doesn’t know which is which.After listening to the answer, if the judge fails to recognize which one is the machine, then the machine passes the test.

10. Contd…CAPTCHA employs a Reverse Turing Test.Judge = CAPTCHA program, participant = user If the user passes CAPTCHA, he is human otherwise it is a machine.

11. Types of CAPTCHAs

12. 1. Text Based-simple, normal questions :-What is the sum of three & thirty-five ?If today is Saturday, what is day after tomorrow ?Which of mango, table & water is a fruit ?Very effective, needs a large question bank.Congnitively challenged users find it hard.

13. 2. Gimpy-Designed by Yahoo & CMU(Carnegie Mellon University)Picks up 10 random words from dictionary & distorts, fills with noise.User has to recognize at least 3 words.If the user is correct, then he is admitted.

14. 3. EZ-Gimpy-A modified version of Gimpy.Yahoo used this version in Messenger.Has only 1 random string of characters.Not a dictionary word, so not prone to dictionary attack.Not a good implimentation , already broken by OCRs(Optical Character Recognition).

15. 4. MSNs passport service CAPATCHAs-Provided for Microsoft’s MSN services.Use of 8 characters.Warping is used to distort.Very strong implementation, hasn’t been broken.It is segmentation-resistant.

16. 5. Graphic based CAPTCHAs-1. BONGO-After M.M.Bongard, pattern recognition expert.User has to solve a pattern recognition problem.Has to tell the distinct characteristic between two sets of figures.Then tell to which set a given figure belongs to.

17. Contd…2. PIX-Uses a large database of labelled images.It shows a set of images, user has to recognize the common feature among those.Eg :- pick the common characteristic among the following 4 pictures = “aeroplane”.

18. 6. Audio CAPTCHAs-Consists of downloadable audio clip.User listens & enters the spoken word.Helps visually disabled users.Below is the Google’s audio enabled CAPTCHA-

19. 7. Applications-Protect Online polls.Prevent web registration abuse, protect passwords from brute-force attack.Prevent comment spam & spam e-mails.E-ticketing, prevent scalping.

20. Contd…Verify digitized books : “RE-CAPTCHA”Used in Google books project.Two words are shown, the program knows the first word.If the user enter the first word correctly, it assumes that the second unknown word will also be entered correctly.Second word becomes “known”.

21. Constructing CAPTCHAsThings to keep in mind :-Don’t store CAPTCHA solution in web page’s metadata.A CAPTCHA is no good if it doesn’t distort.Need a large database of different CAPTCHA questions.Avoid repetition of question.

22. CAPTCHA logicGenerate the questionPersist the correct answerPresent the question to the userEvaluate the answer, if incorrect start again- Generate a different CAPTCHAIf correct allow the access to the user

23. Breaking CAPTCHAsCracking CAPTCHAs through programs – Convert CAPTCHA into Grey scale.Detect patterns in the image corresponding to the charactersGreg Mori & JitendraMalik have broken text CAPTCHAs Ex:- Easy Gimpy

24. Contd…To break this CAPTCHA – Segmentation –Locate possible letters in the image – Construct graph of consisting letters – Find out the possible words from the graph, use scores to rankRoll = 11.94Profit = 9.42 (better match)

25. Contd…Social engineering to break CAPTCHAs –Spammer encounters a CAPTCHAThat CAPTCHA is copied to another siteHumans are baited, Ex:- free MP3s, free wallpapers, etc.To get those MP3s or wallpapers, users are told to solve the copied CAPTCHA.Then the solution is routed back to the spammer.Solution – Fix a time-to-live period for a question.

26. Issues with CAPTCHAsUsability issue –W3C mandates web to be accessible to all people.Some CAPTCHAs are in accessible to visually impaired, cognitively challenged people. Compatibility issue –Java script may be needed to be activated in browsers.Some may need Adobe Flash Plugin.

27. SUMMARYCAPTCHAs are an effective way to counter bots & reduce spam.They help advance AI knowledge.Some issues with current implementations represent challenges for future improvements.

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