The document provides an overview of traditional campus network designs and introduces some concepts for campus network design. It discusses traditional router and hub campus designs and moves to newer designs using virtual LAN (VLAN) technologies and multilayer switching. The key concepts covered include the access, distribution and core layers, switch blocks, core blocks, and considerations around sizing and redundancy in campus network designs.
A
PROJECT REPORT
On
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE
A computer network, or simply a network, is a collection of computer and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. Simply, more than one computer interconnected through a communication medium for information interchange is called a computer network.
This study guide is intended to provide those pursuing the CCNA certification with a framework of what concepts need to be studied. This is not a comprehensive document containing all the secrets of the CCNP nor is it a “braindump” of questions and answers.
I sincerely hope that this document provides some assistance and clarity in your studies.
A
PROJECT REPORT
On
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE
A computer network, or simply a network, is a collection of computer and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. Simply, more than one computer interconnected through a communication medium for information interchange is called a computer network.
This study guide is intended to provide those pursuing the CCNA certification with a framework of what concepts need to be studied. This is not a comprehensive document containing all the secrets of the CCNP nor is it a “braindump” of questions and answers.
I sincerely hope that this document provides some assistance and clarity in your studies.
networking and their Routing protocols with commands along with diagram ,(rip, IGRP and OSPF and BGP ) and knowledge about Network devices like Router and Switch. network define and definitions of Lan, router and all the routing protocols and their features.
basic router configuration ppt , what is router in networking
I run a knowledge sharing YouTube channel called (SILICON CHIPS TAMILAN). Please like, share, subscribe, and support me.
YouTube Link : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCenZp9ho_PP0K5iYrdocvrw
Notes Link Below attached
https://siliconchipstamilan.blogspot.com/2022/12/what-is-outlook-mail.html
This study guide is intended to provide those pursuing the CCNA certification with a framework of what concepts need to be studied. This is not a comprehensive document containing all the secrets of the CCNP nor is it a “braindump” of questions and answers.
I sincerely hope that this document provides some assistance and clarity in your studies.
A PROJECT REPORT
On
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE
A computer network, or simply a network, is a collection of computer and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. Simply, more than one computer interconnected through a communication medium for information interchange is called a computer network.
he Associate level of Cisco Certifications can begin directly with CCNA for network installation, operations and troubleshooting or CCDA for network design. Think of the Associate Level as the foundation level of networking certification.
This proposal emphasis Government of India to use the latest technology to help the police and army personals that will help them in many ways to establish their goals.
networking and their Routing protocols with commands along with diagram ,(rip, IGRP and OSPF and BGP ) and knowledge about Network devices like Router and Switch. network define and definitions of Lan, router and all the routing protocols and their features.
basic router configuration ppt , what is router in networking
I run a knowledge sharing YouTube channel called (SILICON CHIPS TAMILAN). Please like, share, subscribe, and support me.
YouTube Link : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCenZp9ho_PP0K5iYrdocvrw
Notes Link Below attached
https://siliconchipstamilan.blogspot.com/2022/12/what-is-outlook-mail.html
This study guide is intended to provide those pursuing the CCNA certification with a framework of what concepts need to be studied. This is not a comprehensive document containing all the secrets of the CCNP nor is it a “braindump” of questions and answers.
I sincerely hope that this document provides some assistance and clarity in your studies.
A PROJECT REPORT
On
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE
A computer network, or simply a network, is a collection of computer and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. Simply, more than one computer interconnected through a communication medium for information interchange is called a computer network.
he Associate level of Cisco Certifications can begin directly with CCNA for network installation, operations and troubleshooting or CCDA for network design. Think of the Associate Level as the foundation level of networking certification.
This proposal emphasis Government of India to use the latest technology to help the police and army personals that will help them in many ways to establish their goals.
A group of 7 people who attended the Service Design Network Global Conference 2014 in Stockholm on October 6,7,8 2014, have shared their experiences, take-aways and ideas in a Whatsapp group, during and after the conference.
This deck shares their findings with a wider audience, hoping to initiate a healthy debate in the service design community, on where we ant to go with our conferences. We hope to see you all next year, to share an even better experience together!
It was a project to make college network which is developed on Cisco Packet tracer. In that we have to configure server then that ip is to distributed among no of Pcs , Printer , wireless phone With different categories of IP.
The background for this presentation was a client engagement for a new network for an established University. The things to consider, while dated, mostly still apply to network design.
Este documento lleva a cabo un recorrido por las novedades relacionadas con tecnologías LAN que incorpora la nueva versión de CCNA, "CCNA Routing & Switching".
Se comienza haciendo un breve repaso de la "Spanning-Tree Protocol" para a continuación explicar el funcionamiento de "Etherchannel". Posteriormente se abordan las tecnologías de redundancia de primer salto (First Hop Redundancy Protocols) como HSRP, VRRP y GLBP
This is an introductory presentation regarding the issues in designing a campus network infrastructure. Unlike theoretical approaches, this presentation actually was used to describe some of the real configurations performed by Server Administrators and Network Managers. This is for an introductory audience with very little background in computer networks assumed.
Hello!
Welcome to our CCNA Training (R&S) 200-125 series in Urdu.
CCNA stands for Cisco Certified Network Associate. R&S means Routing & Switching. The Exam Code of this course in 200-125. It's the basic course of CCNA track. If you want to start any certification like CCNA Security then you must pass the exam of CCNA R&S first. The exam time of this course is 90-120 mints. Here 90 mints time is for English Speaking Person & 120 mints time for non-native speakers. Total Marks of Exam is 1000 & Passing mark is 860. Number of Questions in Exam is 55 to 65.
You can book the exam from Pearson testing service.
Here is the link of Exam website.
https://home.pearsonvue.com
EZXPRT an IT Trainnig Institute offers CISCO , Microsoft, Vmware, Huawei, Trainings in Rawalpindi, Lahore, Mirpur and Wah Cant campuses,
We offer ONLINE Live and Recorded Training's on demand and we provide services of Career Counseling, Motivation etc.
For more details you may contact
WhatsApp/Call :+923-23-4699123
shafqaat@ezprt.com
www.ezxprt.com
www.facebook.com/ezxprt
www.youtube.com/c/ezxprt
EZXPRT an IT Trainnig Institute offers CISCO , Microsoft, Vmware, Huawei, Trainings in Rawalpindi, Lahore, Mirpur and Wah Cant campuses, We offer ONLINE Live and Recorded Training's on demand and we provide services of Career Counseling, Motivation etc.
.
CCNA stands for Cisco Certified Network Associate. R&S means Routing & Switching. The Exam Code of this course in 200-125. It's the basic course of CCNA track. If you want to start any certification like CCNA Security then you must pass the exam of CCNA R&S first. The exam time of this course is 90-120 mints. Here 90 mints time is for English Speaking Person & 120 mints time for non-native speakers. Total Marks of Exam is 1000 & Passing mark is 860. Number of Questions in Exam is 55 to 65.
You can book the exam from Pearson testing service.
Here is the link of Exam website.
https://home.pearsonvue.com
For more details you may contact
WhatsApp/Call :+923-23-4699123
shafqaat@ezprt.com
www.ezxprt.com
www.facebook.com/ezxprt
www.youtube.com/c/ezxprt
OpenStack Networks the Web-Scale Way - Scott Laffer, Cumulus NetworksOpenStack
Audience Level
Beginner
Synopsis
Layer 2 versus Layer 3, MLAG, Spanning-Tree, switch mechanism drivers, overlays and routing-on-the-host — What scales and what does not? The underlying plumbing of an OpenStack network is something you’d rather not have to think about. This presentation examines the network architectures of web-scale and large enterprise OpenStack users and how those same efficiencies can be used in deployments of all sizes.
Speaker Bio:
Scott is a Member of Technical Staff at Cumulus Networks where he designs, supports and deploys web-scale technologies and architectures in enterprise networks globally. Prior to becoming a founding member of the Cumulus office in Australia, Scott started his career as a network administrator before joining Cisco Systems to support their data centre products.
OpenStack Australia Day Melbourne 2017
https://events.aptira.com/openstack-australia-day-melbourne-2017/
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
2. Overview
Read Chapter 1 for further information and
explanations
Much of the information in this chapter will
become clearer throughout the semester as
this chapter is meant to introduce you to
some of the topics we will be discussing later.
The design models used in this chapter is not
a template for network design. It should be
used as a foundation for discussion of
concepts and a vehicle for addressing various
issues.
2
5. Traditional Campus Networks
Campus Network
A building or group of buildings connected into one
enterprise network that consists of or more LANs.
The company usually owns the physical wires
deployed in the campus.
Generally uses LAN technologies.
Generally deploy a campus design that is optimized
for the fastest functional architecture over existing
wire.
5
6. Traditional Campus Networks
Network Administrator Challenges
LAN run effectively and efficiently
Availability and performance impacted by the amount
of bandwidth in the network
Understand, implement and manage traffic flow
Current Issues
Broadcasts: IP ARP requests
Emerging Issues
Multicast traffic (traffic propagated to a specific group
of users on a subnet), video conferencing, multimedia
traffic
Security and traffic flow
6
8. Follow the 20/80 rule, not the 80/20
Traditional 80/20 rule
– 80% traffic local to subnet, 20% remote
“Remote” traffic
– Traffic across the backbone or core to enterprise
servers, Internet, remote sites, other subnets
(more coming)
8
9. New 20/80 rule
– 20% traffic local to subnet, 80% remote
Traffic moving towards new 20/80 rule due to:
– Web based computing
– Servers consolidation of enterprise and workgroup
servers into centralized server farms due to
reduced TCO, security and ease of management
9
10. New Campus Model services can be
separated into categories:
– Local
– Remote
– Enterprise
10
15. (FYI: Review) Because Layer 3 switching is used in the
distribution layer of the multilayer model, this is where
many of the characteristic advantages of routing apply.
The distribution layer forms a broadcast boundary so that
broadcasts don't pass from a building to the backbone or
vice-versa. Value-added features of the Cisco IOS
software apply at the distribution layer. For example, the
distribution-layer switches cache information about Novell
servers and respond to Get Nearest Server queries from
Novell clients in the building. Another example is
forwarding Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
messages from mobile IP workstations to a DHCP server.
15
18. Switching
Layer 2 Switching
– Switches based on MAC address
– “hardware based bridging”
– edge of the network (new campus mode)
Layer 3 Switching
– Switching at L2, hardware-based routing at L3
Layer 4 Switching
– Switching at L2, hardware-based routing at L3,
with decisions optionally made on L4 information
(port numbers)
– Forwarding decisions based on MAC address, IP
address, and port numbers
– Help control traffic based on QOS
ASIC (Application-specific Integrated Circuit)
– Specialized hardware that handles frame forwarding in the
18
switch
19. Router versus Switch
Router typically performs softwarebased packet switching (process of
looking it up first in the routing tables)
Switch typically performs hardwarebased frame switching (ASIC)
19
24. MLS
Cisco’ specialized form of switching and
routing, not generic L3 routing/L2
switching
Multilayer Switches can operate at
Layers 2, 3, and 4
cannot be performed using our CCNP
lab equipment (Catalyst 4006 switches
and 2620 routers)
“route once, switch many”
24
27. 3-Layer Hierarchical Design Model
Conceptual only!
There will be
contradictions and
some devices may
be argued as one
type of device or
another.
27
29. In te r n e t
Sample 3-layer hierarchy
A ccess
R e m o te S ite A
A ccess
A ccess
A ccess
D is t r ib u t io n
C o re
R e m o t e S it e B
A ccess
C o re
D is t r ib u t io n
A ccess
A ccess
C o re
D is t r ib u t io n
D is t r ib u t io n
A ccess
A ccess
A ccess
R e m o t e S it e C
A ccess
A ccess
A ccess
A ccess
A ccess
29
30. Core Layer
Switches packets as fast as possible
Considered the backbone of the network
Should not perform packet manipulation
– No ACLs
– No routing (usually)
– No trunking
– VLANs terminated at distribution device
30
32. Distribution
Layer
The distribution layer of the network divides the
access and core layers and helps to define and
differentiate the core.
– Departmental or workgroup access
– Broadcast/multicast domain definition
– VLAN routing
– Any media transitions that need to occur
– Security
32
– Packet manipulation occurs here
34. Access
Layer
The access layer is the point at which local end users
are allowed into the network.
– Shared bandwidth
– Switched bandwidth
– MAC-layer filtering or 802.1x
– Microsegmentation
– Remote users gain network access, VPN
34
35. Building Blocks
Network building blocks can be any one of
the following fundamental campus elements:
– Switch block
– Core block
Contributing variables
–
–
–
–
Server block
WAN block
Mainframe block
Internet connectivity
35
37. Switch Block
Multiple DL devices shown for load
balancing and redundancy. This
may not be the case in many
networks.
Consists of both switch and router functions.
– Access Layer (AL)
• L2 devices (workgroup switches: Catalyst 2960,
2960G, 3750XL)
– Distribution Layer (DL)
• L2/L3 devices (multilayer switches: Catalyst
4500E, 6500E)
• L2 and separate L3 device (Catalyst 3600XL
37
with 2800 series router-on-a-stick, etc.)
38. Switch Block
AL – Access Layer
– L2 switches in the wiring closets connect users to
the network at the access layer and provide
dedicated bandwidth to each port.
DL – Distribution Layer
– L2/L3 switch/routers provide broadcast control,
security and connectivity for each switch block.
38
39. Switch Block
Primary
-AL
Backup
AL devices merge into one or more DL devices.
L2 AL devices have redundant connections to the DL
device to maintain resiliency.
– Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) makes redundant
links possible
39
40. Switch Block
- DL
The DL device:
– a switch and external router or
– a multilayer switch (Catalyst 4500)
– provides L2 and L3 services
– shields the switch block against broadcast storms
(and L2 errors)
40
42. Sizing the Switch Block
A switch block is too large if:
– A traffic bottleneck occurs in the routers at
the distribution layer because of intensive
CPU processing resulting from policybased filters
– Broadcast or multicast traffic slows down
the switches and routers
42
43. Core Block
A core is required when there are two or more switch
blocks, otherwise the core or backbone is between
the distribution switch and the perimeter router.
The core block is responsible for transferring crosscampus traffic without any processor-intensive
operations.
All the traffic going to and from the switch blocks,
server blocks, the Internet, and the wide-area
network must pass through the core.
43
45. Core Block
Traffic going from one switch block to another also
must travel through the core.
The core handles much more traffic than any other
block.
– must be able to pass the traffic to and from the
blocks as quickly as possible
45
46. Core Block
Cisco 6500 supports:
– up to 384 10/100 Ethernet
– 192 100FX Fast Ethernet
– 8 OC12 ATM
– up to 130 Gigabit Ethernet ports
– switching bandwidth up to 256 Gbps
– scalable multilayer switching up to 170
Mpps.
46
47. Core Block
Because VLANs terminate at the distribution device,
core links are not trunk links and traffic is routed
across the core.
– core links do not carry multiple VLANs per link.
One or more switches can make up a core subnet
– a minimum of two devices must be present in the
core to provide redundancy
47
49. Collapsed
Core
consolidation of DL and core-layer functions into one
device.
– prevalent in small campus networks
each AL switch has a redundant link to the DL switch.
Each AL switch may support more than one subnet;
however, all subnets terminate on L3 ports on the
DL/core switch
49
50. Collapsed
Core
Redundant uplinks provide L2 resiliency between the
AL and DL switches.
– Spanning tree blocks the redundant links to
prevent loops.
Redundancy is provided at Layer 3 by the dual
distribution switches with Hot Standby Router
Protocol (HSRP), providing transparent default
gateway operations for IP. (later)
50
52. Dual
Core
necessary when two or more switch blocks exist and
redundant connections are required
provides two equal-cost paths and twice the
bandwidth.
Each core switch carries a symmetrical number of
subnets to the L3 function of the DL device.
Each switch block is redundantly linked to both core
52
switches, allowing for two distinct, equal path links.
53. Choosing a Cisco Product
Know particulars! (Number and types of
ports)
Access Layer Switches
– 2960, 3750
Distribution Layer Switches
– 2960G, 4500, 6500,
Core Layer Switches
– 6500
53