This document provides an overview of key concepts for designing network topologies, including:
- Hierarchical network design with access, distribution, and core layers is recommended to divide the problem and improve performance, availability, and scalability. Spanning tree protocol and VLANs are also discussed.
- Network design documents should include requirements, logical and physical designs, implementation plans, budgets, and testing results. Response to an RFP must follow the specified format.
- Common topologies like hierarchical, collapsed core, and flat are compared. Hierarchical models are generally best to reduce workload, constrain broadcasts, and facilitate scaling and changes.
West Consulting Modular Design ProposalMichael BoddieNetwork.docxphilipnelson29183
West Consulting Modular Design Proposal
Michael Boddie
Network Design Associate
NTC/320
January 29, 2018
-Welcome-
1
Introduction
West Consulting Firm is a large company with 1000+ devices
The best Network design for West Consulting Firm is Hierarchical structure as proposed in the network summary document
Hierarchical network design is a three layer model.
West Consulting is a large organization as it currently have 1000 users and it intends to increase the number of users to 1500
The reason as to why the organization should opt for a hierarchical network design due to:
Better scalability
Better redundancy
Better performance
Batter management and troubleshooting
Better policy creating and scalability
2
Hierarchical Network Design
In each layer in the hierarchy provides specific functions which helps the network designer to select and optimize the right network hardware , features and software
The access layer provides user access to the organization network
The distribution layer provides policy-based connectivity
Core layer provides fast transport between the distribution switches
Access layer is where the switches are located which are then connected to the end users or computers
The distribution layer separates the access and the core layer. It in this layer where the policy of the network is defined
The core layer consists of the layer with the fastest, biggest, and the most expensive routers. This layer is considered to be the backbone of the organizational network. It is in this layer that routers are used to merge geographically separated network of the organization
3
Cisco Design Principles of a Hierarchical Structure
When designing hierarchical network structure there four design principles to consider which are:
Network diameter: This term is used to measure the number of devices
Bandwidth aggregation: This is the art of considering the specific bandwidth requirements
Redundancy: This is the practice of duplicating critical elements so as to achieve reliability (Thomadsen, 2005).
Network diameter is the first thing to consider when designing a hierarchical network structure. Network diameter is the number of gadgets or devices that a certain packet have to cross before it reaches its destination. This means that when designing west consulting network structure, the network designer must keep network diameter low.
Bandwidth aggregation: The designers of West Consulting firm network structure they must consider the bandwidth requirement for every party of the hierarchy. Link aggregation is said to allow multiple switch ports links to be combined. This in turn achieves a high throughput between the organizational switches
To ensure redundancy the network designer can double the network links
4
How Design a Hierarchical Network .
2. Final Project Currency Conversion• Resource Appendix A• D.docxeugeniadean34240
2. Final Project: Currency Conversion
• Resource: Appendix A
• Due Date: Day 7 [Individual] forum
• Consolidate all the sections of the Currency Conversion development documentation:
requirements, design, and testing.
• Incorporate any changes recommended by the instructor.
• Post the assignment as an attachment.
8
Running Head: LAN TOPOLOGY DESIGN AND CABLING SPECIFICATIONS
Appendix B: Network Design Project Template
LAN Topology Design and Cabling Specifications
Theresa A. Nordling
IT 230 Computer Networking
Jay Latona
September 14th, 2008
Executive Summary
{complete during Week Nine}
Write 3-4 paragraphs describing the goals of the network design project, assumptions, pros and cons of the proposed solutions, and project constraints.
Cabling Specifications
{complete during Week Two}
Local Area Network (LAN) Topologies
{complete during Week Two}
Wide Area Network (WAN) Design
{complete during Week Four}
Network Protocols
{complete during Week Six}
Network Remote Access
{complete during Week Six}
Network Business Applications
{complete during Week Six}
Backup and Disaster Recovery
{complete during Week Eight}
Network Security
{complete during Week Eight}
The fictitious company chosen will be a small organization that specializes in merchant services. The fictitious company will deal with check verification, online payments, debit cards, and credit cards. In order for this fictitious company to accomplish these services, the company has established partnerships with major banks and financial institutions, The gained partnerships with the major banks and financial institutions allows access to the partner’s databases. The databases contain listings of people who are known to write bad checks and have abused the banks and other financial institutions online payment services. The company’s ability to access its partner’s databases is imperative to its success; ability in assisting merchants with payment processing at the point of sales. The specialized check verification process will prevent anywhere from 50 to 75% of returned checks, thus reducing fraud and returned checks before they happen. In addition to their check verification services, its online verification software has refined controls to inhibit people from stealing other client’s identities.
The small organization (company) is comprised of four separate departments, these four departments are essential in running an efficient, reliable, and secure network system These departments will be able to communicate with each other efficiently and keep the daily operations running successfully and accurate. The company will need to keep in mind the prevention of fraud, which is why the company designs a strong and reliable network security program. In case of program failure the networking program must provide network access to the majority of its employees through segment and sufficient cabling, thus eliminating the possibility of a decrease of productivity. With all.
West Consulting Modular Design ProposalMichael BoddieNetwork.docxphilipnelson29183
West Consulting Modular Design Proposal
Michael Boddie
Network Design Associate
NTC/320
January 29, 2018
-Welcome-
1
Introduction
West Consulting Firm is a large company with 1000+ devices
The best Network design for West Consulting Firm is Hierarchical structure as proposed in the network summary document
Hierarchical network design is a three layer model.
West Consulting is a large organization as it currently have 1000 users and it intends to increase the number of users to 1500
The reason as to why the organization should opt for a hierarchical network design due to:
Better scalability
Better redundancy
Better performance
Batter management and troubleshooting
Better policy creating and scalability
2
Hierarchical Network Design
In each layer in the hierarchy provides specific functions which helps the network designer to select and optimize the right network hardware , features and software
The access layer provides user access to the organization network
The distribution layer provides policy-based connectivity
Core layer provides fast transport between the distribution switches
Access layer is where the switches are located which are then connected to the end users or computers
The distribution layer separates the access and the core layer. It in this layer where the policy of the network is defined
The core layer consists of the layer with the fastest, biggest, and the most expensive routers. This layer is considered to be the backbone of the organizational network. It is in this layer that routers are used to merge geographically separated network of the organization
3
Cisco Design Principles of a Hierarchical Structure
When designing hierarchical network structure there four design principles to consider which are:
Network diameter: This term is used to measure the number of devices
Bandwidth aggregation: This is the art of considering the specific bandwidth requirements
Redundancy: This is the practice of duplicating critical elements so as to achieve reliability (Thomadsen, 2005).
Network diameter is the first thing to consider when designing a hierarchical network structure. Network diameter is the number of gadgets or devices that a certain packet have to cross before it reaches its destination. This means that when designing west consulting network structure, the network designer must keep network diameter low.
Bandwidth aggregation: The designers of West Consulting firm network structure they must consider the bandwidth requirement for every party of the hierarchy. Link aggregation is said to allow multiple switch ports links to be combined. This in turn achieves a high throughput between the organizational switches
To ensure redundancy the network designer can double the network links
4
How Design a Hierarchical Network .
2. Final Project Currency Conversion• Resource Appendix A• D.docxeugeniadean34240
2. Final Project: Currency Conversion
• Resource: Appendix A
• Due Date: Day 7 [Individual] forum
• Consolidate all the sections of the Currency Conversion development documentation:
requirements, design, and testing.
• Incorporate any changes recommended by the instructor.
• Post the assignment as an attachment.
8
Running Head: LAN TOPOLOGY DESIGN AND CABLING SPECIFICATIONS
Appendix B: Network Design Project Template
LAN Topology Design and Cabling Specifications
Theresa A. Nordling
IT 230 Computer Networking
Jay Latona
September 14th, 2008
Executive Summary
{complete during Week Nine}
Write 3-4 paragraphs describing the goals of the network design project, assumptions, pros and cons of the proposed solutions, and project constraints.
Cabling Specifications
{complete during Week Two}
Local Area Network (LAN) Topologies
{complete during Week Two}
Wide Area Network (WAN) Design
{complete during Week Four}
Network Protocols
{complete during Week Six}
Network Remote Access
{complete during Week Six}
Network Business Applications
{complete during Week Six}
Backup and Disaster Recovery
{complete during Week Eight}
Network Security
{complete during Week Eight}
The fictitious company chosen will be a small organization that specializes in merchant services. The fictitious company will deal with check verification, online payments, debit cards, and credit cards. In order for this fictitious company to accomplish these services, the company has established partnerships with major banks and financial institutions, The gained partnerships with the major banks and financial institutions allows access to the partner’s databases. The databases contain listings of people who are known to write bad checks and have abused the banks and other financial institutions online payment services. The company’s ability to access its partner’s databases is imperative to its success; ability in assisting merchants with payment processing at the point of sales. The specialized check verification process will prevent anywhere from 50 to 75% of returned checks, thus reducing fraud and returned checks before they happen. In addition to their check verification services, its online verification software has refined controls to inhibit people from stealing other client’s identities.
The small organization (company) is comprised of four separate departments, these four departments are essential in running an efficient, reliable, and secure network system These departments will be able to communicate with each other efficiently and keep the daily operations running successfully and accurate. The company will need to keep in mind the prevention of fraud, which is why the company designs a strong and reliable network security program. In case of program failure the networking program must provide network access to the majority of its employees through segment and sufficient cabling, thus eliminating the possibility of a decrease of productivity. With all.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The Essential Components of Structured Cablinglibertyuae uae
Discover the key components of structured cabling and how they form the backbone of a reliable and efficient network infrastructure. Explore this guide now!
Multi port network ethernet performance improvement techniquesIJARIIT
An Ethernet has its own importance and space in network subsystem. In today’s resource-intensive engineering the
applications need to deal with the real-time data processing, server virtualization, and high-volume data transactions. The realtime
technologies such as video on demand and Voice over IP operations demand the network devices with efficient network
data processing as well as better networking bandwidth. The performance is the major issues with the multi-port network
devices. It requires the sufficient network bandwidth and CPU processing speed to process the real-time data at the context.
And this demand is goes on increasing. The new multi-port hardware technologies can help to improvements in the
performance of the virtualized server environments. But, these hardware technologies having their own limitations in terms of
CPU utilization levels and power consumption. It also impacts on latency and the overall system cost. This thesis will provide
the insights to some of the key configuration decisions at hardware as well as software designs in order to facilitate multi-port
network devices performance improvement over the existing infrastructure. This thesis will also discuss the solutions such as
Virtual LAN and balanced or symmetric network to reduce the cost and hardware dependency to improve the multi-port
network system performance significantly over the currently existing infrastructure. This performance improvement includes
CPU utilization and bandwidth in the heavy network loads.
Running head NETWORK DESIGN PROPOSALNETWORK DESIGN PROPOSAL.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: NETWORK DESIGN PROPOSAL
NETWORK DESIGN PROPOSAL15
NETWORK DESIGN PROPOSAL
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND
Course Title
Physical Network Design
1. Network Topology
The purpose of this paper is to present a proposal of network architectural system; it explains analysis of a detailed network arrangement with the networking infrastructure. This paper includes the study of physical topology according to the business needs for establishing a network layout such as premises of campus of “University of Maryland” is connected along with the departments, library, rooms, laboratory, and grounds with the network connections. The data must be secured for the campus teachers as well as students through all network arrangements. The new network system should also take into consideration the future development of the campus with more labs, library, computer, classrooms other offices in the building locations. So the proposed layout of the network layout is worthwhile for University (Stewart, 2008).
A general layout of a network that is topological with a protected system linking within the campus of the college:
Business Needs
The Cisco Enterprise Specialist of the IT Business association is for IT professionals to help them provide their business with innovation to improve their business output. The IT experts will groom their skills as part of this association such as:
· Assessing the technological alternatives within a business connection
· Evaluating and meeting the business needs.
· Behaving and talking courteously with business peers.
· Getting knowledge about an aggregate expense of proprietorship and an arrival on speculation IT arrangement's (Eernet, (n.d)).
Proposed topology
It is important to keep the system documentation brief and comprehensive. Initially, at the establishment of a system, the system documentation is generally concise, but when the system changes or develops more, the documentation needs to be redesign. System topology maps usually present a unique floor arrangement. When there are changes in the floor arrangements, the necessary steps are taken to change the Diagrams or redline are created to demonstrate the alterations. The changed layout is organized and well presented. An outline that is as-assembled represents how actually a system was created, which can be further altered. It is guaranteed that the existing records reflect the all systems topology changes and arrangement of the as-manufactured floor.
(Cisco.com)
Justification for proposed network topology
The Cisco Services – is a global level organization having more than 9,500 workers in more than 120 countries with more than 380 locations – Cisco Enterprise Architecture Services has a trustworthy public image due to best practices, industry based technological developments, and brilliance. Cisco maintains various network emergency response vehicles (NERV)’s that are deployed by the Cisco employees in case of natural disa ...
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The Essential Components of Structured Cablinglibertyuae uae
Discover the key components of structured cabling and how they form the backbone of a reliable and efficient network infrastructure. Explore this guide now!
Multi port network ethernet performance improvement techniquesIJARIIT
An Ethernet has its own importance and space in network subsystem. In today’s resource-intensive engineering the
applications need to deal with the real-time data processing, server virtualization, and high-volume data transactions. The realtime
technologies such as video on demand and Voice over IP operations demand the network devices with efficient network
data processing as well as better networking bandwidth. The performance is the major issues with the multi-port network
devices. It requires the sufficient network bandwidth and CPU processing speed to process the real-time data at the context.
And this demand is goes on increasing. The new multi-port hardware technologies can help to improvements in the
performance of the virtualized server environments. But, these hardware technologies having their own limitations in terms of
CPU utilization levels and power consumption. It also impacts on latency and the overall system cost. This thesis will provide
the insights to some of the key configuration decisions at hardware as well as software designs in order to facilitate multi-port
network devices performance improvement over the existing infrastructure. This thesis will also discuss the solutions such as
Virtual LAN and balanced or symmetric network to reduce the cost and hardware dependency to improve the multi-port
network system performance significantly over the currently existing infrastructure. This performance improvement includes
CPU utilization and bandwidth in the heavy network loads.
Running head NETWORK DESIGN PROPOSALNETWORK DESIGN PROPOSAL.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: NETWORK DESIGN PROPOSAL
NETWORK DESIGN PROPOSAL15
NETWORK DESIGN PROPOSAL
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND
Course Title
Physical Network Design
1. Network Topology
The purpose of this paper is to present a proposal of network architectural system; it explains analysis of a detailed network arrangement with the networking infrastructure. This paper includes the study of physical topology according to the business needs for establishing a network layout such as premises of campus of “University of Maryland” is connected along with the departments, library, rooms, laboratory, and grounds with the network connections. The data must be secured for the campus teachers as well as students through all network arrangements. The new network system should also take into consideration the future development of the campus with more labs, library, computer, classrooms other offices in the building locations. So the proposed layout of the network layout is worthwhile for University (Stewart, 2008).
A general layout of a network that is topological with a protected system linking within the campus of the college:
Business Needs
The Cisco Enterprise Specialist of the IT Business association is for IT professionals to help them provide their business with innovation to improve their business output. The IT experts will groom their skills as part of this association such as:
· Assessing the technological alternatives within a business connection
· Evaluating and meeting the business needs.
· Behaving and talking courteously with business peers.
· Getting knowledge about an aggregate expense of proprietorship and an arrival on speculation IT arrangement's (Eernet, (n.d)).
Proposed topology
It is important to keep the system documentation brief and comprehensive. Initially, at the establishment of a system, the system documentation is generally concise, but when the system changes or develops more, the documentation needs to be redesign. System topology maps usually present a unique floor arrangement. When there are changes in the floor arrangements, the necessary steps are taken to change the Diagrams or redline are created to demonstrate the alterations. The changed layout is organized and well presented. An outline that is as-assembled represents how actually a system was created, which can be further altered. It is guaranteed that the existing records reflect the all systems topology changes and arrangement of the as-manufactured floor.
(Cisco.com)
Justification for proposed network topology
The Cisco Services – is a global level organization having more than 9,500 workers in more than 120 countries with more than 380 locations – Cisco Enterprise Architecture Services has a trustworthy public image due to best practices, industry based technological developments, and brilliance. Cisco maintains various network emergency response vehicles (NERV)’s that are deployed by the Cisco employees in case of natural disa ...
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
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Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
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Charlie Greenberg, Host
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The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
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Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
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In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
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Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
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Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
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The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
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See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
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👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
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The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
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Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
2. Agenda
Learning Activities
Network Design Document, logical design, and top-down network design
methodology.
Hierarchical Network Design, network topology consisting of many interrelated
components. This task might be easier to divide and conquer the problem and
develop it.
Spanning Tree Protocol, fast convergence network routers.
VLANs, small bandwidths to switches rather than broadcasting.
Redundancy, provides availability, performance, and scalability.
VPNs, use a third party communication media securing data.
3. Documenting Your Design
If you are given a Request For Proposal (RFP), respond to the request
in the exact format that the RFP specifies
If no RFP, you should still write a design document
Describe your customer’s requirements and how your design meets those requirements
Document the budget for the project
Explain plans for implementing the design
4. Typical RFP Response Topics
A network topology for the new design
Information on the protocols, technologies, and products that form the
design
An implementation plan
A training plan
Support and service information and plan
Prices and payment options
Qualifications of the responding vendor or supplier
Recommendations from other customers
Legal contractual terms and conditions
5. Contents of a Network Design Document
Executive summary
Project goal
Project scope
Design requirements
Current state of the network
New logical and physical design
Results of network design testing
Implementation plan
Project budget
6. Design Requirements
Business goals explain the role the network design will play in helping an
organization succeed
Technical goals include scalability, performance, security, manageability, usability,
adaptability, and affordability
7. Logical and Physical Design
Logical design
Topology
Models for addressing and naming
Switching and routing protocols
Security strategies
Network management strategies
Physical design
Actual technologies and devices
8. Implementation Plan
Recommendations for deploying the network design
Project schedule which includes dates and times for service provider
installations
Any plans for outsourcing (offshore or in country)
Training
Risks
A fallback plan if the implementation should fail
A plan for evolving the design as new requirements arise
9. Possible Appendixes
Details found in appendixes
Detailed topology maps
Device configurations
Addressing and naming details
Network design testing results
Contact information
Pricing and payment options
More information about the company that is presenting the design
Annual reports, product catalogs, press releases
Legal contractual terms and conditions
10. Topology
The origin of a topology
• A branch of mathematics concerned with those properties of
geometric configurations that are unaltered by elastic
deformations such as stretching or twisting
• A term used in the computer networking field to describe the
structure of a network
11. What is a Topology?
Definition of Topology
A topology is a map of an internetwork that indicates network segments,
interconnection points, and user communities. The purpose of the map is to show the
geometry of the network, not the physical geography or technical implementation.
12. Structured Engineering Principles
Regardless of network size or requirements, a critical factor for the successful
implementation of any network design is to follow good structured engineering
principles. These principles include;
Hierarchy: A hierarchical network model is a useful high-level tool for
designing a reliable network infrastructure. It breaks the complex problem of
network design into smaller and more manageable areas.
Modularity: By separating the various functions that exist on a network into
modules, the network is easier to design. Cisco has identified several
modules, including the enterprise campus, services block, data center, and
Internet edge.
13. Structured Engineering Principles (CONT)
Resiliency: The network must remain available for use under both normal
and abnormal conditions. Normal conditions include normal or expected traffic
flows and traffic patterns, as well as scheduled events such as maintenance
windows. Abnormal conditions include hardware or software failures, extreme
traffic loads, unusual traffic patterns, denial-of-service (DoS) events, whether
intentional or unintentional, and other unplanned events.
Flexibility: The ability to modify portions of the network, add new services,
or increase capacity without going through a major forklift upgrade (i.e.,
replacing major hardware devices).
15. A typical enterprise hierarchical LAN campus network design includes the
following three layers:
Access layer: Provides workgroup/user access to the network
Distribution layer: Provides policy-based connectivity and controls the
boundary between the access and core layers
Core layer: Provides fast transport between distribution switches within
the enterprise campus
July 19, 2022 15
16. The Access Layer
In a LAN environment, the access layer grants end devices access to the network. In the WAN
environment, it may provide teleworkers or remote sites access to the corporate network
across WAN connections. The access layer for a small business network generally incorporates
Layer 2 switches and access points providing connectivity between workstations and servers.
The access layer serves a number of functions, including;
Layer 2 switching
High availability
Port security
QoS classification and marking and trust boundaries
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) inspection
Virtual access control lists (VACLs)
Spanning tree
Power over Ethernet (PoE) and auxiliary VLANs for VoIP
July 19, 2022 16
17. The Distribution Layer
This layer aggregates the data received from the access layer switches before it is transmitted to
the core layer for routing to its final destination. It is the boundary between the Layer 2 domains
and the Layer 3 routed network. The distribution layer device is the focal point in the wiring
closets. Either a router or a multilayer switch is used to segment workgroups and isolate network
problems in a campus environment. A distribution layer switch may provide upstream services for
many access layer switches. The distribution layer can provide;
Aggregation of LAN or WAN links.
Policy-based security in the form of access control lists (ACLs) and filtering.
Routing services between LANs and VLANs and between routing domains (e.g., EIGRP to OSPF).
Redundancy and load balancing.
A boundary for route aggregation and summarization configured on interfaces
toward the core layer.
Broadcast domain control, because routers or multilayer switches do not forward
broadcasts. The device acts as the demarcation point between broadcast domains.
17
18. The Core Layer
The core layer is also referred to as the network backbone. The core layer consists of high-speed
network devices. These are designed to switch packets as fast as possible and interconnect
multiple campus components, such as distribution modules, service modules, the data center, and
the WAN edge. The core should be highly available and redundant. The core aggregates the
traffic from all the distribution layer devices, so it must be capable of forwarding large
amounts of data quickly.
Considerations at the core layer include
Providing high-speed switching (i.e., fast transport)
Providing reliability and fault tolerance
Scaling by using faster, and not more, equipment
Avoiding CPU-intensive packet manipulation caused by security, inspection, quality of service
(QoS) classification, or other processes
NOTE:
- No policy implementation should take place in the core of the network.
- Every device in the core should have full reachability to every destination in the network.
July 19, 2022 18
19. Two-Tier Collapsed Core Design
The three-tier hierarchical design maximizes performance, network availability, and
the ability to scale the network design.
However, many small enterprise networks do not grow significantly larger over time.
Therefore, a two-tier hierarchical design where the core and distribution layers
are collapsed into one layer is often more practical. A “collapsed core” is when the
distribution layer and core layer functions are implemented by a single device. The
primary motivation for the collapsed core design is reducing network cost, while
maintaining most of the benefits of the three-tier hierarchical model.
July 19, 2022 19
20. A flat network topology is adequate for very small networks. With a flat
network design, there is no hierarchy.
Each internetworking device has essentially the same job, and the network
is not divided into layers or modules.
A flat network topology is easy to design and implement, and it is easy to
maintain, as long as the network stays small.
When the network grows, however, a flat network is undesirable. The lack
of hierarchy makes troubleshooting difficult. Rather than being able to
concentrate troubleshooting efforts in just one area of the network, you
may need to inspect the entire network.
July 19, 2022 20
Flat Versus Hierarchical Topologies
21. Network Topology Design Themes
Why Use a Hierarchical Model?
1. Reduces workload on network devices
2. Avoids devices having to communicate with too many other
devices (reduces “CPU adjacencies”)
3. Constrains on broadcast domains
4. Enhances simplicity and understanding
5. Facilitates changes
6. Facilitates scaling to a larger size
22. What is Spanning Tree Protocol?
A second problem occurs with redundant topologies is a single
device will receive multiple copies of the same frame.
The third problem occurs within the switch itself. The MAC
address table can change rapidly and contain wrong information. What
happens when neither switch has learned about devices A and B’s
location? Device A sends data to device B. Each switch learns about
device A is on port 1, and each records this in its MAC address table. The
switches haven’t learned about device B yet. Both switches flood the
frame to discover device B on their port 2.
23. What is Spanning Tree Protocol?
As a result, the MAC address table is overwritten. The switches
previously had device A connected to port 1. Because the table changed
rapidly, it might be considered unstable.
24. What is Spanning Tree Protocol?
The design of STP is hierarchical. At the top of the network is the
root device, which could be a bridge or switch. The root device makes all
decisions regarding which link should be blocked or allow data to flow.
Most switches come with a default setting. Normally, this setting
is 38464.
How is the root device determined?
1. Manually
2. Hard coded
25. What is Spanning Tree Protocol?
Replicating links is good for improving
reliability and availability
Packets are intended to flow on one
link at a time. EtherChannel insures
that only one link is active at a time.
26. What is Spanning Tree Protocol?
Replicating links is good for improving reliability and availability.
Packets are intended to flow on one link at a time. EtherChannel
insures that only one link is active at a time in two or a bundle of
connections.
27. What is Spanning Tree Protocol?
What is EtherChannel?
EtherChannel is a port link aggregation technology or port-channel architecture used primarily
on Cisco switches. It allows grouping of several physical Ethernet links to create one logical Ethernet link
for the purpose of providing fault-tolerance and high-speed links between switches, routers and servers.
28. What is Spanning Tree Protocol?
When bridges or switches are connected together in a
redundant configuration, this appear to be harmless
and good. The problem occurs when the switches
broadcast to their neighbors to create their routing
tables. No broadcasting occurs on the links connecting
adjacent switches .
29. What is Spanning Tree Protocol?
When bridges or switches are connected together to form a redundant configuration,
this appears again to be harmless. The problem occurs when the switches broadcast to
their neighbors to create their routing tables. There is no broadcasting that occurs on
the links connecting adjacent switches, but there is on the remaining switch ports.
30. What is Spanning Tree Protocol?
The red arrows represent links going the other
switches in the network.
31. What is Spanning Tree Protocol?
The selection criteria for selecting a root device is based on the lowest
priority of the device. Usually, the root device priority is 38463, which
is one less than the manufactures default priority (38464).
32. What is Spanning Tree Protocol?
The root device makes all decisions about which
links will pass traffic. In most cases, the root
device will shut down the furthest link. Cost is a
factor of the link speed.
33. What is Spanning Tree Protocol?
The root device makes all decisions about which links will pass
traffic. In most cases, the root device will shut down the furthest link. A
consideration is made based on the speed of the link. cost
34. What is Spanning Tree Protocol?
When new switches are installed, they may all have the
same default priority (38464). The selection criteria for the
root device is likely to result is a “root war” of fight off. If
the root war fails to determine a root device, then the lowest
MAC address (could be the oldest) is selected.
35. What is Spanning Tree Protocol?
When new switches are installed, they may all have the same default priority
number, 38464. The selection criteria for who is going to be the root device, usually
results in a “root war” or fight off. If the root war fails to determine a root device, then
the lowest MAC address (usually the oldest) is selected.
36. What is Spanning Tree Protocol?
When a link or node fails, the network topology changes.
The root device has to adjust the existing links to make the
new configuration reliable and secure. In doing so, it takes
approximately 30 seconds before the first packet can be sent.
It takes time for these transitions to finalize.
Currently, the IEEE802.1W (RSTP) converges in
approximately 5 seconds.
Root
37. What is Spanning Tree Protocol?
When a link or node fails, the network topology changes.
The root device has to adjust the existing/remaining links to make
the new configuration reliable and secure. In doing so, it takes
approximately 30 seconds before the first packet is sent again.
It takes time for these transitions to finalize.
38. What is Spanning Tree Protocol?
STP is the root part of Ethernet.
Latest STP standard is IEEE 802.1S
39. Bridges (Switches) Running STP
Participate with other bridges in the election of a single bridge as the Root
Bridge.
Calculate the distance of the shortest path to the Root Bridge and choose a
port (known as the Root Port) that provides the shortest path to the Root
Bridge.
For each LAN segment, elect a Designated Bridge and a Designated Port
on that bridge. The Designated Port is a port on the LAN segment that is
closest to the Root Bridge. (All ports on the Root Bridge are Designated
Ports.)
Select bridge ports to be included in the spanning tree. The ports selected
are the Root Ports and Designated Ports. These ports forward traffic. Other
ports block traffic.
40. Elect a Root
Bridge B Bridge C
Bridge A ID =
80.00.00.00.0C.AA.AA.AA
Bridge B ID =
80.00.00.00.0C.BB.BB.BB
Bridge C ID =
80.00.00.00.0C.CC.CC.CC
Port 1
Port 2
Port 1
Port 2
Port 1 Port 2
LAN Segment 2
100-Mbps Ethernet
Cost = 19
LAN Segment 1
100-Mbps Ethernet
Cost = 19
LAN Segment 3
100-Mbps Ethernet
Cost = 19
Root
Bridge A
Lowest Bridge ID
Wins!
41. React to Changes
Bridge B Bridge C
Root
Bridge A
Bridge A ID =
80.00.00.00.0C.AA.AA.AA
Bridge B ID =
80.00.00.00.0C.BB.BB.BB
Bridge C ID =
80.00.00.00.0C.CC.CC.CC
Port 1
Port 2
Port 1
Port 2
Port 1 Port 2
LAN Segment 2
LAN Segment 1
LAN Segment 3
Root Port Root Port
Designated Port Designated Port
Designated Port Becomes
Disabled
Blocked Port Transitions to
Forwarding State
42. Determine Root Ports
Bridge B Bridge C
Root
Bridge A
Bridge A ID =
80.00.00.00.0C.AA.AA.AA
Bridge B ID =
80.00.00.00.0C.BB.BB.BB
Bridge C ID =
80.00.00.00.0C.CC.CC.CC
Port 1
Port 2
Port 1
Port 2
Port 1 Port 2
LAN Segment 2
100-Mbps Ethernet
Cost = 19
LAN Segment 1
100-Mbps Ethernet
Cost = 19
LAN Segment 3
100-Mbps Ethernet
Cost = 19
Root Port Root Port
Lowest Cost
Wins!
43. Determine Designated Ports
Bridge B Bridge C
Root
Bridge A
Bridge A ID =
80.00.00.00.0C.AA.AA.AA
Bridge B ID =
80.00.00.00.0C.BB.BB.BB
Bridge C ID =
80.00.00.00.0C.CC.CC.CC
Port 1
Port 2
Port 1
Port 2
Port 1 Port 2
LAN Segment 2
100-Mbps Ethernet
Cost = 19
LAN Segment 1
100-Mbps Ethernet
Cost = 19
LAN Segment 3
100-Mbps Ethernet
Cost = 19
Root Port Root Port
Designated Port Designated Port
Designated Port Lowest Bridge ID
Wins!
44. Bridge B Bridge C
Root
Bridge A
Bridge A ID =
80.00.00.00.0C.AA.AA.AA
Bridge B ID =
80.00.00.00.0C.BB.BB.BB
Bridge C ID =
80.00.00.00.0C.CC.CC.CC
Port 1
Port 2
Port 1
Port 2
Port 1 Port 2
LAN Segment 2
100-Mbps Ethernet
Cost = 19
LAN Segment 1
100-Mbps Ethernet
Cost = 19
LAN Segment 3
100-Mbps Ethernet
Cost = 19
Root Port Root Port
Designated Port Designated Port
Designated Port Blocked Port
X
Prune Topology into a Tree!
45. Scaling the Spanning Tree Protocol
Keep the switched network small
It shouldn’t span more than seven switches
Use Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDU) skew detection on
Cisco switches
Use IEEE 802.1w
Provides rapid reconfiguration of the spanning tree. Also known as
RSTP
46. Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
Bridge port states
- Discarding is a port that is neither learning MAC addresses nor
forwarding user’s frames.
- Learning is a port that is learning MAC addresses to populate the
MAC address table, but has not yet forwarded user frames
- Forwarding is a port that is learning MAC addresses and
forwarding user frames.
47. Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
Converged switched network Bridge port roles
- Root port assigned on a non-root bridge, provides lowest cost path to the
root bridge.
- Designated assigned on a port attached to a LAN, provides lowest cost
path to the root bridge.
- Alternate assigned to a port that offers an alternative path in the
direction of the root bridge to that provided by the bridge’s root port.
Considered a discarded port
48. Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
- Backup assigned to a port on a designated bridge that acts as a backup path
provided by a designated port in the direction of the leaves of the spanning
tree.
- Disabled assigned to a port that is not operational or is excluded from the
active topology by network management. Considered a discarded port.
- RSTP converges quicker (5 sec) than STP (30 seconds) to a tree topology
where the lowest-cost paths are forwarding frames. RSTP archives rapid
transition to the forwarding state on edge ports, root ports, and point-to-point
links. Edge and root ports can transition to forwarding without transmitting or
receiving messages from other bridges.
49. Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
Port Modes
Full-duplex mode port assumed to be point-to-point. Modern switched
networks utilize this mode mostly.
Half-duplex mode port considered a shared port by default.
51. HSRP
Hot Standby Router Protocol
Active Router
Standby Router
Virtual Router
Workstation
Enterprise Internetwork
52. Multi-Homing
What is Multi-homing?
Multi-homing is to provide more than one connection for a system to access and offer
network services. In an enterprise network, multi-homing provides access to more
than one entry into the Internet.
Example: WAN backup and ISP redundancy
If a server has more than one network layer address.
53. Multi-homing the Internet Connection
Enterprise
Enterprise
Enterprise
ISP 1
ISP 1 ISP 2
ISP 1
ISP 1 ISP 2
Enterprise
Option A
Option B
Option C
Option D
Paris NY
Paris NY
56. Review Questions
Why are hierarchy and modularity important for
network designs?
What are the three layers of Cisco’s hierarchical
network design?
What are the major components of Cisco’s
enterprise composite network model?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of
the various options for multihoming an Internet
connection?
Editor's Notes
Did you know that according to topologists, a coffee cup and donut are the same shape? If they were made of clay, for example, consider how easy it would be to mold the one to look like the other, while retaining the most significant characteristics (such as the roundedness and the hole).
Just like with coffee and donuts made of clay, in the networking field, during the logical design phase, we are more concerned with the overall architecture, shape, size, and interconnectedness of a network, than with the physical details.
For more information regarding topology, coffee, and donuts, see:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology
If all ports have equal distance to the Root Bridge, then the Designated Port is chosen by lowest sender Bridge ID. If the IDs are the same, then the port is chosen by lowest Port ID.
In general, STP checks for the best information by using these four criteria in the following order:
Lowest Root Bridge ID
Lowest path cost to the Root Bridge
Lowest sender Bridge ID
Lowest Port ID
See Top-Down Network Design for more details.
If all ports have equal distance to the Root Bridge, then the Designated Port is chosen by lowest sender Bridge ID. If the IDs are the same, then the port is chosen by lowest Port ID.
In general, STP checks for the best information by using these four criteria in the following order:
Lowest Root Bridge ID
Lowest path cost to the Root Bridge
Lowest sender Bridge ID
Lowest Port ID
See Top-Down Network Design for more details.
If all ports have equal distance to the Root Bridge, then the Designated Port is chosen by lowest sender Bridge ID. If the IDs are the same, then the port is chosen by lowest Port ID.
In general, STP checks for the best information by using these four criteria in the following order:
Lowest Root Bridge ID
Lowest path cost to the Root Bridge
Lowest sender Bridge ID
Lowest Port ID
See Top-Down Network Design for more details.
If all ports have equal distance to the Root Bridge, then the Designated Port is chosen by lowest sender Bridge ID. If the IDs are the same, then the port is chosen by lowest Port ID.
In general, STP checks for the best information by using these four criteria in the following order:
Lowest Root Bridge ID
Lowest path cost to the Root Bridge
Lowest sender Bridge ID
Lowest Port ID
See Top-Down Network Design for more details.
If all ports have equal distance to the Root Bridge, then the Designated Port is chosen by lowest sender Bridge ID. If the IDs are the same, then the port is chosen by lowest Port ID.
In general, STP checks for the best information by using these four criteria in the following order:
Lowest Root Bridge ID
Lowest path cost to the Root Bridge
Lowest sender Bridge ID
Lowest Port ID
See Top-Down Network Design for more details.
If all ports have equal distance to the Root Bridge, then the Designated Port is chosen by lowest sender Bridge ID. If the IDs are the same, then the port is chosen by lowest Port ID.
In general, STP checks for the best information by using these four criteria in the following order:
Lowest Root Bridge ID
Lowest path cost to the Root Bridge
Lowest sender Bridge ID
Lowest Port ID
See Top-Down Network Design for more details.
If all ports have equal distance to the Root Bridge, then the Designated Port is chosen by lowest sender Bridge ID. If the IDs are the same, then the port is chosen by lowest Port ID.
In general, STP checks for the best information by using these four criteria in the following order:
Lowest Root Bridge ID
Lowest path cost to the Root Bridge
Lowest sender Bridge ID
Lowest Port ID
See Top-Down Network Design for more details.
If all ports have equal distance to the Root Bridge, then the Designated Port is chosen by lowest sender Bridge ID. If the IDs are the same, then the port is chosen by lowest Port ID.
In general, STP checks for the best information by using these four criteria in the following order:
Lowest Root Bridge ID
Lowest path cost to the Root Bridge
Lowest sender Bridge ID
Lowest Port ID
See Top-Down Network Design for more details.
