Capital budgeting
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The document discusses various capital budgeting methods used to evaluate investment projects. It describes capital budgeting as a long-term planning process for allocating capital to maximize profitability. Some key capital budgeting methods discussed include payback period, net present value, internal rate of return, and average rate of return. Formulas are provided for calculating metrics like payback period, post payback period and profit, net present value, average rate of return, and internal rate of return.
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Capital Budgeting
The document discusses capital budgeting, which is the process of identifying, analyzing, and selecting long-term investment projects. It notes that capital budgeting is important as it influences long-term firm growth and risk. The capital budgeting process involves selecting projects based on maximizing value, re-evaluating implemented projects, and performing post audits. Project types include new products, replacements, research, and exploration. Techniques for evaluating projects include payback period, net present value (NPV), and internal rate of return (IRR).
New Approach to NPV
The document discusses Net Present Value (NPV) as a capital budgeting decision rule. It defines NPV as the sum of the present values of all cash flows from a project over its lifetime, discounted using the cost of capital. It notes that NPV is additive, intermediate cash flows are reinvested at the cost of capital, and discount rates can vary over time. The document also discusses limitations of NPV, such as it being expressed in absolute rather than relative terms, and not considering project life.
CAPITAL BUDGETING
This document discusses various capital budgeting techniques used to evaluate investment decisions. It is grouped into discounted cash flow methods like net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and profitability index (PI), and non-discounted methods like payback period. NPV calculates the present value of future cash flows less the initial investment, and a project is accepted if NPV is positive. IRR is the discount rate that makes NPV equal to zero, and a project is accepted if IRR exceeds the cost of capital. PI measures the ratio of present value of cash inflows to initial investment, accepting projects with a PI over 1. Payback period ignores time value of money and accepts projects with pay
Net Present Value and Other Investment Rules
This chapter discusses various capital budgeting techniques for evaluating investment projects, including net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), payback period, and profitability index. It recommends using NPV as the primary decision rule, as NPV accounts for the time value of money and considers all cash flows. IRR can produce incorrect decisions for projects with multiple IRRs, differing scales of investments, or non-standard cash flow timing. Payback period ignores the time value of money.
Npv and IRR, a link to Project Management
This document discusses two key measures for evaluating projects: net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR). It defines NPV as the difference between the present value of future cash flows from an investment and the initial investment amount. IRR is defined as the discount rate that results in an NPV of zero. The document provides examples of calculating NPV and IRR for projects and outlines the decision rules for accepting or rejecting projects based on whether their NPV is positive or negative and whether their IRR exceeds the cost of capital. It notes that while NPV and IRR typically provide the same decision, there are some exceptions like projects with non-conventional cash flows or mutually exclusive projects.
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The presentation discusses the profitability index (PI), which is a capital budgeting technique used to evaluate investment projects based on their profitability. The PI is calculated as the discounted cash inflows divided by the initial cash outflow. A PI greater than or equal to 1 indicates the project is profitable. The presentation provides an example calculation of the PI for a project with an initial investment of $200,000 and cash flows of $40,000, $30,000, $50,000 and $20,000 over 4 years with a 10% discount rate, resulting in a PI of 1.1235.
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Capital Budgeting
The document discusses capital budgeting, which is the process of identifying, analyzing, and selecting long-term investment projects. It notes that capital budgeting is important as it influences long-term firm growth and risk. The capital budgeting process involves selecting projects based on maximizing value, re-evaluating implemented projects, and performing post audits. Project types include new products, replacements, research, and exploration. Techniques for evaluating projects include payback period, net present value (NPV), and internal rate of return (IRR).
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The document discusses Net Present Value (NPV) as a capital budgeting decision rule. It defines NPV as the sum of the present values of all cash flows from a project over its lifetime, discounted using the cost of capital. It notes that NPV is additive, intermediate cash flows are reinvested at the cost of capital, and discount rates can vary over time. The document also discusses limitations of NPV, such as it being expressed in absolute rather than relative terms, and not considering project life.
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This document discusses various capital budgeting techniques used to evaluate investment decisions. It is grouped into discounted cash flow methods like net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and profitability index (PI), and non-discounted methods like payback period. NPV calculates the present value of future cash flows less the initial investment, and a project is accepted if NPV is positive. IRR is the discount rate that makes NPV equal to zero, and a project is accepted if IRR exceeds the cost of capital. PI measures the ratio of present value of cash inflows to initial investment, accepting projects with a PI over 1. Payback period ignores time value of money and accepts projects with pay
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This chapter discusses various capital budgeting techniques for evaluating investment projects, including net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), payback period, and profitability index. It recommends using NPV as the primary decision rule, as NPV accounts for the time value of money and considers all cash flows. IRR can produce incorrect decisions for projects with multiple IRRs, differing scales of investments, or non-standard cash flow timing. Payback period ignores the time value of money.
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This document discusses two key measures for evaluating projects: net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR). It defines NPV as the difference between the present value of future cash flows from an investment and the initial investment amount. IRR is defined as the discount rate that results in an NPV of zero. The document provides examples of calculating NPV and IRR for projects and outlines the decision rules for accepting or rejecting projects based on whether their NPV is positive or negative and whether their IRR exceeds the cost of capital. It notes that while NPV and IRR typically provide the same decision, there are some exceptions like projects with non-conventional cash flows or mutually exclusive projects.
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This document discusses various methods for evaluating investment projects, including net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and modified internal rate of return (MIRR). It defines each measure and explains their appropriate uses and limitations. NPV measures the present value of incremental cash flows, while IRR is the discount rate that makes NPV equal to zero. MIRR accounts for reinvestment at the cost of capital rather than the project rate. The document recommends using NPV to choose between mutually exclusive projects of different sizes, as IRR can provide erroneous results in some cases.
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The document discusses several methods for evaluating capital investment projects, including net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), payback period, and profitability index. It explains the advantages and disadvantages of each method, and how to properly apply them to determine whether projects should be accepted. The preferred method is NPV, but IRR is also commonly used, though it has some limitations compared to NPV.
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The document discusses the profitability index, which is an investment appraisal technique that calculates the present value of future cash flows of a project divided by the initial investment. It provides the formula and explains that the profitability index is a modification of the net present value method and is a relative measure rather than an absolute one. Projects should be accepted if the profitability index is above 1 and rejected if below 1. An example calculates the profitability index of 1.3 for a project with a $65M present value of cash flows and $50M initial investment.
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NPV is superior to IRR for evaluating investment projects. NPV considers the time value of money and all cash flows, providing a direct measure of whether a project increases shareholder wealth. It is more accurate when cash flows fluctuate or the discount rate changes. While IRR indicates return rate, it does not measure wealth effects and can be misleading when cash flows vary or multiple internal rates of return exist. NPV is therefore a better measure for capital budgeting decisions.
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This document discusses techniques for evaluating investment projects, focusing on net present value (NPV) analysis. It provides the formula for calculating NPV and explains how to use NPV to evaluate projects. It also discusses other methods like internal rate of return (IRR) and profitability index (PI). The document notes some limitations of these techniques and provides guidance on how to address factors like mutually exclusive projects, capital rationing, and risk when evaluating capital budgeting decisions.
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The document compares the Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) methods of evaluating investment projects. While NPV and IRR usually lead to the same decisions for independent projects, they can provide conflicting rankings for mutually exclusive projects. The key differences are that NPV is expressed in absolute terms and considers variations in cash flow timing, while IRR is a percentage rate and does not follow the value additivity principle. The document recommends using NPV over IRR for mutually exclusive projects due to its more realistic assumptions and ability to directly measure profitability and impact on shareholder wealth.
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Capital budgeting is the process of evaluating potential capital expenditures. It involves analyzing proposed investments in fixed assets and choosing those that will provide the best return. The key steps in capital budgeting are: evaluating investment proposals, screening proposals, analyzing the proposals using techniques like net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and payback period, setting priorities, approval of budget, implementation, and performance review. NPV and IRR are discounted cash flow methods that account for the time value of money, making them generally preferred over traditional methods like payback period and accounting rate of return.
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This document outlines key concepts and methods for capital budgeting. It discusses how capital budgeting focuses on cash flows and various methods to evaluate projects, including payback period, net present value, internal rate of return, and profitability index. It also covers assumptions and limitations of these methods, how to incorporate risk and taxes into analyses, and how to rank and select among multiple investment projects.
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The document discusses several methods for evaluating capital investment projects, including net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), payback period, and profitability index. It explains the advantages and disadvantages of each method, and how to properly apply them to determine whether projects should be accepted. The preferred method is NPV, but IRR is also commonly used, though it has some limitations compared to NPV.
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NPV is superior to IRR for evaluating investment projects. NPV considers the time value of money and all cash flows, providing a direct measure of whether a project increases shareholder wealth. It is more accurate when cash flows fluctuate or the discount rate changes. While IRR indicates return rate, it does not measure wealth effects and can be misleading when cash flows vary or multiple internal rates of return exist. NPV is therefore a better measure for capital budgeting decisions.
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Projects may look attractive for two reasons:1) There are some errors in forecast 2)The company genuinely expects to earn excess profits.
So increase odds in your favor by moving in areas of competitive advantages.
Look at economic rents and where even advantage is absent or entry of competitors will push prices down or costs up, don’t enter .
When you have the market value of an asset use it..rather then over analysis…gold, real estate..airplanes etc…
PV calculations may vary and subject to error …that’s life!!!!!
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The document discusses capital budgeting techniques used to evaluate potential large investments. It describes the payback period method and average rate of return method. The payback period method calculates the number of years for the initial investment to be paid back from cash inflows. The average rate of return method calculates the average annual accounting profit as a percentage of the average investment over the project's lifetime. The document provides examples of calculating payback periods and average rates of return for projects using both straight-line and written down depreciation methods. It outlines the rules for accepting or rejecting projects based on whether the payback period or rate of return meets requirements.
capitial budgeting
This document discusses various capital budgeting techniques used to evaluate long-term investment projects. It describes techniques such as net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), profitability index (PI), payback period, and accounting rate of return. For each technique, it provides the calculation method, acceptance criteria, and advantages and limitations of the approach. The key methods are NPV, IRR and PI, which incorporate the time value of money, while payback period and accounting rate of return do not fully consider cash flow patterns and the time value of money.
Capital budgeting methods by shabeelath
As a CMA USA aspirant, i made these quick notes to refer the capital budgeting methods it includes equations, notes, and everything regarding the topic. hope this helps. thank you.
Net present Value, Internal Rate Of Return, Profitability Index, Payback, dis...
This document discusses various capital budgeting techniques used to evaluate investment projects, including:
1. Discounted cash flow methods like net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and profitability index (PI).
2. Non-discounted cash flow methods like payback period, discounted payback period, and accounting rate of return (ARR).
It provides formulas, examples, and decision rules for calculating each method and comparing investment opportunities.
CAPITAL BUDGETING.pptx
This document discusses capital budgeting, which refers to the process of evaluating, selecting, and following up on capital expenditure projects. It describes various capital budgeting techniques for evaluating projects, including payback period, average rate of return, net present value, profitability index, and internal rate of return. These techniques analyze the costs and cash flows of projects to determine their potential profitability and acceptability. The document also outlines factors that must be considered in capital budgeting decisions and steps in the capital budgeting process.
PPT 4S.pptx
The document discusses capital structure and capital budgeting. It defines capital structure as the arrangement of capital from different sources to fund long-term business needs. It then discusses various factors that determine capital structure like risk, cost of capital, control, and business nature. The document also defines capital budgeting as evaluating potential projects and investments, and discusses techniques used like net present value, internal rate of return, and payback period. It emphasizes estimating incremental cash flows by considering project cash flows with and without the investment.
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Net present Value, Internal Rate Of Return, Profitability Index, Payback, dis...
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三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Decoding job postings: Improving accessibility for neurodivergent job seekers
Improving the quality and accessibility of job postings is one way to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.BONKMILLON Unleashes Its Bonkers Potential on Solana.pdf
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After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
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Well-crafted financial reports serve as vital tools for decision-making and transparency within an organization. By following the undermentioned tips, you can create standardized financial reports that effectively communicate your company's financial health and performance to stakeholders.
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一比一原版(UCSB毕业证)圣芭芭拉分校毕业证如何办理
UCSB毕业证文凭证书【微信95270640】办理圣芭芭拉分校毕业证成绩单（Q微信95270640）毕业证学历认证OFFER专卖国外文凭学历学位证书办理澳洲文凭|澳洲毕业证,澳洲学历认证,澳洲成绩单 澳洲offer,教育部学历认证及使馆认证永久可查 ,国外毕业证|国外学历认证,国外学历文凭证书 UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，UCSB毕业证，专业为留学生办理毕业证、成绩单、使馆留学回国人员证明、教育部学历学位认证、录取通知书、Offer、
【实体公司】办圣芭芭拉分校圣芭芭拉分校毕业证成绩单学历认证学位证文凭认证办留信网认证办留服认证办教育部认证（网上可查实体公司专业可靠）
— — — 留学归国服务中心 — — -
【主营项目】
一.圣芭芭拉分校毕业证成绩单使馆认证教育部认证成绩单等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
国外毕业证学位证成绩单办理流程：
1客户提供圣芭芭拉分校圣芭芭拉分校毕业证成绩单办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）。
专业服务请勿犹豫联系我！本公司是留学创业和海归创业者们的桥梁。一次办理终生受用一步到位高效服务。详情请在线咨询办理,欢迎有诚意办理的客户咨询!洽谈。
招聘代理：本公司诚聘英国加拿大澳洲新西兰美国法国德国新加坡各地代理人员如果你有业余时间有兴趣就请联系我们咨询顾问：+微信:95270640田里逡巡一番抱起一只硕大的西瓜用石刀劈开抑或用拳头砸开每人抱起一大块就啃啃得满嘴满脸猴屁股般的红艳大家一个劲地指着对方吃吃地笑瓜裂得古怪奇形怪状却丝毫不影响瓜味甜丝丝的满嘴生津遍地都是瓜横七竖八的活像掷满了一地的大石块摘走二三只爷爷是断然发现不了的即便发现爷爷也不恼反而教山娃辨认孰熟孰嫩孰甜孰淡名义上是护瓜往往在瓜棚里坐上一刻饱吃一顿后山娃就领着阿黑漫山遍野地跑阿黑是一条黑色的大猎狗挺机灵的是山室
What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightness
What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightnessLabour Market Information Council | Conseil de l’information sur le marché du travail
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.一比一原版(UCL毕业证)伦敦大学|学院毕业证如何办理
UCL硕士学位证成绩单【微信95270640】《如何办理伦敦大学|学院毕业证认证》【办证Q微信95270640】《伦敦大学|学院文凭毕业证制作》《UCL学历学位证书哪里买》办理伦敦大学|学院学位证书扫描件、办理伦敦大学|学院雅思证书！
国际留学归国服务中心《如何办伦敦大学|学院毕业证认证》《UCL学位证书扫描件哪里买》实体公司，注册经营，行业标杆，精益求精！
专业为留学生办理伦敦大学|学院伦敦大学|学院毕业证offer【100%存档可查】留学全套申请材料办理。本公司承诺所有毕业证成绩单成品全部按照学校原版工艺对照一比一制作和学校一样的羊皮纸张保证您证书的质量！
如果你回国在学历认证方面有以下难题请联系我们我们将竭诚为你解决认证瓶颈
1所有材料真实但资料不全无法提供完全齐整的原件。【如：成绩单丶毕业证丶回国证明等材料中有遗失的。】
2获得真实的国外最终学历学位但国外本科学历就读经历存在问题或缺陷。【如：国外本科是教育部不承认的或者是联合办学项目教育部没有备案的或者外本科没有正常毕业的。】
3学分转移联合办学等情况复杂不知道怎么整理材料的。时间紧迫自己不清楚递交流程的。
如果你是以上情况之一请联系我们我们将在第一时间内给你免费咨询相关信息。我们将帮助你整理认证所需的各种材料.帮你解决国外学历认证难题。
国外伦敦大学|学院伦敦大学|学院毕业证offer办理方法：
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询伦敦大学|学院伦敦大学|学院毕业证offer）；
2开始安排制作伦敦大学|学院毕业证成绩单电子图；
3伦敦大学|学院毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4伦敦大学|学院毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5伦敦大学|学院成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）。吃吃地笑山娃很精神越逛越起劲父亲却越逛越疲倦望着父亲呵欠连天的样子山娃也说困了累了回家吧小屋闷罐一般头顶上的三叶扇彻夜呜呜作响搅得满屋热气腾腾也搅得山娃心烦意乱父亲一上床就呼呼大睡山娃却辗转反侧睡不着山娃一次又一次摸索着爬起来一遍又一遍地用暖乎乎的冷水擦身往水泥地板上一勺一勺的洒水也不知过了多久山娃竟迷迷糊糊地睡着了迷迷糊糊地又闻到了闹钟刺耳的铃声和哐咣的关门声待山娃醒来时父亲早已上班去了床头总们
The Impact of GST Payments on Loan Approvals
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Capital budgeting
- 1. Presented By:- Koustav Kundu Mohit Garg Swarna Mishra
- 2. • The Process which helps to evaluate different projects. • Most Important and Complicated Problem of Managerial Decisions. • It is Long term planning for making and financing proposed capital outlay. • “Capital budgeting consists in planning development of available capital for the purpose of maximizing the long term profitability of the concern” - Lynch
- 3. • The main features of capital budgeting are Potentially large anticipated benefits A relatively high degree of risk Relatively long time period between the initial outlay and the anticipated return.
- 4. • Pay Back Period Method – Pay Back Period – Discounting Pay Back Period – Post Pay Back Period – Post Pay Back Profit – Post Pay Back Profitability • Net Present Value Method • Average Rate of Return (A.R.R.) Method • Internal Rate of Return (I.R.R.) Method
- 5. Pay Back Period • It refers to the period in which the project will generate the necessary cash to recover the initial investment. • The selection of the project is based on the earning capacity of a project. Formula :- Net Investment Cash Inflow OR Pay Back Period= Years in which max. amt. Rec. + Required remaining cost Cash Inflow Of Next Year
- 6. Discounting Pay Back Period • When Payback Period is calculated by taking into account the discounting or present value factor. Formula :- Present Value Factor = 1 1 + Rate
- 7. Post Pay Back Period Formula :- Estimated Life of Assets – Pay Back Period Post Pay Back Profit Formula :- Cash inflow X Post Pay Back Period **(when Cash inflow of different years are same) Cash inflow – Cost of Project **(when cash inflow is different) Post Pay Back Profitability Formula :- Post Pay Back Profit X 100 Cost of Project
- 8. • Cash Inflow and outflow at different time periods differ in value. • Inflow and Outflow are compared only when they are converted to present values • When we deduct the cost of project or outflow from present value of Inflows we get Net present value Formula :- Present values of Cash Inflow – Present Value of Cash Outflow
- 9. • Also known as Accounting Rate of Return or Return on Investment • It focuses on average net income generated in a project. Formula:- A.R.R.= Avg.Annual net profit after tax and dep. X 100 Average Investments Here Avg. Investment = Original Investment – Scrap Value 2
- 10. • Also known as Time Adjusted Return on Investment or Discounted Rate of Return. • It is the rate at which the present value of annual savings just equal to cost of investment • In this Method we compare the project at different assumed rate of returns Formula:- IRR = LR+ LR Present Value X (HR-LR) LR Present Value – (HR Present Value)
- 11. CONCLUSION
- 12. THANK YOU!!