This document provides information on the opioid pain medication meperidine hydrochloride (Demerol). It works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and central nervous system to relieve moderate to severe acute pain. Side effects include constipation, drowsiness, nausea, and vomiting. It should only be used for acute pain and not chronic cancer pain due to the risk of developing tolerance and dependence with long-term use. Precautions are outlined for safe administration and monitoring for side effects.
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
Psychopharmacology: Antidepressants, Antipsychotics and Mood Stabilizers
Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes PhD, LPC-MHSP, LMHC, NCC, CCDC
Executive Director, AllCEUs.com
Objectives
For each of the following, antidepressants, antipsychotics and mood stabilizers
Examine their method of action
Explore the types of disorders they are used to treat
Review the most common medications in those classes
Identify where to get more information for patients
Discuss the benefits and drawbacks to off-label prescribing
In this webinar, clinicians from two Ryan White clinics with successful buprenorphine programs describe what buprenorphine is, how it works, what opioids do to the brain, how buprenorphine differs from methadone, important drug-drug interactions, the concept of precipitated withdrawal and how to recognize it, how to determine patient eligibility, and clinical aspects of working with opiod-addicted people living with HIV.
Presenters Pamela Vergara-Rodriguez, MD, (CORE Center in Chicago), and Jacqueline Tulsky, MD (University of California at San Francisco and San Francisco General Hospital), also describe the challenges and successes of the SPNS buprenorphine projects at their institutions.
Visit the Integrating HIV Innovative Practices webpage to learn more about integrating buprenorphine into HIV primary care settings and to access additional training materials.
The document discusses psychotherapeutic agents used to treat mental disorders like depression and anxiety. It describes how these disorders are associated with imbalances in neurotransmitters in the brain like serotonin and dopamine. Several classes of psychotherapeutic drugs are outlined, including antidepressants like SSRIs, tricyclics, and MAOIs. Tricyclics work by blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters to increase their levels in the brain. Side effects include sedation and hypotension. MAOIs are considered second line but can cause hypertensive crisis if taken with foods containing tyramine.
Psychotherapeutic agents are a key component in the management of psychiatric disorders. Knowledge in this aspect of therapy goes a long way to help the health professional and the patient as well. However, care must be taken in administering these agents to pregnant women, and if possible stop, or consult your psychiatrist before taking these agents.
Addiction Part 1 HHD (15) Notes Crash Course CRACK NEET by Dr. Sheth.Dr Sheel Sheth
Addiction Part 1 HHD (15) Notes Crash Course CRACK NEET by Dr. Sheth.
For other Notes on NEET :https://www.slideshare.net/DrSheelSheth
For Lecture Videos by Dr. Sheth : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZrCe6brNOZ75xfoCO47Y1w?view_as=subscriber
This document discusses psychopharmacology and summarizes various types of psychotropic medications. It identifies 9 classes of drugs including antipsychotics, antimanic drugs, antidepressants, antianxiety medications, stimulants, narcotic analgesics, hypnotics, and addiction treatment medications. It also outlines common side effects, risks, and cautions for these drug classes and lists strategies for helping clients with tobacco cessation.
Self-medication refers to treating oneself without a doctor's guidance and can have benefits like quick relief but also significant dangers. Dangers include incorrect diagnosis, complications from improper use of medications, drug resistance, addiction, poisoning, and drug-drug interactions. Prescriptions from doctors are important because they are tailored to each individual case and ensure proper dosing. Drug abuse refers to inappropriate use for non-medical purposes and can progress to drug dependence over time as tolerance develops. Dependence involves both physical and psychological components and requires gradual withdrawal and other treatments.
The document provides definitions and information about narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. It discusses various types of narcotics including natural narcotics like opium, cannabis, and cocaine. It also covers semi-synthetic narcotics derived from natural drugs like heroin, as well as synthetic narcotics made wholly through chemical processes. Psychotropic substances are also defined and examples provided like methaqualone, amphetamines, and LSD. The effects and methods of analysis and extraction for key narcotics like opium, cannabis, cocaine are summarized.
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
Psychopharmacology: Antidepressants, Antipsychotics and Mood Stabilizers
Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes PhD, LPC-MHSP, LMHC, NCC, CCDC
Executive Director, AllCEUs.com
Objectives
For each of the following, antidepressants, antipsychotics and mood stabilizers
Examine their method of action
Explore the types of disorders they are used to treat
Review the most common medications in those classes
Identify where to get more information for patients
Discuss the benefits and drawbacks to off-label prescribing
In this webinar, clinicians from two Ryan White clinics with successful buprenorphine programs describe what buprenorphine is, how it works, what opioids do to the brain, how buprenorphine differs from methadone, important drug-drug interactions, the concept of precipitated withdrawal and how to recognize it, how to determine patient eligibility, and clinical aspects of working with opiod-addicted people living with HIV.
Presenters Pamela Vergara-Rodriguez, MD, (CORE Center in Chicago), and Jacqueline Tulsky, MD (University of California at San Francisco and San Francisco General Hospital), also describe the challenges and successes of the SPNS buprenorphine projects at their institutions.
Visit the Integrating HIV Innovative Practices webpage to learn more about integrating buprenorphine into HIV primary care settings and to access additional training materials.
The document discusses psychotherapeutic agents used to treat mental disorders like depression and anxiety. It describes how these disorders are associated with imbalances in neurotransmitters in the brain like serotonin and dopamine. Several classes of psychotherapeutic drugs are outlined, including antidepressants like SSRIs, tricyclics, and MAOIs. Tricyclics work by blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters to increase their levels in the brain. Side effects include sedation and hypotension. MAOIs are considered second line but can cause hypertensive crisis if taken with foods containing tyramine.
Psychotherapeutic agents are a key component in the management of psychiatric disorders. Knowledge in this aspect of therapy goes a long way to help the health professional and the patient as well. However, care must be taken in administering these agents to pregnant women, and if possible stop, or consult your psychiatrist before taking these agents.
Addiction Part 1 HHD (15) Notes Crash Course CRACK NEET by Dr. Sheth.Dr Sheel Sheth
Addiction Part 1 HHD (15) Notes Crash Course CRACK NEET by Dr. Sheth.
For other Notes on NEET :https://www.slideshare.net/DrSheelSheth
For Lecture Videos by Dr. Sheth : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZrCe6brNOZ75xfoCO47Y1w?view_as=subscriber
This document discusses psychopharmacology and summarizes various types of psychotropic medications. It identifies 9 classes of drugs including antipsychotics, antimanic drugs, antidepressants, antianxiety medications, stimulants, narcotic analgesics, hypnotics, and addiction treatment medications. It also outlines common side effects, risks, and cautions for these drug classes and lists strategies for helping clients with tobacco cessation.
Self-medication refers to treating oneself without a doctor's guidance and can have benefits like quick relief but also significant dangers. Dangers include incorrect diagnosis, complications from improper use of medications, drug resistance, addiction, poisoning, and drug-drug interactions. Prescriptions from doctors are important because they are tailored to each individual case and ensure proper dosing. Drug abuse refers to inappropriate use for non-medical purposes and can progress to drug dependence over time as tolerance develops. Dependence involves both physical and psychological components and requires gradual withdrawal and other treatments.
The document provides definitions and information about narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. It discusses various types of narcotics including natural narcotics like opium, cannabis, and cocaine. It also covers semi-synthetic narcotics derived from natural drugs like heroin, as well as synthetic narcotics made wholly through chemical processes. Psychotropic substances are also defined and examples provided like methaqualone, amphetamines, and LSD. The effects and methods of analysis and extraction for key narcotics like opium, cannabis, cocaine are summarized.
This document discusses drug addiction and the role of dopamine. It notes that all abused drugs increase dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. While initial hypotheses suggested tolerance and dependence were due to changes in opiate receptor levels, it is now understood that physical dependence involves separate opioid mechanisms. Dopamine is implicated in both "liking" and "wanting" drug rewards, and different dopamine pathways in the nucleus accumbens are involved in each. Stress and environmental factors can also influence drug addiction by increasing dopamine levels and sensitizing dopamine responses.
This chapter discusses psychopharmacology and the nursing process for various drug classes. It provides background on how psychotropic drugs work and historical perspectives. For different drug classes like antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and others, it outlines indications, mechanisms of action, side effects to monitor, nursing diagnoses, and important assessment factors like interactions and contraindications. The goal is to safely and effectively manage clients' medication regimens.
Addiction and Commonly Abused Medicationskirikhan2
This document discusses addiction to commonly abused medications. It defines substance dependence and outlines some of the neuroanatomy involved, including neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin, and brain areas like the nucleus accumbens and amygdala. It then discusses specific medications that are commonly abused like opioids, benzodiazepines, and stimulants. It covers risks of addiction and withdrawal for these substances and outlines treatment options which include detoxification, psychotherapy, and medication management.
Differences between opioid and non opioid analgesicsVipul Vaghela
There are two primary types of analgesics: opioid and non-opioid. Opioid analgesics act centrally in the nervous system, can cause addiction and dependence, and are controlled substances. They are more potent but carry greater risks than non-opioid analgesics like NSAIDs, which act peripherally and have a ceiling effect. Both types of analgesics work through different mechanisms - opioids bind to opioid receptors while non-opioids inhibit prostaglandin formation. Overall, opioids are more effective for severe pain but non-opioids are preferable for mild-to-moderate chronic pain due to their safer side effect profile when used long-term.
Nervous system
Sedatives and hypnotics
Indications for herbal sedatives and hypnotics:
Moderate tension
Anxiety syndromes (short-term or intermittent use)
Insomnia
Weaning off conventional sedative prescriptions.
- Components of convalescent management, particularly to help with sleep.
Contraindications for herbal sedatives and hypnotics:
Depression
This document discusses drug abuse, including definitions, classifications of drugs, causes of drug use, common drugs of abuse, and signs and treatment of drug abuse. It defines drug abuse as the non-permissive consumption of substances that can lead to physical or psychological dependence. It classifies drugs as pharmaceuticals or recreational and discusses the most commonly abused stimulants, opioids, sedatives, and hallucinogens like cocaine, meth, prescription painkillers, and LSD. It explains how drugs affect the brain's reward pathway and dopamine system to reinforce drug abuse. Physical and behavioral signs of abuse are provided, as well as an overview of treatment options.
This document provides an overview of marijuana, including what it is, its sources, common street names, how it is produced and used, its mechanism of action in the body, potential medical uses and side effects, and approaches to managing addiction. Marijuana comes from the Cannabis plant and contains compounds like THC that interact with the endocannabinoid system in the brain. Common short-term side effects include impaired memory and judgment, anxiety, and depression, while long-term use has been linked to poorer life outcomes. Treatment for marijuana addiction typically involves behavioral therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy and motivational enhancement therapy.
Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that act on the central nervous system and affect brain function, resulting in changes to perception, mood, consciousness and behavior. They have therapeutic uses such as anesthetics and for treating psychiatric disorders. Historically, psychoactive drugs have been used for medicinal purposes dating back thousands of years. Commonly used psychoactive drugs include stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and those used for anxiety, euphoria and pain management. While some have medical uses, psychoactive drugs can also be abused and lead to addiction. Their legal status varies depending on the substance and jurisdiction.
This chapter discusses depressants and inhalants. Depressants are drugs that slow activity in the central nervous system, including alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and meprobamate. Inhalants are volatile solvents and other compounds that are inhaled for their intoxicating effects. The chapter describes the history and mechanisms of action of various depressants and inhalants, their beneficial medical uses, and causes for concern regarding dependence, toxicity, abuse patterns, and dangers of inhalant use.
This document provides information about various drugs. It defines drugs and discusses drug vocabulary terms like tolerance, psychological dependence, and physiological dependence. It also covers different drug classifications like prescription drugs, marijuana, inhalants, steroids, psychoactive drugs, and club drugs. Specific sections explain marijuana/THC, inhalants, steroids, and psychoactive drugs like LSD, heroin, and their effects, risks, and problems with use.
The document discusses various types of drugs, including their effects and risks. It defines drugs as substances used to treat or prevent disease, and relieve pain. It describes tolerance, psychological and physiological dependence, and addiction. It then covers classifications of drugs like prescription drugs, marijuana, inhalants, steroids, psychoactive drugs, and "club drugs." For each type of drug, it discusses what they are, how they are used, their effects on the body and brain, health risks, and dangers of misuse. The document provides detailed information about marijuana, inhalants, steroids, and psychoactive drugs in particular.
This document discusses cannabis use disorders and substance use disorders involving cannabis. It defines key terms like dependence, abuse, intoxication, and withdrawal. It describes the major diagnostic categories from the DSM-5 involving substance use disorders. It then discusses cannabis specifically, how it is prepared from the plant, its effects, and diagnostic criteria for cannabis intoxication, dependence, and withdrawal from the DSM-5.
Narcotics are opioid drugs derived from opium poppy that are addictive and affect mood. They work by acting on receptors in the brain and nervous system to reduce pain and slow breathing. Common routes of administration include oral, intravenous, and inhalation. While narcotics have medical uses for pain relief, side effects include addiction, sedation, and trouble breathing. Treatment for narcotic addiction involves medication, counseling, and rehabilitation to support abstinence and prevent relapse.
The Physiology of Addiction - February 2012Dawn Farm
"The Physiology of Addiction" was presented on Tuesday February 21, 2012, by Dr. Carl Christensen, MD, PhD, FACOG, CRMO, ABAM. This program explores the differences in neurochemistry between the addicted brain and the normal brain, the progression of physiological changes that occur in people with alcohol/other drug addiction, the mechanisms of physiologic tolerance and withdrawal, and the effects of treatment on the addicted brain. This program is part of the Dawn Farm Education Series, a FREE, annual workshop series developed to provide accurate, helpful, hopeful, practical, current information about chemical dependency, recovery, family and related issues. The Education Series is organized by Dawn Farm, a non-profit community of programs providing a continuum of chemical dependency services. For information, please see http://www.dawnfarm.org/programs/education-series.
The document discusses psychotropic drugs and the role of nurses in their administration. It defines psychotropic drugs as chemicals that affect the brain and nervous system, altering feelings, emotions, and consciousness. Nurses must have knowledge of pharmacokinetics, benefits and risks of psychotropic drugs, and monitor patients for side effects when administering these medications for psychiatric conditions. The document focuses on antipsychotic drugs, describing their uses, mechanisms of action, classifications, and the responsibilities of nurses in properly administering and monitoring patients receiving antipsychotic treatment.
Psychopharmacology is the study of psychoactive drugs and their actions on mental processes and behaviors. It involves the study of drugs used to treat psychiatric illnesses. Historically, the mentally ill were often institutionalized or punished, but the development of psychopharmacology in the 1950s brought psychiatric treatment into the realm of scientific medicine with the use of drugs like antipsychotics and antidepressants. The document then provides tables outlining various antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs, their typical dosages, and common side effects.
Effective treatment for drug addiction in Mindheal Homeopathy clinic ,Chembur...Shewta shetty
"Treatment and remedies for drug addiction and its effective treatment in homeopathy.Personalised online consultancy & treatments provided at our clinic by efficient panel of doctors in our center at mumbai,Bombay,Chembur, India.Contact us."
This document discusses psychopharmacology and provides information on various types of psychiatric drugs. It begins with an introduction to psychopharmacology and the definition of psychotropic drugs. It then classifies psychiatric drugs and discusses specific drug classes in more detail, including antipsychotic agents, antidepressants, and mood stabilizers. For each drug class, it covers indications, mechanisms of action, classifications, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and nursing management considerations.
This document provides an overview of drugs used in the nervous system, including analgesics, sedatives, and hypnotics. It discusses the classification, mechanism of action, examples, dosages, indications, contraindications, adverse effects, interactions, and nursing responsibilities for various drug categories. Key points covered include non-opioid analgesics like NSAIDs; opioid analgesics; benzodiazepines used as sedatives and hypnotics; and barbiturates which are now less commonly used. Nursing priorities are monitoring for side effects, ensuring safe administration, teaching patients about proper usage, and watching for drug interactions.
This article provides a review of the history and current status of constrictive pericarditis. It begins with a brief overview of the history of constrictive pericarditis dating back to the 17th century. It then discusses the various etiologies of constrictive pericarditis including infections, connective tissue diseases, neoplastic diseases, and iatrogenic causes. The clinical presentation and physical exam findings are described. Various diagnostic tools are discussed including echocardiography, nuclear ventriculography, and angiocardiography. The article concludes with a discussion of differentiating constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy and the timing of pericardial resection for treatment
This document summarizes the mechanisms and management of hyperkalemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). It discusses how decreased kidney function and comorbid conditions common in CKD can impair potassium homeostasis and excretion, leading to hyperkalemia. Medications that inhibit the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), while beneficial for conditions like heart failure, often cause hyperkalemia in CKD patients due to effects on potassium regulation. Currently, few safe options exist for controlling potassium levels long-term in CKD patients taking RAAS inhibitors. New therapies targeting hyperkalemia specifically could allow more liberal use of these beneficial drugs.
This document discusses drug addiction and the role of dopamine. It notes that all abused drugs increase dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. While initial hypotheses suggested tolerance and dependence were due to changes in opiate receptor levels, it is now understood that physical dependence involves separate opioid mechanisms. Dopamine is implicated in both "liking" and "wanting" drug rewards, and different dopamine pathways in the nucleus accumbens are involved in each. Stress and environmental factors can also influence drug addiction by increasing dopamine levels and sensitizing dopamine responses.
This chapter discusses psychopharmacology and the nursing process for various drug classes. It provides background on how psychotropic drugs work and historical perspectives. For different drug classes like antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and others, it outlines indications, mechanisms of action, side effects to monitor, nursing diagnoses, and important assessment factors like interactions and contraindications. The goal is to safely and effectively manage clients' medication regimens.
Addiction and Commonly Abused Medicationskirikhan2
This document discusses addiction to commonly abused medications. It defines substance dependence and outlines some of the neuroanatomy involved, including neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin, and brain areas like the nucleus accumbens and amygdala. It then discusses specific medications that are commonly abused like opioids, benzodiazepines, and stimulants. It covers risks of addiction and withdrawal for these substances and outlines treatment options which include detoxification, psychotherapy, and medication management.
Differences between opioid and non opioid analgesicsVipul Vaghela
There are two primary types of analgesics: opioid and non-opioid. Opioid analgesics act centrally in the nervous system, can cause addiction and dependence, and are controlled substances. They are more potent but carry greater risks than non-opioid analgesics like NSAIDs, which act peripherally and have a ceiling effect. Both types of analgesics work through different mechanisms - opioids bind to opioid receptors while non-opioids inhibit prostaglandin formation. Overall, opioids are more effective for severe pain but non-opioids are preferable for mild-to-moderate chronic pain due to their safer side effect profile when used long-term.
Nervous system
Sedatives and hypnotics
Indications for herbal sedatives and hypnotics:
Moderate tension
Anxiety syndromes (short-term or intermittent use)
Insomnia
Weaning off conventional sedative prescriptions.
- Components of convalescent management, particularly to help with sleep.
Contraindications for herbal sedatives and hypnotics:
Depression
This document discusses drug abuse, including definitions, classifications of drugs, causes of drug use, common drugs of abuse, and signs and treatment of drug abuse. It defines drug abuse as the non-permissive consumption of substances that can lead to physical or psychological dependence. It classifies drugs as pharmaceuticals or recreational and discusses the most commonly abused stimulants, opioids, sedatives, and hallucinogens like cocaine, meth, prescription painkillers, and LSD. It explains how drugs affect the brain's reward pathway and dopamine system to reinforce drug abuse. Physical and behavioral signs of abuse are provided, as well as an overview of treatment options.
This document provides an overview of marijuana, including what it is, its sources, common street names, how it is produced and used, its mechanism of action in the body, potential medical uses and side effects, and approaches to managing addiction. Marijuana comes from the Cannabis plant and contains compounds like THC that interact with the endocannabinoid system in the brain. Common short-term side effects include impaired memory and judgment, anxiety, and depression, while long-term use has been linked to poorer life outcomes. Treatment for marijuana addiction typically involves behavioral therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy and motivational enhancement therapy.
Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that act on the central nervous system and affect brain function, resulting in changes to perception, mood, consciousness and behavior. They have therapeutic uses such as anesthetics and for treating psychiatric disorders. Historically, psychoactive drugs have been used for medicinal purposes dating back thousands of years. Commonly used psychoactive drugs include stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and those used for anxiety, euphoria and pain management. While some have medical uses, psychoactive drugs can also be abused and lead to addiction. Their legal status varies depending on the substance and jurisdiction.
This chapter discusses depressants and inhalants. Depressants are drugs that slow activity in the central nervous system, including alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and meprobamate. Inhalants are volatile solvents and other compounds that are inhaled for their intoxicating effects. The chapter describes the history and mechanisms of action of various depressants and inhalants, their beneficial medical uses, and causes for concern regarding dependence, toxicity, abuse patterns, and dangers of inhalant use.
This document provides information about various drugs. It defines drugs and discusses drug vocabulary terms like tolerance, psychological dependence, and physiological dependence. It also covers different drug classifications like prescription drugs, marijuana, inhalants, steroids, psychoactive drugs, and club drugs. Specific sections explain marijuana/THC, inhalants, steroids, and psychoactive drugs like LSD, heroin, and their effects, risks, and problems with use.
The document discusses various types of drugs, including their effects and risks. It defines drugs as substances used to treat or prevent disease, and relieve pain. It describes tolerance, psychological and physiological dependence, and addiction. It then covers classifications of drugs like prescription drugs, marijuana, inhalants, steroids, psychoactive drugs, and "club drugs." For each type of drug, it discusses what they are, how they are used, their effects on the body and brain, health risks, and dangers of misuse. The document provides detailed information about marijuana, inhalants, steroids, and psychoactive drugs in particular.
This document discusses cannabis use disorders and substance use disorders involving cannabis. It defines key terms like dependence, abuse, intoxication, and withdrawal. It describes the major diagnostic categories from the DSM-5 involving substance use disorders. It then discusses cannabis specifically, how it is prepared from the plant, its effects, and diagnostic criteria for cannabis intoxication, dependence, and withdrawal from the DSM-5.
Narcotics are opioid drugs derived from opium poppy that are addictive and affect mood. They work by acting on receptors in the brain and nervous system to reduce pain and slow breathing. Common routes of administration include oral, intravenous, and inhalation. While narcotics have medical uses for pain relief, side effects include addiction, sedation, and trouble breathing. Treatment for narcotic addiction involves medication, counseling, and rehabilitation to support abstinence and prevent relapse.
The Physiology of Addiction - February 2012Dawn Farm
"The Physiology of Addiction" was presented on Tuesday February 21, 2012, by Dr. Carl Christensen, MD, PhD, FACOG, CRMO, ABAM. This program explores the differences in neurochemistry between the addicted brain and the normal brain, the progression of physiological changes that occur in people with alcohol/other drug addiction, the mechanisms of physiologic tolerance and withdrawal, and the effects of treatment on the addicted brain. This program is part of the Dawn Farm Education Series, a FREE, annual workshop series developed to provide accurate, helpful, hopeful, practical, current information about chemical dependency, recovery, family and related issues. The Education Series is organized by Dawn Farm, a non-profit community of programs providing a continuum of chemical dependency services. For information, please see http://www.dawnfarm.org/programs/education-series.
The document discusses psychotropic drugs and the role of nurses in their administration. It defines psychotropic drugs as chemicals that affect the brain and nervous system, altering feelings, emotions, and consciousness. Nurses must have knowledge of pharmacokinetics, benefits and risks of psychotropic drugs, and monitor patients for side effects when administering these medications for psychiatric conditions. The document focuses on antipsychotic drugs, describing their uses, mechanisms of action, classifications, and the responsibilities of nurses in properly administering and monitoring patients receiving antipsychotic treatment.
Psychopharmacology is the study of psychoactive drugs and their actions on mental processes and behaviors. It involves the study of drugs used to treat psychiatric illnesses. Historically, the mentally ill were often institutionalized or punished, but the development of psychopharmacology in the 1950s brought psychiatric treatment into the realm of scientific medicine with the use of drugs like antipsychotics and antidepressants. The document then provides tables outlining various antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs, their typical dosages, and common side effects.
Effective treatment for drug addiction in Mindheal Homeopathy clinic ,Chembur...Shewta shetty
"Treatment and remedies for drug addiction and its effective treatment in homeopathy.Personalised online consultancy & treatments provided at our clinic by efficient panel of doctors in our center at mumbai,Bombay,Chembur, India.Contact us."
This document discusses psychopharmacology and provides information on various types of psychiatric drugs. It begins with an introduction to psychopharmacology and the definition of psychotropic drugs. It then classifies psychiatric drugs and discusses specific drug classes in more detail, including antipsychotic agents, antidepressants, and mood stabilizers. For each drug class, it covers indications, mechanisms of action, classifications, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and nursing management considerations.
This document provides an overview of drugs used in the nervous system, including analgesics, sedatives, and hypnotics. It discusses the classification, mechanism of action, examples, dosages, indications, contraindications, adverse effects, interactions, and nursing responsibilities for various drug categories. Key points covered include non-opioid analgesics like NSAIDs; opioid analgesics; benzodiazepines used as sedatives and hypnotics; and barbiturates which are now less commonly used. Nursing priorities are monitoring for side effects, ensuring safe administration, teaching patients about proper usage, and watching for drug interactions.
This article provides a review of the history and current status of constrictive pericarditis. It begins with a brief overview of the history of constrictive pericarditis dating back to the 17th century. It then discusses the various etiologies of constrictive pericarditis including infections, connective tissue diseases, neoplastic diseases, and iatrogenic causes. The clinical presentation and physical exam findings are described. Various diagnostic tools are discussed including echocardiography, nuclear ventriculography, and angiocardiography. The article concludes with a discussion of differentiating constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy and the timing of pericardial resection for treatment
This document summarizes the mechanisms and management of hyperkalemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). It discusses how decreased kidney function and comorbid conditions common in CKD can impair potassium homeostasis and excretion, leading to hyperkalemia. Medications that inhibit the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), while beneficial for conditions like heart failure, often cause hyperkalemia in CKD patients due to effects on potassium regulation. Currently, few safe options exist for controlling potassium levels long-term in CKD patients taking RAAS inhibitors. New therapies targeting hyperkalemia specifically could allow more liberal use of these beneficial drugs.
HFO is a well debated topic but still man ICU physicians and respiratory therapists seem to be afraid of it and avoid this therapy. If in expert hands and utilized judicially it has saved lives and still has a lot of potential in it nit yet explored. Although this presentation is very long but it is drafted by keeping in ind to explain every thing about high frequency oscillatory ventilator to a beginner.
This document is a request form from the Board of Registered Nursing for applicants seeking to reapply or retake the NCLEX-RN exam. It outlines the following key points:
1. Applicants must submit a $150 non-refundable fee and immediately return any interim permits.
2. The NCLEX has a 45-day retake provision that applicants can learn about on their website.
3. Once approved, applicants will receive instructions on how to register for the exam.
4. The form requests information from applicants such as personal details, exam history, and disclosures regarding convictions or disciplinary actions against licenses.
The document provides definitions and information about various medical terms and procedures. It covers topics such as medication administration routes, hormone functions, disease signs and symptoms, and nursing care for procedures. For example, it states that IV administration absorbs medication the fastest, defines ACTH and its function, and outlines post-operative care for a detached retina.
The document provides guidance on the nursing management of shock. It discusses assessing the type and phase of shock, providing emergency nursing care, monitoring the patient closely, making a diagnosis based on history and assessments, treating with fluid resuscitation and blood products, and monitoring the patient's response. It also covers age-related considerations and the three phases of shock: compensated, uncompensated, and irreversible.
The document contains questions about caring for various medical patients. It addresses topics like caring for a post-thoracotomy patient, assessing a child after heart surgery, managing a client on a ventilator, and explaining a chest tube procedure. The summaries focus on identifying priority nursing concerns and appropriate interventions for different clinical scenarios.
The document lists several common herbal medicines and their uses and cautions, including St. John's wort for depression which can interact with sulfonamide antibiotics, garlic for hypertension which should be avoided with aspirin, and ginger root for nausea which can interact with Coumadin. It provides information on potential benefits, drug interactions and cautions for each herbal medicine listed. The document serves as a reference for nurses on key herbal medicines and factors to consider when patients take them.
This document discusses the declining NCLEX-RN pass rates in recent years. It provides an overview of NCLEX-RN pass rates from 1997-2014, showing that first-time US pass rates declined from 90.34% in 2012 to 83.04% in 2013 after changes to the exam. The NCLEX-RN test plan was updated in 2011 based on a practice analysis survey finding most candidates care for acutely ill adult clients. The passing standard was also increased in 2013, setting the passing level higher. To help students pass, the document recommends explaining the exam tests clinical judgment, teaching critical thinking and clinical reasoning skills, and having students thoughtfully remediate questions by considering all options.
- Phase-specific anticancer agents must be administered at short intervals over time to be effective, as they target cells during specific phases of the cell cycle.
- For patients receiving cyclophosphamide, the most important nursing intervention is increasing IV and oral fluid intake to prevent hemorrhagic cystitis.
- For patients discharged after high-dose methotrexate, the most important teaching is that leucovorin must be taken at the same time each day to rescue normal cells from methotrexate toxicity.
This document contains 15 multiple choice questions about medical surgical nursing. The questions cover topics like post-operative pain management, assessing pain in elderly patients, side effects of medications, signs of shock, caring for anxious patients before surgery, checking nasogastric tubes, handling patients in pain, monitoring vital signs after surgery, assessing head injuries, risk factors for coronary artery disease, digoxin medication, stimulating the vagal response, caring for pacemaker patients, nitroglycerin use for angina, and dietary sodium restrictions for heart failure patients. The document provides the questions, potential answer choices, and a short explanation for the correct answer for each question.
Power point the cardiovascular system - anatomy and physiologyStephen Collins
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the heart and cardiovascular system. It describes the size and structure of the heart, including the four chambers and valves. It explains how blood flows through the heart and is pumped into the arteries and circulated throughout the body before returning to the heart through the veins. It also discusses the composition of blood and its transport of oxygen, nutrients and waste products.
68627164 comprehensive-nursing-board-exam-review-500-page-test-111213225254-p...Jhoanna Marie Ong
The document contains content for nursing board practice tests covering various nursing topics. It includes 5 parts with multiple tests and answer keys on foundations of nursing practice, nursing care of clients with physiological and psychosocial alterations, community health nursing, maternal and child health, medical-surgical nursing, and psychiatric nursing. The tests aim to evaluate nurses' knowledge on different nursing areas to help them prepare for nursing board examinations.
Nursing management of a patient with cardiomyopathySuchithra Pv
Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle that causes the heart to become enlarged, stiff, or weakened, impairing its ability to pump blood. The main types are hypertrophic, dilated, restrictive, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Symptoms vary depending on the type but can include chest pain, fatigue, palpitations, and heart failure. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, ECG, cardiac MRI or biopsy. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, addressing underlying causes, and may include medications, medical devices, surgery or transplant.
Handbook of parenteral fluid & nutrition therapy current literature reviewDr Iyan Darmawan
This handbook covers the four types of parenteral fluid therapy, namely resuscitation fluid therapy, repair fluid therapy, maintenance fluid therapy and parenteral nutrition therapy. Although we have tried to discuss many aspects of parenteral fluid therapy which have been compiled by medical advisors of the Leader in Infusion Therapy with many years of experience in the related scientific activities and medical writing, this handbook is still far from completeness and perfection and we look forward to receiving your feedback and criticism.
This document provides lecture notes on fluids and electrolytes. It discusses:
1) The composition and distribution of body fluids, including intracellular and extracellular fluids.
2) The mechanisms that regulate the movement of fluids and solutes between compartments, such as osmosis, diffusion, filtration, and active transport.
3) The mechanisms that help maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis in the body, including thirst, kidney function, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, antidiuretic hormone, and atrial natriuretic factor.
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. It explains that body fluids contain different solutes and electrolyte concentrations are maintained through selective membrane permeability. Fluid movement in the body is influenced by pressures and permeability and ensures nutrients and waste are exchanged. There are three main types of IV solutions - isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic - which are used to correct fluid imbalances depending on their osmolarity. Crystalloids like saline are effective short term volume expanders while colloids draw fluid from tissues into vessels but can cause circulatory overload if given in excess. Monitoring for fluid overload is important when giving any IV solutions.
This document contains a compilation of practice tests for the nursing board examination. It includes 5 parts with topics on the foundation of professional nursing practice, community health nursing, care of clients with physiological and psychosocial alterations, maternal and child health, medical-surgical nursing, and psychiatric nursing. Each part contains multiple choice practice questions and answer keys to help nurses prepare for the licensure examination.
This document defines opioids as painkillers that bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. It describes the mechanism of action of opioids, their therapeutic uses for conditions like pain, cough, and diarrhea, and their potential side effects including addiction, abuse, tolerance, dependence, and death. The document discusses addiction in more detail, outlining its causes, symptoms, what tolerance and dependence mean, and treatments for opioid addiction including methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone.
This document provides information about various psychiatric medications, including their purposes, common types, potential side effects, and precautions. It discusses medications used to treat psychosis (antipsychotics), side effects of antipsychotics, mood disorders (lithium, anticonvulsants), depression (SSRIs, tricyclics, MAOIs). Key points covered include the importance of adherence, monitoring side effects, blood tests where needed, and discussing any other medications or substances with doctors due to potential interactions.
People with dementia may develop behavioral and psychological symptoms like depression, anxiety, or aggression. While non-drug interventions should be tried first, medication may sometimes be necessary, though drugs have side effects. Antipsychotics are commonly used but have risks and limited benefits, and should generally only be used for up to three months. Other options include anticonvulsants or antidepressants, which require specialist prescription. All drug treatment for dementia symptoms requires careful monitoring and review.
This document discusses the role and classifications of medicine. It explains that medicines are classified into four main categories: disease prevention through vaccines, fighting pathogens with antibiotics, relieving pain with analgesics, and managing chronic conditions with medicines like insulin or antidepressants. The document also covers how medicines are administered, potential reactions, interactions, tolerance, withdrawal, misuse, and abuse. It emphasizes that abusing medicines for nonmedical reasons is dangerous and illegal.
This document discusses drugs that affect the central nervous system, including those used for pain management. It covers topics like acute vs chronic pain, cultural implications on pain perception, opioid and nonopioid analgesics, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Specific drugs discussed include morphine, meperidine, codeine, acetaminophen, aspirin, and various nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Adverse effects, dosages, and nursing responsibilities are provided for several commonly used pain medications.
This document discusses the role and classifications of medicines. It begins by asking the reader to recall recent medications taken, their purposes, and effectiveness. It then defines medicines and drugs. The four main classifications of medicines are presented: disease prevention through vaccines, fighting pathogens with antibiotics, relieving pain with analgesics, and managing chronic conditions like allergies and cancer. The document outlines methods of medication administration and potential reactions, interactions, tolerance, withdrawal, misuse, and abuse. It stresses the dangers of teens abusing medications and provides a link to a news clip about prescription drug abuse.
This document discusses the role and classifications of medicines. It begins by asking the reader to recall recent medications taken, their purposes, and effectiveness. It then defines medicines and drugs. The document outlines four main classifications of medicines: disease prevention through vaccines; fighting pathogens with antibiotics; relieving pain with analgesics; and managing chronic conditions with medicines like insulin and cancer treatments. It discusses routes of administration, potential reactions, interactions, tolerance, withdrawal, and dangers of misuse and abuse of both prescription and over-the-counter medications.
The document discusses various topics related to pharmacology including:
1) Extrapyramidal effects such as Parkinson-like symptoms and Tardive Dyskinesia that can occur with antipsychotic drugs.
2) Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, a potentially fatal reaction to antipsychotic drugs characterized by high fever, muscle rigidity and confusion.
3) Precautions for stopping medications that affect the nervous system like migraine medications and barbiturates which should be tapered to avoid rebound symptoms.
This document discusses anti-anxiety drugs, including their classification, mechanisms of action, indications, and nursing considerations. It describes how anxiety results from an imbalance of chemicals in the brain and how anti-anxiety medications work by potentiating GABA receptors. Major drug classes covered are barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and non-benzodiazepines. Common drugs discussed are diazepam, midazolam, phenobarbital, and choral hydrate. Indications, dosages, routes of administration, side effects, nursing implications, and patient education are summarized for safe and effective use of these medications.
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel: https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
We examine medication assisted therapies for smoking, opiate addiction and alcohol dependence. We also explore the research supporting MAT and approaches that can be taken with clients who abuse drugs for which no MAT is available.
The document discusses types of anti-anxiety drugs that are commonly abused, including benzodiazepines like Xanax, Klonopin, Valium, and Ativan. These drugs are prescribed to reduce anxiety and tension and induce sleep but are also highly addictive. The document outlines side effects of anti-anxiety drug abuse like sedation, impaired coordination, and medication hangovers. It concludes by providing contact information for an addiction treatment center that offers holistic programs for overcoming substance abuse issues.
Prescription drug abuse has increased significantly in India due to overprescription of drugs like benzodiazepines without proper warnings, unlawful over-the-counter selling of prescription drugs, and legislation that lumps all drugs together. Commonly abused prescription drugs include opioids, CNS depressants, stimulants, and steroids. Doctors are uniquely positioned to screen for prescription drug abuse during routine exams and help patients receive treatment, which may involve behavioral therapies and medication to manage withdrawal symptoms and prevent relapse. Prevention requires vigilance about false prescriptions, educating pharmacists, and considering alternative means of dispensing potentially abusable drugs.
The document discusses various topics related to pharmacology including definitions of pharmacology, pharmacy, clinical pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, medications, and drug effects. It describes pharmacology as the study of drug action and interaction in the body. It defines different types of drug preparations like tablets, capsules, creams, and others. It also discusses key drug terminology such as onset of action, peak plasma level, half-life, and plateau related to how drugs act in the body.
Sedative hypnotics like barbiturates act as central nervous system depressants, inducing sedation, hypnosis, and anesthesia. They have therapeutic uses for anxiety, insomnia, and seizures but also carry risks of dependence and withdrawal symptoms. Nursing management focuses on monitoring for side effects like drowsiness, orthostatic hypotension, and paradoxical reactions while educating patients on safe use, dependence risks, and avoiding alcohol and other CNS depressants.
This document outlines psychotropic medications used to treat mental health conditions such as depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety. It defines psychotropic medications as psychiatric drugs that affect brain chemistry. Common medications are discussed for each condition, along with their dosages, side effects, and nursing considerations. The document emphasizes that pregnant and breastfeeding women should discuss risks and benefits of psychotropic medication with their doctors, as limited research exists on effects during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
This document summarizes long-term pharmacotherapies for substance use disorders including smoking, alcohol, opioids, and methadone/buprenorphine. It discusses that medications like nicotine replacements, antidepressants, naltrexone, methadone, and buprenorphine are most effective when combined with counseling and can help reduce cravings and drug use for patients with substance dependence. The document also covers considerations for different pharmacotherapies and highlights their benefits but also potential side effects and barriers to their use.
This document discusses various topics related to pain management and drugs affecting the central nervous system. It defines different types of pain such as acute and chronic pain. It also discusses cultural implications of pain and alternative pain management methods. The document examines several opioid and non-opioid analgesic drugs including morphine, fentanyl, meperidine, codeine, and acetaminophen. It provides information on dosing, effects, nursing responsibilities, and calculations for administering these drugs.
This document discusses drugs that affect the central nervous system, specifically those used for pain management. It defines different types of pain and discusses cultural considerations around pain. Opioid and nonopioid analgesics are explained, including mechanisms of action, dosing, effects, and nursing responsibilities. Specific drugs covered include morphine, fentanyl, meperidine, codeine, acetaminophen, aspirin, and naproxen. Risks of addiction, dependence, and toxicity are also addressed.
This document provides information about drugs and medicines. It defines key terms and describes different types of drugs, their effects, and risks. The document covers legal prescription drugs and illegal drugs. It discusses how drugs affect the brain and can lead to addiction. The risks of drug abuse during teen years and pregnancy are also addressed. Treatment options for addiction like intervention and recovery are mentioned.
This document provides information about opioids, methadone, and methadone treatment. It defines opioids as pain relieving medications and lists some common ones. It describes the acute effects and health risks of opioids. It then explains that methadone is an opioid used to treat pain and prevent withdrawal in addiction treatment programs. The document outlines methadone side effects, benefits of treatment at methadone clinics, and risks to consider like overdose and withdrawal symptoms if not taken as prescribed.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
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Cancer%20 pain%20medication
1. Cancer Pain Medication
meperidine
hydrochloride
Trade Name(s):
Demerol, Mepergan Fortis
Type of Drug:
Meperidine hydrochloride is a synthetic opioid analgesic, similar to
morphine.
How Drug Works:
Meperidine hydrochloride relieves moderate to severe acute pain. It
binds to opioid receptors in the brain and central nervous system
(CNS), altering the perception of pain as well as the emotional
response to pain.
How Drug Is Given:
Meperidine hydrochloride can be given by an injection in a vein, in the
muscle, or under the skin. It can also be given as a pill by mouth. The
dose depends on the reason the medicine is being given and how well
your pain goes away with the dose.
How Should I Take This Drug?
Take this drug exactly as directed by your doctor. If you do not
understand the instructions, ask your doctor or nurse to explain them to
you.
Read the following information. If you do not understand it or if
any of it causes you special concern, check with your doctor.
Before taking this drug, tell your doctor if you are taking any other
prescription or over-the-counter drugs, including vitamins and
herbals.
Should I avoid any other medications, foods, alcohol, and/or
activities?
Your prescription and nonprescription medications may interact with
other drugs, causing a harmful effect. Certain foods or alcohol can also
interact with drug products. Never begin taking a new medication,
prescription or nonprescription, without asking your doctor or nurse if it
will interact with alcohol, foods or other medications. Some drug
products can cause drowsiness and may affect activities such as
driving.
Precautions:
Take the smallest effective dose to prevent development of tolerance
(larger doses needed to give the same effect) as well as physical
Hurst Review Services 1
2. dependence (body goes into withdrawal if drug is suddenly stopped).
This is different from addiction, which is psychological dependence
(take drug for psychological effect, not for relief of pain). Tell your
doctor or nurse if you still are in pain even though you are taking the
medicine as directed.
Since meperidine hydrochloride affects the central nervous system
(CNS), it is important not to take other drugs or substances that are
known CNS depressants such as alcohol, sedatives, and hypnotics.
Acetaminophen or aspirin may be combined with meperidine
hydrochloride to increase pain relief.
You should be on a bowel regimen to prevent constipation while you
are taking opioid pain relievers. Talk to your nurse or doctor about this.
Meperidine hydrochloride is used to relieve acute pain, such as
postoperative pain. It should not be used to manage chronic pain
related to cancer. The pain relief is short acting, and frequent use can
cause dangerous side effects.
Tell all the doctors, dentists, and pharmacists you visit that you
are taking this drug.
Most of the following side effects probably will not occur.
Your doctor or nurse will want to discuss specific care
instructions with you.
They can help you understand these side effects and help you
deal with them.
Side Effects:
More Common Side Effects:
Constipation
Drowsiness
Sedation
Nausea
Vomiting
Dizziness
Dry mouth
Less Common Side Effects:
Changes in mood
Euphoria
Mental clouding
Decreased breathing rate
Decreased blood pressure when changing position
Delayed digestion
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3. Decreased heart rate
Rare Side Efects:
Difficulty urinating
Seizures
Decreased sexual interest
Impotence
Side Effects/Symptoms of the Drug:
Drink fluids (8 oz every hour in sips) to prevent constipation. Also, try to
eat foods high in fiber such as bran, fruits, and vegetables. You may
need to take a stool softener, bulk–forming agent, and/or laxative to
help keep your bowel movements regular.
Call your doctor or nurse right away if you have not moved your bowels
in 2 days.
Abruptly stopping the drug can cause anxiety, dizziness, nausea and
vomiting, and tiredness. The drug should be gradually stopped.
Other side effects not listed above can also occur in some patients.
Tell your doctor or nurse if you develop any problems.
FDA Approval:
Yes
Hurst Review Services 3
4. fentanyl
transdermal
system
Trade Name(s):
Duragesic
Type of Drug:
Fentanyl transdermal system is an opioid analgesic.
How Drug Works:
Fentanyl transdermal system relieves moderate to severe pain.
Fentanyl binds to opioid receptors in the brain and central nervous
system, altering the perception of pain as well as the emotional
response to pain. Fentanyl transdermal system is a patch. The patch is
placed on the skin, and the drug is absorbed through the skin.
How Drug Is Given:
Fentanyl transdermal system is a patch that has the medicine inside it.
When you first start the patch, you will not feel its effect for 17 to 20
hours, so you need to take other pain medicine until the patch starts
working. The patch is put firmly on the skin. First, find a good place on
your body to put the patch; it should be clean, flat, and without any skin
injury, bumps, etc. The best sites to apply the patch are on the chest
below the collar bones, on your back, or on the tops of your arms.
Choose sites that will not bend or wrinkle a lot. Avoid skin that is
irritated or has been radiated. You can clip any of the hair at the site
but do not shave it. Then, press the patch firmly to the skin, and keep
the palm of your hand pressed on the patch for at least 30 to 60
seconds. Make sure that all the edges stick to your skin. Some people
like to tape the patch to the skin with paper tape or put a film dressing
over it. If it is very hot and you sweat a lot, you may need to use a
sticky solution like Skin Prep or benzoin. Ask your nurse or doctor
about this. Write the date and time on the white sticker that comes with
the patch. When you shower, you can cover the patch with plastic wrap
lightly taped over it, or you may not have to use anything. The patch
should be left on for 3 days. Try to change the patch at about the same
time of the day. Sometimes, especially if you have high fevers, you
may need to change the patch every 2 days. When you remove the old
patch, gently pull it off the skin and then fold it in half back on itself.
Flush it down the toilet in case there is some drug left in it. Keep the
box of unopened patches in a safe place and out of the reach of
children or pets. The dose depends on how much opioid medicine you
needed before to control your pain. If you did not get good control with
the other medicine, the patch dose should be higher than the pill dose;
the right dose is the dose that controls your pain.
Hurst Review Services 4
5. How Should I Take This Drug?
Take this drug exactly as directed by your doctor. If you do not
understand these instructions, ask your doctor or nurse to explain them
to you.
Read the following information. If you do not understand it or if
any of it causes you special concern, check with your doctor.
Before taking this drug, tell your doctor if you are taking any other
prescription or over-the-counter drugs, including vitamins and
herbals.
Should I avoid any other medications, foods, alcohol, and/or
activities?
Your prescription and nonprescription medications may interact with
other drugs, causing a harmful effect. Certain foods or alcohol can also
interact with drug products. Never begin taking a new medication,
prescription or nonprescription, without asking your doctor or nurse if it
will interact with alcohol, foods or other medications. Some drug
products can cause drowsiness and may affect activities such as
driving.
Precautions:
If you have never taken opioid pain relievers before, your doctor will
start you at the lowest dose. Keep a record of the pain relievers you
are taking so that you can show it to your doctor or nurse. This will help
in determining the best dosage for you.
Since fentanyl transdermal system affects the central nervous system
(CNS), it is important not to take other drugs or substances that are
known CNS depressants such as alcohol, sedatives, and hypnotics.
You should be on a bowel regimen to prevent constipation while you
are taking opioid pain relievers. Talk to your nurse or doctor about this.
Acetaminophen or aspirin may be combined with fentanyl transdermal
system to increase the pain relief action.
Take the smallest effective dose to prevent development of tolerance
and physical dependence. Tolerance can develop (larger doses are
needed to give the same effect) as well as physical dependence (body
goes into withdrawal if drug is suddenly stopped). This is different from
addiction, which is psychological dependence (taking drug for
psychological effect, not for relief of pain). Tell your doctor or nurse if
you still have pain even though you are taking the medicine as
Hurst Review Services 5
6. directed.
Tell all the doctors, dentists, and pharmacists you visit that you
are taking this drug.
Most of the following side effects probably will not occur.
Your doctor or nurse will want to discuss specific care
instructions with you.
They can help you understand these side effects and help you
deal with them.
Side Effects:
More Common Side Effects:
Sleepiness
Constipation
Dizziness
Nausea
Less Common Side Effects:
Difficulty breathing
Confusion
Tremors
Euphoria
Vomiting
Decreased blood pressure when changing positions
Difficulty urinating
Decreased breathing rate
Depression
Lack of coordination
Difficulty speaking
Chest pain
Sweating
Rash
Itching
Hurst Review Services 6
7. Rare Side Efects:
Blood–tinged sputum
Hiccups
Hallucinations
Sore throat
Asthma
Headache
Side Effects/Symptoms of the Drug:
Tell your doctor or nurse right away if you have any difficulty breathing,
in passing your urine, or walking. Report any other problems.
Tell your doctor or nurse if you have skin problems where you apply
the patch. They will tell you ways to prevent this.
Other side effects not listed above can also occur in some patients.
Tell your doctor or nurse if you develop any problems.
Hurst Review Services 7
8. FDA Approval:
Yes
hydromorphone
Trade Name(s):
Dilaudid
Type of Drug:
Hydromorphone is an opioid analgesic.
How Drug Works:
Hydromorphone relieves moderate to severe pain and is similar to
morphine. It binds to opioid receptors in the brain and central nervous
system (CNS), altering the perception of pain as well as the emotional
response to pain.
How Drug Is Given:
Hydromorphone is given in a number of ways. It can be given by mouth as
a pill or a liquid. As an injection, it is given under the skin or in a vein as a
short infusion or a continuous infusion with extra medicine that you can
take when needed (patient controlled analgesia or PCA). It can also be
given as a rectal suppository. Take the pill or liquid with a full glass of
water, with or without food. Make sure to shake the liquid before pouring
the dose. When taking a suppository, open the package and dip the tip in
water. If you are right–handed, lie down on your left side, bring your knees
up near your chest, and insert the suppository in your rectum about an
inch. Stay in this position for about 15 minutes, then get up and wash your
hands well. The dose depends on how well the medicine controls your
pain. The medicine will cause constipation, so make sure you take a
laxative regularly to prevent this. Keep the medicine in a tightly closed
container away from heat and moisture and out of the reach of children
and pets.
How Should I Take This Drug?
Take this drug exactly as directed by your doctor. If you do not understand
the instructions, ask your doctor or nurse to explain them to you.
Read the following information. If you do not understand it or if any
of it causes you special concern, check with your doctor.
Before taking this drug, tell your doctor if you are taking any other
prescription or over-the-counter drugs, including vitamins and
herbals.
Should I avoid any other medications, foods, alcohol, and/or
Hurst Review Services 8
9. activities?
Your prescription and nonprescription medications may interact with other
drugs, causing a harmful effect. Certain foods or alcohol can also interact
with drug products. Never begin taking a new medication, prescription or
nonprescription, without asking your doctor or nurse if it will interact with
alcohol, foods or other medications. Some drug products can cause
drowsiness and may affect activities such as driving.
Precautions:
Take the smallest effective dose to prevent development of tolerance and
physical dependence. Tolerance (larger doses needed to give the same
effect) can develop as well as physical dependence (body goes into
withdrawal if drug is suddenly stopped). This is different from addiction,
which is psychological dependence (take drug for psychological effect, not
for relief of pain). Tell your doctor or nurse if you still have pain even
though you are taking the medicine as directed.
Since hydromorphone affects the central nervous system, it is important
not to take other drugs or substances that are known CNS depressants
such as alcohol, sedatives, and hypnotics.
Acetaminophen or aspirin may be combined with hydromorphone to
increase the pain relief action.
You should be on a bowel regimen to prevent constipation while you are
taking opioid pain relievers. Talk to your nurse or doctor about this.
Tell all the doctors, dentists, and pharmacists you visit that you are
taking this drug.
Most of the following side effects probably will not occur.
Your doctor or nurse will want to discuss specific care instructions
with you.
They can help you understand these side effects and help you
deal with them.
Side Effects:
More Common Side Effects:
Constipation
Drowsiness
Sedation
Dizziness
Nausea
Dry mouth
Hurst Review Services 9
10. Less Common Side Effects:
Mood changes
Euphoria
Mental clouding
Decreased breathing rate
Vomiting
Delayed digestion
Decreased blood pressure when changing position
Decreased heart rate
Rare Side Efects:
Small pupils in the eyes
Seizures
Difficulty urinating
Decreased sexual interest
Impotence
Bowel rupture due to constipation
Side Effects/Symptoms of the Drug:
Drink fluids (8 oz every hour in sips) to prevent constipation. Also, try to
eat foods high in fiber such as bran. You may need to take a stool
softener, bulk–forming agent, and/or laxative to help keep your bowel
movements regular.
Call your doctor or nurse right away if you have not moved your bowels in
2 days.
Abruptly stopping the drug can cause anxiety, dizziness, nausea and
vomiting, and tiredness. The drug should be gradually discontinued.
Hurst Review Services 10
11. oxycodone
Trade Name(s):
Endodan, Oxycontin, Percocet, Percodan, Roxiprin
Type of Drug:
Oxycodone is a synthetic opioid analgesic, similar to morphine.
How Drug Works:
Oxycodone relieves moderate to moderately severe pain. It binds to opioid receptors
in the brain and central nervous system (CNS), altering the perception of pain as well
as the emotional response to it. It also suppresses the cough reflex.
How Drug Is Given:
Oxycodone comes in a number of preparations to take by mouth. Oxycodone by itself
is an immediate– release pill that lasts 3 to 4 hours. Sustained–release pills (like
Oxycontin) are taken every 12 hours. Try to drink an 8 oz glass of water or fluid every
hour to help prevent constipation. You should take a laxative so that you move your
bowels at least every other day. The dose depends on how much is needed to
control your pain. Keep the medicine in a tightly closed container away from heat and
moisture and out of the reach of children and pets.
How Should I Take This Drug?
Take this drug exactly as directed by your doctor. If you do not understand the
instructions, ask your doctor or nurse to explain them to you.
Read the following information. If you do not understand it or if any of it causes
you special concern, check with your doctor.
Before taking this drug, tell your doctor if you are taking any other prescription
or over-the-counter drugs, including vitamins and herbals.
Should I avoid any other medications, foods, alcohol, and/or activities?
Your prescription and nonprescription medications may interact with other drugs,
causing a harmful effect. Certain foods or alcohol can also interact with drug
products. Never begin taking a new medication, prescription or nonprescription,
without asking your doctor or nurse if it will interact with alcohol, foods or other
medications. Some drug products can cause drowsiness and may affect activities
such as driving.
Precautions:
Take the smallest effective dose to prevent development of tolerance and physical
dependence. Tolerance (larger doses needed to give the same effect) can develop
as well as physical dependence (body goes into withdrawal if drug is suddenly
stopped). This is different from addiction, which is psychological dependence (take
drug for psychological effect, not for relief of pain). Tell your doctor or nurse if you still
have pain even though you are taking the medicine as directed.
Since oxycodone affects the central nervous system (CNS), it is important not to take
other drugs or substances that are known CNS depressants such as alcohol,
sedatives, and hypnotics.
Acetaminophen or aspirin may be combined with oxycodone to increase the pain
relief action.
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12. You should be on a bowel regimen to prevent constipation while you are taking opioid
pain relievers. Talk to your nurse or doctor about this.
Tell all the doctors, dentists, and pharmacists you visit that you are taking this
drug.
Most of the following side effects probably will not occur.
Your doctor or nurse will want to discuss specific care instructions with you.
They can help you understand these side effects and help you deal with
them.
Side Effects:
More Common Side Effects:
Constipation
Drowsiness
Sedation
Nausea
Dizziness
Dry mouth
Less Common Side Effects:
Vomiting
Changes in mood
Euphoria
Depression
Confusion
Decreased breathing rate
Decreased blood pressure when changing position
Delayed digestion
Decreased heart rate
Rare Side Efects:
Difficulty urinating
Decreased sexual interest
Impotence
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13. Side Effects/Symptoms of the Drug:
Drink fluids (8 oz every hour in sips) to prevent constipation. Also, try to eat foods
high in fiber such as bran, fruits, and vegetables. You may need to take a stool
softener, bulk–forming agent, and/or laxative to help keep your bowel movements
regular.
Call your doctor or nurse right away if you have not moved your bowels in 2 days.
Abruptly stopping the drug can cause anxiety, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, and
tiredness. The drug should be gradually discontinued.
Other side effects not listed above can also occur in some patients.
Tell your doctor or nurse if you develop any problems.
FDA Approval:
Yes
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