This document provides information about various psychiatric medications, including their purposes, common types, potential side effects, and precautions. It discusses medications used to treat psychosis (antipsychotics), side effects of antipsychotics, mood disorders (lithium, anticonvulsants), depression (SSRIs, tricyclics, MAOIs). Key points covered include the importance of adherence, monitoring side effects, blood tests where needed, and discussing any other medications or substances with doctors due to potential interactions.
Treatment Strategies for Women and Families with Substance AbuseErikaAGoyer
NATIONAL PERINATAL ASSOCIATION 2014 CONFERENCE
Treatment Strategies for Women and Families with
Substance Abuse: The participant will be able to:
Interpret the term “opioid use disorder,” explain the
benefits of Methadone Assisted Treatment (MAT) and
identify the characteristics of Neonatal Abstinence
Syndrome.
Psychotherapeutic agents are a key component in the management of psychiatric disorders. Knowledge in this aspect of therapy goes a long way to help the health professional and the patient as well. However, care must be taken in administering these agents to pregnant women, and if possible stop, or consult your psychiatrist before taking these agents.
Treatment Strategies for Women and Families with Substance AbuseErikaAGoyer
NATIONAL PERINATAL ASSOCIATION 2014 CONFERENCE
Treatment Strategies for Women and Families with
Substance Abuse: The participant will be able to:
Interpret the term “opioid use disorder,” explain the
benefits of Methadone Assisted Treatment (MAT) and
identify the characteristics of Neonatal Abstinence
Syndrome.
Psychotherapeutic agents are a key component in the management of psychiatric disorders. Knowledge in this aspect of therapy goes a long way to help the health professional and the patient as well. However, care must be taken in administering these agents to pregnant women, and if possible stop, or consult your psychiatrist before taking these agents.
Global Medical Cures™ | Medicines for Treating Depression
Disclaimer-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
The Six Classifications of Drugs of Abuse (Grade 9 (Mapeh) Health Lesson)Jewel Jem
The Six Classifications of Drugs of Abuse
> Gateway Drugs
> Depressants
> Stimulants
> Narcotics
> Hallucinogens
> Inhalants
Along with meanings, types and pictures
The good and bad effects of each classifications of the drugs of abuse
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) recently released S&C Memo 13-35-NH, which discusses the use of psychopharmacological medications and behavioral management in America’s Nursing Homes. The management of behavioral or psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) is a challenge in Nursing Homes. In this presentation viewers will learn valuable behavioral management techniques that can be utilized to decrease patient dependency on psychopharmacological medication. Important government initiatives, including The Partnership to Improve Dementia Care in Nursing Homes are discussed. The presentation also discusses the recent updates to interpretive guidelines of F309 (Quality of Care) and F329 (Unnecessary Drugs), and details the Seven Dementia Care Principles provided by CMS to assist nursing homes to manage behavioral or psychological symptoms of BPSD.
1. Learn the content of S&C Memo 13-35-NH and the implications of this memo on daily resident care
2. Learn to articulate the intent and impact of F309 and F329 on resident health and well-being, and identify strategies to maintain compliance with the regulatory intent of these regulations
3. Learn about the seven Dementia Care Principles provided by CMS to assist nursing homes to manage behavioral or psychological symptoms of BPSD
4. Identify the seven Dementia Care Principles provided by CMS to assist nursing homes to manage behavioral or psychological symptoms of BPSD
ANTI-DRUG CAMPAIGN (TYPES/EFFECTS/HOW TO OVERCOME DRUGS)czarinaCervo
this is all about drugs and on how to avoid or stop drug abuse, through this slideshow, viewers can be aware about the effects and the negative things that drugs can do to our body.
In this webinar, clinicians from two Ryan White clinics with successful buprenorphine programs describe what buprenorphine is, how it works, what opioids do to the brain, how buprenorphine differs from methadone, important drug-drug interactions, the concept of precipitated withdrawal and how to recognize it, how to determine patient eligibility, and clinical aspects of working with opiod-addicted people living with HIV.
Presenters Pamela Vergara-Rodriguez, MD, (CORE Center in Chicago), and Jacqueline Tulsky, MD (University of California at San Francisco and San Francisco General Hospital), also describe the challenges and successes of the SPNS buprenorphine projects at their institutions.
Visit the Integrating HIV Innovative Practices webpage to learn more about integrating buprenorphine into HIV primary care settings and to access additional training materials.
Drug addiction: A complex neurological diseaseSHIVANEE VYAS
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disease that requires integrated treatment of the mind, body, and spirit. It is considered a brain disease because drugs change the brain, they change its structure and how it works. Without treatment, these brain changes can be long-lasting. Addiction is chronic, it is progressive, and if left untreated, it can be fatal.
Individuals struggling with drug addiction often feel as though they cannot function normally without their drug of choice. This can lead to a wide range of issues that impact professional goals, personal relationships, and overall health. Over time, these serious side effects can be progressive, and if left untreated, fatal.
Global Medical Cures™ | Medicines for Treating Depression
Disclaimer-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
The Six Classifications of Drugs of Abuse (Grade 9 (Mapeh) Health Lesson)Jewel Jem
The Six Classifications of Drugs of Abuse
> Gateway Drugs
> Depressants
> Stimulants
> Narcotics
> Hallucinogens
> Inhalants
Along with meanings, types and pictures
The good and bad effects of each classifications of the drugs of abuse
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) recently released S&C Memo 13-35-NH, which discusses the use of psychopharmacological medications and behavioral management in America’s Nursing Homes. The management of behavioral or psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) is a challenge in Nursing Homes. In this presentation viewers will learn valuable behavioral management techniques that can be utilized to decrease patient dependency on psychopharmacological medication. Important government initiatives, including The Partnership to Improve Dementia Care in Nursing Homes are discussed. The presentation also discusses the recent updates to interpretive guidelines of F309 (Quality of Care) and F329 (Unnecessary Drugs), and details the Seven Dementia Care Principles provided by CMS to assist nursing homes to manage behavioral or psychological symptoms of BPSD.
1. Learn the content of S&C Memo 13-35-NH and the implications of this memo on daily resident care
2. Learn to articulate the intent and impact of F309 and F329 on resident health and well-being, and identify strategies to maintain compliance with the regulatory intent of these regulations
3. Learn about the seven Dementia Care Principles provided by CMS to assist nursing homes to manage behavioral or psychological symptoms of BPSD
4. Identify the seven Dementia Care Principles provided by CMS to assist nursing homes to manage behavioral or psychological symptoms of BPSD
ANTI-DRUG CAMPAIGN (TYPES/EFFECTS/HOW TO OVERCOME DRUGS)czarinaCervo
this is all about drugs and on how to avoid or stop drug abuse, through this slideshow, viewers can be aware about the effects and the negative things that drugs can do to our body.
In this webinar, clinicians from two Ryan White clinics with successful buprenorphine programs describe what buprenorphine is, how it works, what opioids do to the brain, how buprenorphine differs from methadone, important drug-drug interactions, the concept of precipitated withdrawal and how to recognize it, how to determine patient eligibility, and clinical aspects of working with opiod-addicted people living with HIV.
Presenters Pamela Vergara-Rodriguez, MD, (CORE Center in Chicago), and Jacqueline Tulsky, MD (University of California at San Francisco and San Francisco General Hospital), also describe the challenges and successes of the SPNS buprenorphine projects at their institutions.
Visit the Integrating HIV Innovative Practices webpage to learn more about integrating buprenorphine into HIV primary care settings and to access additional training materials.
Drug addiction: A complex neurological diseaseSHIVANEE VYAS
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disease that requires integrated treatment of the mind, body, and spirit. It is considered a brain disease because drugs change the brain, they change its structure and how it works. Without treatment, these brain changes can be long-lasting. Addiction is chronic, it is progressive, and if left untreated, it can be fatal.
Individuals struggling with drug addiction often feel as though they cannot function normally without their drug of choice. This can lead to a wide range of issues that impact professional goals, personal relationships, and overall health. Over time, these serious side effects can be progressive, and if left untreated, fatal.
Understanding drugs and addiction By Mzwandile Mashinini mzwandile mashinini
the presentation is based on drugs and addiction, we first start of by defining the terms drug and addiction, then discus the different kinds of drugs available to humans and finally we highlight some of the consequences of addiction together with a treatment plan . all the sources consulted that have been consulted are sited on the reference section
Table of Content:
Introduction
Why are Prescription Drugs Abused
Prescription Drug Addiction
Factors Encouraging Prescription Drug Addiction
How to Avoid Slipping Into a Prescription Drug Addiction
How to Beat a Prescription Drug Addiction
DRUG ABUSE & ADDICTION , IDIOSYNCRASY AND TACHYPHYLAXISsarthak845950
This ppt gives us a clear picture of drug addiction and abuse, illegal drugs, tachyphylaxis, idiosyncrasy, and spare receptors. It also tells us about the most common abusable drugs, the effect of drugs on the brain, ethanol abuse, warning signs of addiction, the effect of drugs on body organs, etc.
As more people combine prescription medications with over-the-counter vitamins and supplements, the likelihood of adverse reactions increases. Learn the importance of taking medications properly to protect your health and get the most from your medications!
Drug Addiction: Signs, Symptoms, and Withdrawal Management | Solh WellnessSolh Wellness
Uncover the signs, symptoms, and withdrawal management strategies for drug addiction by Solh Wellness. Take a step towards recovery and reclaim control.
There are various treatment methods for bipolar disorder, including; drug therapy, psychotherapy, mental health supplements and ect. http://mentalhealthlivingwithbipolar.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_27.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
1. Psychiatric medications
1
helping families & friends find better ways
Introduction
The experience of mental illness can have
a profound impact upon people’s work,
family and social lives, as well as on
confidence and self-esteem.
Most people need assistance in rebuilding
their lives after experiencing mental
illness. Ideally, treatment involves
biological (medical), psychological and
social components. Whilst medications
are the cornerstone of treatment for most
mental illnesses, they are not sufficient
in themselves to lead people to recovery.
Instead, medications will alleviate or ease
symptoms for most people, providing
a window of opportunity to begin the
journey to recovery.
The ongoing use of medications will
also assist in stabilising symptoms and
preventing relapse.
This guide may not be all encompassing
as new medications or ‘brands’ may be
marketed. If you are unsure about a
particular medication, check with your
doctor or pharmacist.
General guidelines and
precautions in relation
to psychiatric medication
Finding the right medication – persist!
In searching for the right medication,
it is important to understand that both
symptoms and diagnoses can change
over time. Typically then, a person will be
prescribed a variety of medications. It is
important that the person who is taking
the medication understands what that
particular medication is aiming to achieve.
Similarly the person plays an active role
in partnership with the treating doctor in
finding the appropriate medication and
dosage, and in talking through concerns
about side effects.
Medications have both desired effects
(eg reducing symptoms) and undesired
effects commonly called side effects (eg
drowsiness). The aim is for each person to
find a medication that is tolerable and has
the least number of side effects while it
effectively reduces symptoms. Adherence
to a medication is much more likely when
it is clear that the benefits of taking the
medication outweigh the costs. Changes
in medications and/or in dosage need to
be achieved in partnership between the
person taking the medication and the
doctor to find optimum outcomes.
New medications are becoming
available regularly, so it is worth
pursuing the search for a medication
that has the most benefit and the least
side effects for a particular person.
A feature of most psychiatric medications
is that they may only begin to have a
beneficial effect after several weeks.
This can cause frustration and confusion
about whether the medication is working
adequately or is in fact the right one.
It is best to be patient and communicate
well with the doctor about the suitability
of the medication.
It is useful to request information about:
• the name of the medication, what it is
supposed to do, and when it should
begin to take effect;
• how the medication is to be
taken ie. daily, with food etc;
• any food, drinks, other medicines and
activities the person should avoid while
taking this medication;
• possible side effects and what should
be done if they occur;
• how long will it be necessary to take the
medication;
• sources of information about this
medication (eg. internet sites,
pamphlets).
Looking up medications in medical
texts, drug texts, or on the internet
can be overwhelming and alarming.
Many possible effects are listed, but
not necessarily in order of importance
or frequency of occurrence and the
benefits of the medication may not
be well presented. Discussing concerns
with the doctor or a health professional
can be helpful.
It is also important to remember
that people may experience more
than one diagnosable and treatable
condition and may be prescribed a
combination of medications.
Before starting or changing any psychiatric
medication it is important that the doctor
knows whether the person:
• has a particular active medical condition;
• is taking any other prescription or
non-prescription medicines including
complementary or herbal treatments;
• is smoking, consuming alcohol or
street drugs;
• is breastfeeding, pregnant or planning
to become pregnant.
It is important to take all medications
as directed, not just on an as
needed basis. Most medications for
mental illnesses do not work when taken
irregularly, and extra doses can cause
unnecessary side effects.
2. Psychiatric medications
continued...
2
Any unusual feeling may be a side effect and should be
reported to the doctor. After taking a medication for some time,
people will be better able to identify which feelings go with
the medication and which do not. However, if a person is still
experiencing discomfort or is worried or afraid, speaking with the
doctor can provide reassurance and alert the doctor that a review
of medication may be required. Describe side effects in detail to
the doctor before changing or stopping any medication.
Medications for psychosis
General information
Medications for pyschosis are called ‘antipsychotics’.
Psychosis is a condition in which the functioning of a person’s
brain is severely disrupted, affecting their thoughts, perceptions,
emotions and behaviour. A person experiencing psychosis
will have confused thoughts and speech, and difficulty in
distinguishing reality.
Antipsychotic medications are used for treating schizophrenia,
schizophreniform psychosis, schizoaffective disorder, substance-
induced psychosis and other conditions where psychotic symptoms
(ie. hearing voices, hallucinations, confused thinking or delusional
ideas) are present.
Interactions between prescribed medications and other drugs such
as alcohol and illicit drugs is often unpredictable. Report to the
doctor if illicit drugs are being used.
The medication may take a few weeks to work so it is important
for people to continue with the treatment even when they think
it may not be working. A medication should be taken for at least
three weeks before a change is considered, unless severe, adverse
reactions necessitate discontinuation. Maximum improvement
may take several months.
Other medications may be prescribed with the antipsychotic to
assist with the treatment of additional symptoms or side effects.
Typical (Conventional) antipsychotic medications
Oral
Generic name Common brand names
chlorpromazine Largactil
haloperidol Serenace
pericyazine Neulactil
pimozide Orap
thioridazine Aldazine
thiothixene Navane
trifluoperazine Stelazine
zuclopethixol Clopixol
Long-term injectables
(often used for people under a Community Treatment Order)
Generic name Common brand names
flupenthixol decanoate Fluanxol
fluphenazine decanoate Modecate
haloperidol decanoate Haldol
zuclopethixol decanoate Clopixol
Some possible side effects and precautions
Side effects include constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision,
dizziness (especially after standing up quickly), difficulty in urinating,
rapid heart rate, weight gain, allergic reactions, impaired alertness,
drowsiness or sedation, breast enlargement and/or tenderness,
and a change in menstrual cycle for women. Breast enlargement/
engorgement or tenderness can also occur in men.
These medicines can also cause movements such as motor
restlessness, tremor, muscle stiffness or rigidity and muscle jerking,
also eye rolling and other involuntary body movements. These are
managed with a range of side-effect medications (see below).
Long term use of these medicines can result in tardive dyskinesia
which is a syndrome of involuntary movements, especially around
the mouth. The involuntary movements include lip puckering,
chewing movements and tongue protusion, involuntary leg jiggling,
or movement of neck, trunk, or pelvis. Contact your doctor
if you are experiencing any of these symptoms.
Atypical antipsychotic medications
Oral
Generic name Common brand names
amisulpride Solian
aripiprazole Abilify
clozapine Clozaril,Clopine
olanzapine Zyprexa
risperidone Risperdal
quetiapine Seroquel
ziprasidone Zeldox
Long-term injectables
Generic name Common brand names
risperidone Risperdal Consta
Some possible side effects and precautions
Side effects include weight gain, drowsiness, sleep disturbance and
change in eating patterns, dizziness, excess saliva, and agitation.
For clozapine, there are a number of serious side effects requiring
close monitoring during treatment. Regular blood tests will be taken
to check for signs of the serious (but infrequent) blood condition
agranulocytosis (decrease in number of white blood cells that can
lead to serious infection and death). Some heart conditions can
also develop and monitoring for these will be done also. At certain
dosages, seizures may also occur.
3. 3
Medications for side effects
(also called anticholinergic medications or antiparkinsonian agents)
General information
These are used to treat the involuntary muscle effects
of antipsychotic medications. Many involuntary symptoms
include:
• loss of facial expression;
• lack of drive to initiate movement;
• feelings of restlessness in the muscles – can’t stay still;
• muscle stiffness or rigidity;
• muscle jerks or spasms.
Generic name Common brand names
benzhexol Artane
benztropine Benztrop, Cogentin
Side effects of these medications can include dry mouth, blurred
vision, constipation, drowsiness, difficulty in urinating and
worsening of glaucoma.
Medications for mood disorder
General information
Mood disorders are sustained abnormal emotional states that
disrupt people’s lives. Feelings that range from depression and
sadness to elation and excitement are often the experience of
people who suffer a mood disorder.
Mood stabilizers are medications that relieve the symptoms of
mood chages such as mania and severe depression. They also
prevent the recurrence of mania and depression in bipolar
disorder when taken regularly over an extended period of time.
The main medicines used are lithium carbonate and a range of
drugs first marketed to treat epilepsy.
It is important to take the medication regularly as it can take
a few weeks to notice the benefit. Often side effects are noticed
before the benefit of the drug.
Each medicine has its own particular precautions. Blood tests are
required with each to check that the dose is effective and
to monitor for problems specific to each medication.
Generic name Common brand names
carbamazepine Tegretol, Teril
lithium carbonate Lithicarb, Quilonum SR
sodium valproate Epilim, Valpro
Some possible side effects and precautions
Lithium carbonate is a simple element found in nature,
some mineral waters and in the human body. At the right
dose, determined by blood monitoring, lithium treats the
symptoms of mania and helps prevent recurrence of manic
and depressive symptoms.
Commonly experienced side effects are thirst, nausea, stomach
upset, weight gain, slight shaking, swollen ankles and passing
a lot of urine. If any of the following symptoms are noticed
contact your doctor immediately: severe shaking, blurred vision,
drowsiness, weakness, twitching, diarrhea, vomiting, slurred
speech or impaired concentration. Lithium can affect the kidneys
and thyroid gland. Blood tests will monitor for any changes in
thyroid or kidney function.
Carbamazepine is an epilepsy medication found to be effective
in managing mania and preventing recurrence of mania and
depression. The right dose is determined by response to treatment
and checking the level of drug in the body (bloodtest).
Common side effects tend to occur at the start of treatment and
decrease in severity over time. These include drowsiness, dry
mouth, blurred vision, nausea, mild dizziness, ringing in the ears
and headache.
If any of the following uncommon side effects are experienced
contact your doctor urgently: skin rash, hives or itching, sore
throat and flu-like symptoms, severe diarrhea, unusual bruising or
bleeding, or yellow skin or eyes (jaundice).
If the dose of carbamazepine is too high the following symptoms
can be experienced: severe nausea, vomiting, shaking, clumsiness,
irritability, restlessness or agitation, confusion or changes in vision.
Contact your doctor immediately if you experience any of these
symptoms.
Sodium Valproate is an epilepsy medication found to be effective
for treating acute mania and recurrences of mania or depression.
The right dose is determined by response to treatment and
checking the level of drug in the body (blood test).
Common side effects early in treatment are mild stomach cramps,
nausea and vomiting, mild diarrhoea, headache, weight gain,
change in menstrual cycle, trembling of hands or arms, drowsiness
or rash.
Uncommon side effects requiring urgent medical attention include
severe stomach cramps, unusual bruising or bleeding, changes in
vision, spots before eyes, confusion, lethargy, vomiting, swollen
face, yellow eyes or skin (jaundice), hair loss or change in hair
texture, and persistent fever or sore throat.
When the dose of sodium valproate is too high the following
symptoms may be experienced: Severe dizziness, severe drowsiness
and racing heart beat. Contact your doctor immediately if you
experience any of these symptoms.
Other antiepileptic drugs have been used in bipolar disorder. You
should request specific information on these medications from
your doctor or health care professional when they are prescribed
(see drug information contact at end of leaflet).
4. 4
Medications for depression
General information
These are used for treating symptoms of depression, such as
persistent sadness, hopelessness, poor appetite, insomnia, lack
of energy, difficulty in concentrating and diminished interest
in usually pleasurable activities.
It will take a few weeks before noticing any improvement in
symptoms although some side effects may be experienced. The
medications may need to be taken for some time to improve
mood and maintain the improvement.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are most commonly
prescribed because of their safety and tolerability. If these
do not work then other antidepressant medications may be
tried. Special precautions may need to be followed when changing
from one antidepressant to another as combining antidepressant
medications can result in serious reactions.
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Generic name Common brand names
citalopram Cipramil, Celapram, Talam, Talohexal
escitalopram Lexapro
fluoxetine Genrix, Fluohexal, Lovan,
Prozac, Zactin
fluvoxamine Faverin, Luvox, Movox
paroxetine Aropax, Oxetine, Paxetine
sertraline Xydep, Zoloft
Some possible side effects and precautions
Side effects can include nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea
especially early in treatment, insomnia or increased sedation
(particularly in young patients), abnormal dreams, headache,
palpitations, yawning, rash, sweating, anxiety, restlessness,
sexual dysfunction, bruising.
Individuals who suddenly cease SSRI medications may
experience discontinuation symptoms such as nausea, headaches,
insomnia and flu-like symptoms.
Tricyclic antidepressants
Generic name Common brand names
amitriptyline Endep, Tryptanol
clomipramine Anafranil, Clomipramine,
Genrix, Placil
dothiepin Dothep, Prothiaden
doxepin Sinequan
imipramine Melipramine, Tofranil
nortriptyline Allegron
Some possible side effects and precautions
Side effects can include constipation, dry mouth, weight gain,
blurred vision, difficulty in urinating, dizziness (especially after
standing up suddenly), sleepiness/sedation, rapid heart rate,
arrhythmias. Rarely, behavioural complications such as mania or
psychosis, seizure in susceptible patients.
Tricyclic antidepressants may increase the frequency of seizures with
people who experience epilepsy, and episodes of seizures may occur
for those who are not diagnosed with epilepsy.
Tricyclic medication may interfere with the rhythm of the heart,
especially when taken in overdose.
Other side effects such as worsening of glaucoma, and difficulty
passing urine should be closely monitored by the treating doctor.
Individuals who suddenly cease tricyclic medication may experience
withdrawal symptoms such as nausea and headaches.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI’s)
Generic name Common brand names
moclobemide Arima, Aurorix, Genrix, Maosig
phenelzine Nardil
tranylcypromine Parnate
Some possible side effects and precautions
The most serious adverse reaction seen with MAOIs is critically
raised blood pressure often caused by eating tyramine-rich foods
(strong flavoured foods or foods needing an aging process to bring
out the flavour). This is particularly a risk with phenelzine and
tranylcypromine. Always consult your doctor or pharmacist before
taking ANY prescribed or non-prescribed medicine including those
obtainable from the supermarket or health food store.
If taken with certain food and medications, MAOI can produce
a severe reaction (critically raised blood pressure), which may rarely
cause stroke or death.
Other side effects can include insomnia, dizziness, dry mouth,
gastrointestinal disturbance
When treatment begins with a MAOIs, it is extremely important to
discuss the restrictions on both diet and medication (prescription and
non-prescription) with the doctor.
5. Psychiatric medications
continued...
5
Other antidepressants
Generic name Common brand names
mirtazapine Avanza, Mirtazon, Remeron
mianserin Lumin, Tolvon
reboxetine Edronax
venlafaxine Efexor, Efexor XR
Some possible side effects and precautions
Mianserin and Mirtazapine can cause sedation, weight gain,
dry mouth, dizziness, weakness and, very rarely serious blood
changes. The doctor will monitor for any changes especially
in the first 12 weeks of treatment (bloodtest).
Reboxetine is a specific noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor
antidepressant. Common side effects include dry mouth, nausea,
insomnia, racing heartbeat, difficulty urinating.
Venlafaxine is a selective inhibitor of both serotonin and
noradrenaline (SNRI). It has a side effect profile similar to the
SSRIs. As the dose increases there may be increase in blood
pressure. The doctor will monitor this. When stopping venlafaxine
a discontinuation syndrome similar to that with SSRIs may be
experienced.
Medications for anxiety disorders
(also called anxiolytic medications)
General Information
The anxiety disorders are a group of illnesses, each characterised
by persistent feelings of high anxiety. There are feelings of
continual or extreme discomfort, tension with fear of panic attacks,
usually without discernible cause.
These medications are used for the whole range of anxiety
disorders, including social anxiety disorder, social phobia,
generalised anxiety disorder, post traumatic stress disorder and
panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. They are also useful
in helping to manage agitation. Some are used to help people to
sleep.
Antidepressant medications, particularly the SSRIs, clomipramine,
venlafaxine and mirtazapine (see medications for depression
above) are used to treat a range of anxiety disorders without
the tolerance and dependence problems associated with
benzodiazepines (Valium and drugs like it). Reboxetine may also
be used in the treatment of panic disorder.
Alprazolam is used for the treatment of panic disorder with
or without agoraphobia.
Temazepam is prescribed to help with sleeping
Clobazam is used, short-term, for acute anxiety.
Diazepam and Clonazepam are also used as
anti-epileptic/seizure medications.
Occasionally Clonazepam may be used for agitation.
Benzodiazepine medications
Generic name Common brand names
alprazolam Kalma, Xanax Alprax
clonazepam Paxam, Rivotril
diazepam Atenex, Ducene, Valium
lorazepam Ativan
oxazepam Alepam, Murelax, Serapax
temazepam Temaze, Euhypnas, Normison
Some possible side effects and precautions
Side effects can include drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue,
irritability, difficulty in coordinating movements, dependence
with long term use, may precipitate seizures in susceptible
individuals, paradoxical reactions such as acute rage, excitement
or stimulation may occur rarely.
As with all medications, take as directed. These drugs have high
potential for misuse and dependence. Do not increase the dose
or suddenly stop taking them without discussion with your doctor.
Withdrawal reactions, including restlessness, nervousness,
confusion, weakness, anxiety and convulsions can be caused
by sudden discontinuation.
Further information
Further information about psychotropic medications may also
be obtained from the Psychotropic Drug Advisory Service at the
Victorian Mental Health Research Institute on 03 9389 2920.
Other information lines include:
Medicines Line (NSW) 1300 888 763 (Mon-Fri 9am-6pm)
Consumer Adverse Medicine Events Line (NSW) 1300 134 237
(Mon-Fri 9am-6pm)
Queensland Medications Helpline (QLD) Freecall 1800 632 763
Useful references
Mental Illness Fellowship Victoria
www.mifellowship.org
Mental Health Research Institute
www.mhri.edu.au
National Alliance of the Mentally Ill (NAMI) (USA)
www.nami.org