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Marijuana
This document provides an overview of marijuana, including what it is, its sources, common street names, how it is produced and used, its mechanism of action in the body, potential medical uses and side effects, and approaches to managing addiction. Marijuana comes from the Cannabis plant and contains compounds like THC that interact with the endocannabinoid system in the brain. Common short-term side effects include impaired memory and judgment, anxiety, and depression, while long-term use has been linked to poorer life outcomes. Treatment for marijuana addiction typically involves behavioral therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy and motivational enhancement therapy.
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Marijuana
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- 2. OUTLINE What isMarijuana Types Of Marijuana Sources Street names Of Marijuana Production and How it is Used Mechanism Of action Indications Side Effects Management Of Addiction References
- 3. What is Marijuana? Marijuana is one of the most abused drugs in the world obtained from Cannabis, the Indian Hemp plant with the part that contains the ‘drug’ found mainly in flowers and much less in the seeds, leaves and stem of the plant however they are sold as a mixture. It is usually green, brown or grey in color and the most popular form is the joint which is when marijuana is dried and rolled paper, then smoked. In its more concentrated resinous form it is called ‘hashish’ and as a sticky black liquid hash oil. The final method that marijuana is commonly taken through is tea that it is it has been brewed. The marijuana plant has its active ingredient as Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other compound such as Cannabinol, Cannabidol and tetrahydrocannabivarin.
- 4. TYPES OF MARIJUANA Cannabis Sativa – Narrow leaflets, branches are farther apart, spring green color, taller and produce fewer flowers Cannabis Indica – Broader leaflets that overlap, closer branches, deep olive green color, shorter and bustier, produce fuller and denser flower buds Cannabis Ruderalis – Varied leaflets in matured leaves, shorter stature, generally small size
- 5. SOURCES Marijuana is anillegal drug in most countries however it is legal in some countries and countries known mainly for the production of marijuana include: United States of America Afghanistan Jamaica India Mexico Columbia Pakistan
- 6. STREET NAMES OFMARIJUANA Because of their effects Airplane Amnesia Houdini Because people like it Ace Baby Because it is a green plant Grass Herb Because of their language Ganja Pot (Potiguaya)
- 7. REASONS FOR THESTREET NAMES Illegality issues Familiarization Because of the feeling they get To prevent attention in public
- 8. PRODUCTION DRYING –Marijuana is usually harvested and kept in a dark room which has an extractor and this is commonly termed as the grow room. A wire is first hanged from the ceiling of the room then the plant is cut from the very base which is secured (upside-down) from the wire hanged. The fan is turned on and aimed right beneath the bulbs keeping the humidity around 45% and the temperature around 64˚ Fahrenheit CURING – After drying, it is sealed in airtight jars to ‘Cure’ with the minimum time for curing being 30 days. Curing can make the marijuana more pleasant to smoke and the curing jars are stored in a cool, dark place.
- 9. HOW IT ISUSED Ethanol is used to extract marijuana from the plant itself and the resulting mixture can be eaten straight, mixed with food or smoked. Smoking: This is the most common method of marijuana consumption on the market today and it is the quickest way to get much TetraHydroCannabinol (THC) into the body system. Capsules/Pills: Marijuana can also be taken in the form of a capsule or pill but they tend to be very potent and highly concentrated. Tinctures: Liquid concentration or marijuana matter placed in drops on the tongue
- 10. FORMS IN WHICHTHEY ARE TAKEN IN
- 11. HOW IT ISUSED
- 12. HOW “POT” WORKS Works through a unique system known as Endocannabinoid System Endocannabinoid system consists of Endocannabinoid receptors Cannabinoid neurotransmitters Physiological effects made of communication existing within the system Endocannabinoid receptors include: CB1 Receptors: Greatly exposed in the CNS CB2 Receptors: Greatly Exposed in the immune system
- 13. HOW “POT” WORKS Cannabinoidtransmission include: Anandamide: The body’s own cannabinoid neurotransmitter 2 – AG (Arachidolic Glycerol) neurotransmitter THC: Delta 9 Tetrahydrocannabinol – Cannabidiol Physiological function includes: Pain modulation Stress Management Mood regulation
- 14. HOW IS THISDIFFERENT FROM ANANDAMIDE Rate of Degradation Physiological regulation Target and location specific Potency
- 15. ENDOCANNABINOID COMMUNICATION Retrogradesynaptic mediators With the retrograde it does the vice versa of sending signals from the pre synaptic neuron to the post synaptic neuron . Unique in that receptors to endocannabinoid neurotransmitters (anandemides) are found in the presynaptic neuron instead of the post synaptic neuron Example during a physiological action in the body (pain) a neutron transmitter is released to act on the post synaptic neuron , depolarization occurs and calcium ions accumulates to cause the synthesis of an endocannabinoid neurotransmitter (anandemide).
- 16. ENDOCANNABINOID COMMUNICATION Neurotransmitters(anandemide)are secreted by post synaptic neurons to bind to the receptors (GPCR) on the pre synaptic neurons Acts by shutting down transmission from presynaptic neuron.
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- 18. GABA GABA interneurons inthe reward systems In the reward system mode of activity is different Cannabinoid receptors are located on the inhibitory GABA neuron Receptors bind and block GABA interneuron regulation of the dopamine presynaptic neuron Results in unregulated and uncontrolled release of dopamine into the system Physiological activity of endocannabinoids is dependent on the specific region communication ( on neurotransmission) is on going Various areas and activity is achieved
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- 20. INDICATIONS Marijuana plant componentshave some medicinal properties but that is not the same as medicine including: Acts as a pain reliever Acts as anti-depressant People smoke it for its psychoactive properties thus to make them feel ‘high’ It takes out stress and replaces it with joy and comfort Causes calming and inducing sleep Acts as an appetite stimulant. Lowers blood pressure in hypertensive patients
- 21. SIDE EFFECT –Short term effects Psychosis / Psychotic symptoms – Psychotic symptoms include: Hallucination Paranoia / Severe anxiety Loss of sense of personal identity Delusion Amnesia Lowered sense of self identity
- 22. Side Effects –Long Term Lowers life satisfaction Poor school performance and higher chance of dropping out Relationship problems especially intimate partner violence Effects on lungs Effect on fetus and babies Financial difficulties Greater chance of being unemployed or not getting good jobs
- 23. Management Of MarijuanaAddiction The treatment for marijuana abuse and dependence has many similarities to treatment for addictions to other drugs although the long term clinical outcomes may be less severe. A lot of people with marijuana use disorder especially adolescents suffer from other psychiatric disorder. Treatment of this addiction effectively is done with standard treatment involving medications and behavioral therapies. The most promising behavioral treatment includes: Motivational Enhancement Therapy Lifestyle Balance Contingency Management Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
- 24. MOTIVATIONAL ENHANCEMENT THERAPY ANDLIFESTYLE BALANCE Designed to produce rapid, internally motivated change. Helps you identify and keep up reasons to quit. When you are addicted to Marijuana your life falls out of balance. You rather find yourself smoking a pot instead of working or going to school.
- 25. Contingency Management A therapeuticmanagement approach based on frequent monitoring of the target behavior and provision of tangible positive rewards when the target behavior occurs or does not occur. Drugs used to manage marijuana dependence 1. Sleep aids e.g. Zolpidem 2. Anti-anxiety drugs e.g. Buspirone 3. Anti-epileptics e.g. Cabapentin
- 26. COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY Cognitivebehavioral therapy is a psychotherapy that deals with the management of problematic behavior and they change how people think and behave. It is mostly used to treat anxiety and depression and can also be used to treat mental disorder, psychological problems and stop of drug abuse.
- 27. ADVANTAGES OF MANAGEMENT More time for recovery More effective phasing A longer break in the substance abuse Increased wellbeing Form healthy new habit
- 28. REFERENCES Mehmedic Zet al Potency Trends of Delta-9-THC and Other Cannabinoids in Confiscated Cannabis Preparations (From 1993 – 2008) National Academics Of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine; The Health Effects Of Cannabis And Cannabinoids; The National Academies Press; 2017 Zwerling C, Ryan J et al, The Efficacy of Pre-Employment Drug Screening for Marijuana and Cocaine in Predicting Employment Outcome JAMA, 1990, 264 (20) http://www.drugabuse.gov/Publications/12/10/17; 13:45GMT