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1. Unit 1
Module 1
The Respiratory and
Circulatory Systems
working with Other
Organ Systems

2. Respiratory System is made up
of the organs in the body that
helps us to breathe.
*Just remember the respiration-
linked to breathing.

3. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Circulatory System is
responsible for the distributing
materials throughout the body.
* Take note that circulation
means the transportation or
movement in circles.

4. Function of the Respiratory System
Slide 13.2
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Oversees gas exchanges (oxygen and carbon
dioxide) between the blood and external
environment
 Exchange of gasses takes place within the
lungs in the alveoli(only site of gas exchange,
other structures passageways
 Passageways to the lungs purify, warm, and
humidify the incoming air
 Shares responsibility with cardiovascular
system

5. Functions of the circulatory system
The circulatory system has three functions:
1. Transporting substances around the body. These
include oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide, nutrients,
water and waste products.
The circulatory system is described as a double system
because it has two loops.
3. Protecting the body. Blood contains cells
and anti-bodies that fight infection and
clotting agents to stop bleeding.
2. Controlling body temperature.

6. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ABSTRACTION

7. 7
Respiratory System

8. Organs of the Respiratory system
Slide 13.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Nose
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Bronchi
 Lungs –
alveoli
Figure 13.1

9. 9
Structure and Function
The respiratory system
performs two major tasks:
•Exchanging air between the
body and the outside
environment known as external
respiration
•Bringing oxygen to the cells
and removing carbon dioxide
from them referred to as
internal respiration

10. 10
External Respiration
External Respiration
Air from the outside environment enters the nose
or mouth during inspiration (inhalation).
The Nose
•Also called external nares
•Divided into two halves by the nasal septum
•Contains the paranasal sinuses where air is
warmed
•Contains cilia which is responsible for filtering
out foreign bodies

11. 11
Pharynx
Pharynx
Also known as the throat is a passageway for
both air and food
Three Sections of the Pharynx
Nasopharynx
-contains the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) which
aid in the body’s immune defense
Oropharynx
-back portion of the mouth that contains the palatine
tonsils which aid in the body’s immune defense
Laryngopharynx
-bottom section of the pharynx where the respiratory tract
divides into the esophagus and the larynx

12. 12
Epiglottis
The epiglottis, a movable flap of
cartilage that covers the opening to
the larynx (voice box) prevents food
from entering the larynx during
swallowing.
Occasionally, a person may swallow and
inhale at the same time so some food may
enter the larynx and choking occurs.
A technique called the Heimlich maneuver has
saved many people from choking to death.

13. 13
Larynx
Larynx
Serves as a passageway to the trachea and the
area where sounds are produced
Vocal Cords
Size and thickness
determine the pitch of
sound
•Short and thin =
high pitch
•Thick and long =
low pitch
Glottis
True
Vocal
Cords
False
Vocal
Cords
Posterior
Portion of
Tongue

14. 14
Trachea
Trachea trachea
bronchi
•Also known as the
windpipe
•Connects the larynx
to the right and left
bronchi
•Point at which it
divides into the right
and left bronchi is
called the mediastinum
larynx

15. 15
Internal Respiration
Internal Respiration
Air from the bronchi travels to the bronchioles
then to the tiny air sacs (alveoli) which connect
to lung capillaries.
alveolus
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
are exchanged and oxygen
is delivered to the body
cells.
capillaries

16. 16
Lungs
Lungs
•Consist of a right and left lobe
•Covered by a double layer of membrane that
makes movement in the thoracic cavity easier.
The outer layer is the parietal pleura and the inner
layer is the visceral pleura
•The space between the two pleurae is called the
pleural cavity
•Consist of an apex (top section), hilum (middle
section) and base (lower section)

17. 17
Inhale/Exhale
The passage of air from the
external environment to the
lung capillaries, bloodstream
and out consists of one
inhalation and one exhalation.

18. 18
Muscles for Breathing
Muscles for Breathing
The major
muscles that
contract to
enlarge the
thoracic cavity
during inspiration
are the:
•Diaphragm
•Intercostal muscles
Note: The diaphragm
lowers itself when it
contracts during
inhalation
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lungs
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
(windpipe)
Right and
left bronchi

19. Learning
objectives
© Boardworks Ltd 2006
19 of 36
Learning objectives
The functions of the circulatory system:
transportation, control and protection
To identify cardiac structures
How the heart acts as a pump in the double
circulatory system
Definitions of heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac
output
The roles of blood vessels in the circulatory system
How exercise and training effect the circulatory
system
The components of blood.
What we will learn in this presentation:

20. Functions of the circulatory
system
The circulatory system has three functions:
1. Transporting substances around the body.
These include oxygen, glucose, carbon
dioxide, nutrients, water and waste products.
The circulatory system is described as a double
system because it has two loops.
3. Protecting the body. Blood contains
cells and anti-bodies that fight infection
and clotting agents to stop bleeding.
2. Controlling body temperature.

21. The circulatory system
body’s
cells
lungs
Deoxygenated
blood is
pumped from
the heart to the
lungs through
the pulmonary
artery.
Oxygenated
blood returns
to the heart
through the
pulmonary
vein.
Oxygenated
blood is pumped
at high pressure
from the heart to
the body through
the aorta.
Deoxygenated
blood returns to
the heart
through the
vena cava.

22. The double circulatory system
oxygenated blood to the rest of
the body through the arteries
deoxygenated blood back to the
heart through the veins.
The pulmonary circulation carries:
deoxygenated blood from the
heart to the lungs
oxygenated blood back from the
lungs to the heart, ready to be
pumped out to the body.
The systemic circulation carries:
lungs
body’s
cells

23. The circulatory system

24. Blood vessels
There are three types of blood vessels, as shown in this
magnified part of the circulatory system.
Why are there different types of blood vessels?
blood from
the heart
blood to the
heart
artery
carries blood
back into
the heart
carries blood
away from
the heart
carries blood to
and from the
body’s cells
vein

25. Blood vessels
thick outer wall
thick inner layer of muscle
and elastic fibres
narrow central tube
(lumen)
thin outer wall
thin inner layer of muscle
and elastic fibres
wide central tube
(lumen)
wall only one cell thick
ARTERY
VEIN
CAPILLARY

26. Blood vessels: valves
When blood is flowing against gravity, or when a vein is
squeezed by muscle action, there is a risk that blood will flow
in the wrong direction. Veins have valves to prevent backflow.
blood
to the
heart
backflow
prevented
vein valve
open
vein valve
closed
The valves allow
blood to flow in the
correct direction…
…but close if blood
starts to flow in the
wrong direction.

27. Blood vessels

28. Cardiac system
The four chambers of the heart have special names:
A lower chamber is called a ventricle.
An upper chamber is called an atrium (plural: atria).
right
atrium
right
ventricle
left
atrium
left
ventricle

29. Cardiac system
Here are some other important parts of the heart:
The walls
are made of
cardiac
muscle.
The wall
dividing the
left and
right sides
of the heart
is called the
septum.
The semi-lunar
valves prevent
expelled blood
flowing back into
the heart.
These two valves
prevent blood flowing
back into the atria
from the ventricles.
Bicuspid
(mitral) valve
Tricuspid
valve

30. The heart as a pump

31. The heart during exercise
Heart rate (or pulse rate) is
the number of times your
heart beats every minute.
It is expressed in beats per
minute (bpm).
Resting heart rate varies from
individual to individual and is
affected by fitness.
The fitter you are, the lower
your resting heart rate will be.
The average resting heart
rate is about 70–75 bpm.
You can measure how fast
your heart is beating by
taking your pulse.
This can be done at the
wrist or the neck.
Count how many times your
heart beats in 6 seconds
and then multiply by 10.

32. The heart during exercise
Each individual has a maximum heart rate – the fastest
that their heart is able to beat. Testing it properly is difficult
and unpleasant, as it involves pushing your body to its
absolute limit.
However, maximum heart rate can be estimated using a
simple formula:
What would your maximum heart rate be?
Maximum Heart Rate (MHR) = 220 – age
So, a 25 year-old would have a maximum heart rate of
220 – 25
= 195 bpm

33. cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate
Heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output
The pulse rate is not the only way of measuring the heart.
Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped
out of the left ventricle of the heart per minute.
Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped
out of the left ventricle per beat.
Cardiac output can be calculated by multiplying the
stroke volume by the heart rate:
What is the cardiac output of someone with a heart
rate of 60 bpm and stroke volume of 90 ml?

34. The heart during exercise
During exercise, the body uses up oxygen and nutrients at a
much faster rate. To keep the body supplied with what it
needs, the heart beats faster and with greater force.
This means that the heart rate and stroke volume increase.
What do you think happens to the cardiac output?
Regular exercise causes changes to the heart.
The heart gets larger
The muscular wall become thicker
and stronger
Stroke volume at rest increases,
leading to a lower resting heart rate.

35. The heart during exercise

36. Blood pressure

37. Blood pressure
Blood pressure depends on the speed of the blood coming
into a vessel and the width of the vessel itself.
Arteries
Speed: high
Width: medium
Pressure: high
Capillaries
Speed: medium
Width: narrow
Pressure: medium
Veins
Speed: low
Width: wide
Pressure: low

38. Blood pressure
An individual’s blood pressure is affected by a number of
factors.
Age – it increases as you get older.
Gender – men tend to have higher blood
pressure than women.
Stress can cause increased blood pressure.
Diet – salt and saturated fats can increase
blood pressure.
Exercise – the fitter you are the lower your
blood pressure is likely to be.
Having high blood pressure puts stress on your heart.
It can lead to angina, heart attacks and strokes.

39. Effects of exercise on blood
pressure
The immediate effect of exercise is to raise the blood
pressure as the heart beats faster and more powerfully.
However, in the long-term,
regular exercise reduces blood
pressure. The fitter you are, the
lower your blood pressure is
likely to be.
During intense exercise, blood flow to the muscles can
increase to 35 times its normal volume. Higher blood
pressure is necessary in order to get this extra blood to
the muscles.

40. Blood flow and body temperature
The circulatory system plays an important role in
regulating body temperature.
If the body gets too hot, capillaries near the surface of the
skin widen. Blood is diverted to the skin where the heat can
easily radiate away. This is called vasodilation.
Water from the blood is excreted as sweat to cool the body.
Capillaries
Sweat
gland

41. Blood flow and body
temperature
If the body gets too cold, capillaries near the surface of the
skin get narrower. Blood is diverted away from the skin to
limit heat loss. This is called vasoconstriction.
Sweating stops.
Capillaries
Sweat
gland

42. Blood
Blood is the body’s means of transporting
substances around. It transports:
oxygen from the lungs to the heart and then to the
body’s tissues
carbon dioxide from the tissues to the heart and then
to the lungs to be expired
materials like hormones from one organ to another
nutrients (especially glucose) and minerals from the
intestines to the tissues
waste products to the kidneys.

43. Blood

44. Red blood cells
Also called erythrocytes.
Disc-shaped.
Made in the bone marrow.
Contain a red-coloured
compound called haemoglobin
which bonds with oxygen to form
oxyhaemoglobin.
Transport oxygen to the tissues.
Blood is made up of a number of different elements.
The most common cell in blood is the red blood cell.
How important do you think red blood
cells are to sports performance?

45. White blood cells
Also called leucocytes.
They are bigger than red
blood cells and have large
nuclei.
Act as the body’s defence
system.
contains white blood cells.
How important do you think white blood
cells are to sports performance?
Some white blood cells surround and consume
harmful microbes.
Some produce chemicals called antibodies that fight
infection.

46. Platelets
Formed in red bone marrow.
Produce thrombokinase –
a chemical needed for blood
clotting.
Platelets help to repair tissues
and close wounds both
internally and externally.
When needed, they grow into
irregular shapes and stick together
to form a plug over the wound.
Platelets are also carried in the blood.
How important do you think platelets
are to sports performance?

47. Plasma
90% water
inorganic salts
glucose
antibodies
urea and other waste products
plasma proteins.
The blood cells and platelets are suspended in a substance
called plasma. Plasma is made up of:
Plasma can be separated
from the other components
of blood using a centrifuge.
plasma

48. Blood cells

49. Role of blood in achieving sports
potential
Because red blood cells carry oxygen, which is vital to
muscle action, it is advantageous for a performer to have a
high red blood cell count, especially in endurance events.
When athletes train and live at
altitude, where there is less
oxygen in the air, their bodies
compensate by producing extra
red blood cells.
This means that they can
perform at a higher intensity than
other athletes when performing
at sea level.
© EMPICS Ltd

50. Blood doping
An athlete’s red blood cell count can be
illegally boosted through blood doping.
Several months before a competition,
blood is removed from a performer.
Their body produces more blood to replace
the blood that has been removed.
The red blood cells are separated out
from the removed blood and stored. Just before the
competition, they are re-injected into the competitor, giving
them an artificially high red blood cell count.
Blood doping can improve performance by 20%, however,
the extra blood can lead to dangerous blood clots and all
the heart problems associated with high blood pressure.

51. Exam-style questions
1. During exercise, extra demands are placed on the
circulatory system.
a) Describe what happens to heart rate, stroke volume
and cardiac output during intensive physical activity.
b) Describe how the circulatory system helps to
regulate body temperature during exercise.
2. Blood contains several different types of cell.
a) Explain the function of red blood cells in the body.
b) Describe one way in which a performer could
increase their red blood cell count.

52. Quiz

53. 53
Upper Respiratory Infection
Upper respiratory infection is a term that
covers an infection of some or all of the
respiratory tract.
Other Conditions:
•Croup
•Diptheria
•Epistaxis
•Rhinorrhea
•Pertussis

54. 54
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is
a term for any disease with chronic obstruction of
the bronchial tubes and lungs such as:
•Emphysema
•Chronic Bronchitis
Asthma causes
narrowing of the bronchi
leading to dyspnea,
wheezing and coughing.
Normal
bronchiole
Asthmatic
bronchiole,
showing
constriction

55. 55
Hemoptysis
Hemoptysis
Lung or bronchial hemorrhage that results in the spitting of
blood.
Cystic Fibrosis
Disease of the exocrine glands that causes secretion of
abnormally thick mucus which leads to chronic obstruction.
Atelectasis
Collapsed alveoli leading to collapse of a lung or part of a
lung.
Pneumonia
Acute infection of the alveoli.

56. 56
Environmental Conditions
Conditions caused by environmental agents
Pneumoconiosis
•Caused by dust in the lungs
Anthracosis
•Caused by coal dust
Asbestosis
•Caused by asbestos particles
released during construction
of ships and buildings
Silicosis
•Caused by the silica dust
from grinding rocks or glass

57. 57
Disorders of the Pleura
Disorders of the Pleura
Pneumothorax
•Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity.
Empyema
•Pus in the pleural cavity.
Hemothorax
•Blood in the pleural cavity.
Pleural Effusion
•Escape of fluid into the pleural cavity.

58. 58
Otorhinolaryngologists
Otorhinolaryngologists are physicians that
specialize in disorders of the upper respiratory
tract.
Surgical Removal Conditions
•Tonsillectomy •Laryngectomy
•Lobectomy
•Adenoidectomy •Pneumonectomy

59. 59
Surgical Repair
Surgical Repair
bronchoplasty
rhinoplasty
laryngoplasty
tracheoplasty
septoplasty

60. 60
Surgical Incisions
Surgical Incisions
Tracheostomy
tube
•Laryngotracheotomy
•Sinusotomy
•Thoracotomy
•Tracheotomy
•Endotracheal intubation is the insertion of a
tube through the nose or mouth, pharynx,
larynx and into the trachea to establish an
airway.

61. 61
Pharmacology
Antibiotics, antihistamines and anticoagulants are
used for respiratory disorders just as with other
system disorders.
Medications specific to Respiratory Conditions:
Bronchodilators
•Dilate the bronchial walls
Expectorants
•Promote coughing and expulsion of mucus

62. 62
Mechanical Devices
Mechanical Devices that aid in Respiration
Ventilators
•Actually serve as a
breathing substitute for
patients who can not
breathe on their own.
Nebulizers
•Deliver medication
through the mouth or
nose to ease breathing
problems

63. 63
Agents to Treat Respiratory
Conditions
Agents Used to Treat Respiratory Conditions
Antitussive
Decongestants
Expectorants
(relieves coughing)
(decreases and
prevents mucus
buildup)
(promotes
coughing and
expelling of
mucus)

64. 64
Apply Your Knowledge
Identify the following
respiratory structures:
A. Trachea
B. Bronchi
C. Alveolus

65. 65
Apply Your Knowledge Part 2
An obstruction in which of the following would be
MOST fatal?
A. BRONCHIOLE
B. TRACHEA
C. BRONCHI
Answer: B. Trachea

66. 66
Apply Your Knowledge Part 3
Mr. Davis has had hoarseness for the past six
months. He recently went to his physician and
received a diagnosis of cancer of his voice box.
Which of the following procedures
might be indicated for Mr. Davis?
A. Pharyngectomy
B. Pneumonectomy
C. Laryngectomy
Answer: C. Laryngectomy

67. 67
Apply Your Knowledge Part 4
Melissa has very thick respiratory secretions.
She visits a local pharmacy looking for something
to help her with her dry cough.
Which of the following types of medication
should Melissa consider taking?
A. Expectorant
B. Antitussive
C. Antibiotic
Answer: A. Expectorant