ppt

2. CLASS : CNA & PARAMEDICAL STUDENTS
• PRESENTATION: FUNDAMENTAL OF
NURSING
• ASSIGN BY : MA’AM SHEHNAZ
PRESENTING BY :
1. Koonj
2. Jabir
3. Uzair Ali
4. Sadia
5. Suffyan
6. Riaz
7. Saima Nazar

3.  UNIT : 08 OXYGENATION
What does oxygenation mean?
Oxygenation: The addition of oxygen to any system, including the human body.
Oxygenation may also refer to the process of treating a patient with oxygen, or of
combining a medication or other substance with oxygen
What is oxygenation in human body?
Internal and external respiration
Our lungs supply oxygen from the outside air to the cells via the blood and
cardiovascular system to enable us to obtain energy. As we breathe in, oxygen enters
the lungs and diffuses into the blood. It is taken to the heart and pumped into the
cells.

4. NURSING KNOWLEDGE BASE
Factors affecting oxygenation:
1. Physiological
2. Developmental
3. Lifestyle
4. Environmental

5. FACTOR EFFECTING OXYGENATION
• PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS
• Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity
• Hypovolemia
• Decreased inspired oxygen concentration
• Increased metabolic rate
• Conditions affecting chest wall movement
• Pregnancy, obesity, neuromuscular disease,
musculoskeletal abnormalities, trauma, CNS alterations
• Influences of chronic diseases

6. DEVELOPMENTAL FACTORS
1.Infants and toddlers
2.School-aged children and
adolescents
3.Young and middle-aged adults
4.Older adults

7. LIFESTYLE FACTOR
1. smoking
1. Associated with heart disease, COPD, and lung
cancer
2. The risk of lung cancer is 10 times greater for a
person who smokes than for a nonsmoker.
2. Substance abuse
1. Excessive use of alcohol and other drugs impairs
tissue oxygenation.
3. Stress
1. A continuous state of stress or severe anxiety
increases the metabolic rate and oxygen demand
of the body.

8. ENVIROMENTAL FACTOR
1. The incidence of pulmonary
disease is higher in smoggy,
urban areas than in rural areas.
2. A patient’s workplace sometimes
increases the risk for pulmonary
disease.

9. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiratory system definition, the system by which oxygen is taken into the body and an
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
What are the 10 parts of the respiratory system?
Respiratory system
Nose.
Mouth.
Throat (pharynx)
Voice box (larynx)
Windpipe (trachea)
Large airways (bronchi)
Small airways (bronchioles)
Lungs.

10. WHAT IS RESPIRATION?
Respiration is made up of two phases called inspiration and expiration: You inhale
(breathe in) oxygen during inspiration. You exhale (breathe out) carbon dioxide during
expiration.
The pathway of a breath
When you breathe, air enters through your mouth and nose and travels:
down the throat into the trachea
into the lungs through the right and left main bronchi
into the smaller bronchi airways
into the even smaller bronchiole tubes
into the alveoli

11. ENSURE A PATIENT AIRWAY
To open the airway, place 1 hand on the casualty's forehead and
gently tilt their head back, lifting the tip of the chin using 2
fingers. This moves the tongue away from the back of the throat.
Don't push on the floor of the mouth, as this will push the tongue
upwards and obstruct the airway.

12. FUNCTION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Gas Exchange – A vital life-sustaining process where we inhale oxygen (O2) and exhale
carbon dioxide (CO2) . As each and every cell in the body needs O2 to live, humans cannot
go without it for more than a few minutes ; so, the respiratory system is active all the
time.
Helping Maintain Homeostasis (Blood pH Balance) – After the gas exchange, as oxygen is
carried to all the cells in the body, they absorb it and produce carbon dioxide as a result
of the cellular functioning, which is then carried back to the lungs to be excreted. High
levels of CO2 in the blood decreases the pH level (increases the acidity) of the blood, so
getting rid of it helps maintain the acid-base balance .
Speech Production – Inhalation is the first step of speech production, with the next two
steps being sound production through the vocal folds around the larynx (phonation), and
forming the words or sounds with the vocal folds, mouth, nose, tongue, and jaw
(articulation) .

13. HEART AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• Circulatory system defination:
• The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular
system or the vascular system, is an organ system that
permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such
as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon
dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in
the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting
diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and
maintain electrolytes.

14. Heart
What Does the Heart Do?
The heart is a pump, usually beating about 60 to 100 times per minute. With each
heartbeat, the heart sends blood throughout our bodies, carrying oxygen to every
cell. After delivering the oxygen, the blood returns to the heart. The heart then
sends the blood to the lungs to pick up more oxygen. This cycle repeats over and
over again.
CHAMBERS OF HEART ;
RIGHT
ATRIUM
LEFT
ATRIUM
RIGHT
VENTRICLE
LEFT
VENTRICLE

15. HEART VALVES
1. Tricuspid valve. Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
2. Pulmonary valve. Located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary
artery.
3. Mitral valve. Located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
4. Aortic valve.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
About 98.5% of the oxygen in a sample of arterial blood in a healthy human,
breathing air at sea-level pressure, is chemically combined
with hemoglobin molecules. About 1.5% is physically dissolved in the other
blood liquids and not connected to hemoglobin. The hemoglobin molecule is
the primary transporter of oxygen in mammals and many other species.

16. CIRCULATION OF BLOOD IN THE
HEART
•
• What Does the Circulatory System Do?
• The circulatory system is made up of blood vessels that carry blood away from and towards the
heart. Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood back to the heart.
The circulatory system carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, and removes waste
products, like carbon dioxide. These roadways travel in one direction only, to keep things going
where they should.
What Are the Parts of the Heart?
The heart has four chambers — two on top and two on bottom:
The two bottom chambers are the right ventricle and the left ventricle. These pump blood out of
the heart. A wall called the interventricular septum is between the two ventricles.
The two top chambers are the right atrium and the left atrium. They receive the blood entering
the heart. A wall called the interatrial septum is between the atria.

18. The atria are separated from the ventricles by the atrioventricular
valves:
The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium from the right
ventricle.
The mitral valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle.
Two valves also separate the ventricles from the large blood vessels
that carry blood leaving the heart:
The pulmonic valve is between the right ventricle and the
pulmonary artery, which carries blood to the lungs.
The aortic valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta, which
carries blood to the body.

19. Heart and Circulatory System
Reviewed by: Larissa Hirsch, MD