Calculator
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Calculators have evolved from early mechanical devices like the abacus to modern electronic devices. Early calculators performed basic arithmetic functions through mechanical means, while modern calculators use electronics powered by batteries or solar cells. Calculators became popular in the late 1960s as decreasing electronics costs made them affordable for basic calculations instead of using expensive computer resources. Today's calculators include scientific models for complex math functions and graphing calculators for plotting graphs. The main difference between calculators and computers is that calculators have predefined arithmetic functions while computers can be programmed to branch calculations conditionally.
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The first 10 slides are motivation so its not really inportant.
scientific calculator using c
This document summarizes the history and development of scientific calculators. It discusses how the first calculators used vacuum tubes and transistors in the 1940s-1950s. The first pocket calculator was introduced in 1970 and used integrated circuits. Programmable calculators appeared in the mid-1960s and the first programmable pocket calculator was the HP-65 in 1974. The document also outlines the basic functions of calculators, improvements over time including the introduction of LCD displays, applications of calculators in education, and potential future modifications like touchscreens.
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING OR FUNDAMENTAL COMPUTING
This chapter introduces fundamentals of computers, including:
- A computer is an electronic device that processes information based on instructions to generate output.
- The history of computing began with counting systems and early mechanical calculators, leading to modern electronic computers started by pioneers like Babbage and Turing.
- A computer has both hardware and software - hardware are the physical parts like the CPU and memory, while software are the instructions that interface with the hardware.
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Introduction to information technology (2015 16) unit 1
Introduction to information technology (2015 16) unit 1Dr.N.G.P.Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, India
The document provides an introduction to information technology, including definitions of different types of computer systems such as microcomputers, mini computers, mainframe computers and supercomputers. It discusses the evolution of computers from early mechanical devices like the abacus to modern digital computers. It also defines key concepts in information technology like analog and digital computers, different generations of computers from first to fourth generation, and common data processing operations in business like data generation, recording, sorting and reporting.Similar to Calculator (20)
Introduction to Computers and windows operating system.pdf
Introduction to Computers and windows operating system.pdf
Computer Applications and its use in Dentistry.pptx
Computer Applications and its use in Dentistry.pptx
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING OR FUNDAMENTAL COMPUTING
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING OR FUNDAMENTAL COMPUTING
Introduction to information technology (2015 16) unit 1
Introduction to information technology (2015 16) unit 1
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Calculator
- 2. A calculator is a small (often pocket-sized), usually inexpensive electronic device used to perform the basic operations of arithmetic. Modern calculators are more portable than most computers, though most PDAs are comparable in size to handheld calculators. The calculator has its history in mechanical devices such as the abacus and slide rule. In the past, mechanical clerical aids such as abaci , comptometers, Napier's bones, books of mathematical tables, slide rules, or mechanical adding machines were used for numeric work. This semi-manual process of calculation was tedious and error-prone. The first digital mechanical calculator was invented in 1623 and the first commercially successful device was produced in 1820. The 19th and early 20th centuries saw improvements to the mechanical design, in parallel with analog computers; the first digital electronic calculators were created in the 1960s, with pocket-sized devices becoming available in the 1970s.
- 3. Modern calculators are electrically powered (usually by battery and/or solar cell) and vary from cheap, give- away, credit-card sized models to sturdy adding machine-like models with built-in printers. They first became popular in the late 1960s as decreasing size and cost of electronics made possible devices for calculations, avoiding the use of scarce and expensive computer resources. By the 1980s, calculator prices had reduced to a point where a basic calculator was affordable to most. By the 1990s they had become common in math classes in schools, with the idea that students could be freed from basic calculations and focus on the concepts.
- 5. In addition to general purpose calculators, there are those designed for specific markets; for example, there are scientific calculators which focus on operations slightly more complex than those specific to arithmetic – for instance, trigonometric and statistical calculations. Some calculators even have the ability to do computer algebra. Graphing calculators can be used to graph functions defined on the real line, or higher dimensional Euclidean space. They often serve other purposes
- 6. Modern electronic calculators contain a keyboard with buttons for digits and arithmetical operations. Some even contain 00 and 000 buttons to make large numbers easier to enter. Fractions such as 1⁄3 are displayed as decimal approximations, for example rounded to 0.33333333. Also, some fractions such as 1⁄7 which is0.14285714285714 (to fourteen significant figures) can be difficult to recognize in decimal form; as a result, many scientific calculators are able to work invulgar fractions and/or mixed numbers.
- 8. The fundamental difference between a calculator and computer is that a computer can be programmed in a way that allows the program to take different branches according to intermediate results, while calculators are pre-designed with specific functions such as addition, multiplication, and logarithms built in. The distinction is not clear-cut: some devices classed as programmable calculators have programming functionality.