A circuit breaker has ratings that an engineer uses for their application. These ratings define circuit breaker
performance characteristics. A good understanding of Ratings allow the electrical engineer to make a proper
comparison of various circuit breaker designs.
In this research work, the different ratings of circuit breaker were calculated. The other objective of this work
was comparison between ratings of existing circuit breaker and calculated ratings in POWER WORLD
SIMULATOR. Further, the impact of time delay in circuit breaker was studied. These calculations were
performed for rated current of 400 & 630 Amps. The results performed in POWER WORLD SIMULATOR
were shown better and information gained from the analysis can be used for proper relay selection, settings,
performances and coordination.
Characteristics Analysis of Voltage Sag in Distribution System using RMS Volt...IDES Editor
Voltage sags caused by the short-circuit faults in
transmission and distribution lines have become one of the
most important power quality problems facing industrial
customers and utilities. Voltage sags are normally described
by characteristics of both magnitude and duration, but phaseangle
jump should be taken into account in identifying sag
phenomena and finding their solutions. In this paper, voltage
sags due to power system faults such as three-phase-to-ground,
single phase-to-ground, phase-to-phase, and two-phase-toground
faults are characterized by using symmetrical
component analysis and their effect on the magnitude
variation and phase-angle jumps for each phase are examined.
A simple and practical method is proposed for voltage sag
detection, by calculating RMS voltage over a window of one
cycle and one-half cycle. The industrial distribution system
at Bajaj hospital is taken as a case study. Simulation studies
have been performed by suing MATLAB/SIMULINK and the
results are presented at various magnitudes, duration and
phase-angle jumps.
Characteristics Analysis of Voltage Sag in Distribution System using RMS Volt...IDES Editor
Voltage sags caused by the short-circuit faults in
transmission and distribution lines have become one of the
most important power quality problems facing industrial
customers and utilities. Voltage sags are normally described
by characteristics of both magnitude and duration, but phaseangle
jump should be taken into account in identifying sag
phenomena and finding their solutions. In this paper, voltage
sags due to power system faults such as three-phase-to-ground,
single phase-to-ground, phase-to-phase, and two-phase-toground
faults are characterized by using symmetrical
component analysis and their effect on the magnitude
variation and phase-angle jumps for each phase are examined.
A simple and practical method is proposed for voltage sag
detection, by calculating RMS voltage over a window of one
cycle and one-half cycle. The industrial distribution system
at Bajaj hospital is taken as a case study. Simulation studies
have been performed by suing MATLAB/SIMULINK and the
results are presented at various magnitudes, duration and
phase-angle jumps.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The aim of this paper is to analyze the performance of the three-phase squirrel cage induction motor under various voltage fluctuation levels. Generally, Induction motor drives are preferred for its simple and easy control. Their performance depends on relative power supply quality such as voltage sag, harmonics, voltage unbalance and voltage fluctuations. The induction motor is more sensitive to voltage fluctuations within certain amplitude levels and frequencies. This paper presents a study of voltage sag effects on an induction motor using simulation. In this paper, the impact of voltage fluctuations on induction motor performance is investigated. S. Sakthivel"Effect of Voltage Sag on an Induction Motor" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18298.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/18298/effect-of-voltage-sag-on-an-induction-motor/s-sakthivel
TRANSFORMER WINDING DEFORMATION ANALYSIS USING SFRA TECHNIQUEJournal For Research
The sweep rate response analysis is wide used technique for establish veiled fault and circumstance observance of power electrical device. The action is administrated by provide a coffee voltage signal of changeable frequencies to the electrical device windings and measures each the input and output signals. These 2 signals provide the specified response of the magnitude relation is named the transfer operate of the electrical device from that each the magnitude and section may be obtained. Frequency response is modification as deliberate by SFRA techniques might indicate a state change within the electrical device, so causes of fault recognized and examination is needed for root cause analysis.
Bundle conductors in transmission line chandan kumar
Bundled Conductors are used in transmission lines where the voltage exceeds 230 kV.
At such high voltages, ordinary conductors will result in excessive corona and noise which may affect communication lines.
The increased corona will result in significant power loss. Bundle conductors consist of three or four conductors for each phase.
The conductors are separated from each other by means of spacers at regular intervals. Thus, they do not touch each other.
Concept of energy transmission & distribution ZunAib Ali
Downlaod is NOW Allowed (08/06/2016)
for more help: email me at zunaib_91@yahoo.com
Purpose of Electrical Transmission System
Main Parts of Power System
One-Line Diagram of Generating Station
Main Parts of Generating Station
Components of a Transmission Line
Control of Dvr with Battery Energy Storage System Using Srf TheoryIJERA Editor
One of the best solutions to improve power quality is the dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). DVR is a kind of
custom power devices that can inject active/reactive power to the power grids. This can protect loads from
disturbances such as sag and swell. Usually DVR installed between sensitive loads feeder and source in
distribution system. Its features include lower cost, smaller size, and its fast dynamic response to the
disturbance. In this project SRF technique is used for conversion of voltage from rotating vectors to the
stationary frame. SRF technique is also referred as park’s transformation. In this the reference load voltage is
estimated using the unit vectors. The real power exchanged at the DVR output ac terminal is provided by the
DVR input dc terminal by an external energy source or energy storage system. In this project three phase
parallel or series load may be used along with SRF technique to compensate voltage sag and voltage swell. And
also wind generator is also used as a load. This project presents the simulation of DVR system using
MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Here This is the different between Smart and digital Transformer.And the definition of Smart transformer that may helpful for Student for nice presentation.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The aim of this paper is to analyze the performance of the three-phase squirrel cage induction motor under various voltage fluctuation levels. Generally, Induction motor drives are preferred for its simple and easy control. Their performance depends on relative power supply quality such as voltage sag, harmonics, voltage unbalance and voltage fluctuations. The induction motor is more sensitive to voltage fluctuations within certain amplitude levels and frequencies. This paper presents a study of voltage sag effects on an induction motor using simulation. In this paper, the impact of voltage fluctuations on induction motor performance is investigated. S. Sakthivel"Effect of Voltage Sag on an Induction Motor" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18298.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/18298/effect-of-voltage-sag-on-an-induction-motor/s-sakthivel
TRANSFORMER WINDING DEFORMATION ANALYSIS USING SFRA TECHNIQUEJournal For Research
The sweep rate response analysis is wide used technique for establish veiled fault and circumstance observance of power electrical device. The action is administrated by provide a coffee voltage signal of changeable frequencies to the electrical device windings and measures each the input and output signals. These 2 signals provide the specified response of the magnitude relation is named the transfer operate of the electrical device from that each the magnitude and section may be obtained. Frequency response is modification as deliberate by SFRA techniques might indicate a state change within the electrical device, so causes of fault recognized and examination is needed for root cause analysis.
Bundle conductors in transmission line chandan kumar
Bundled Conductors are used in transmission lines where the voltage exceeds 230 kV.
At such high voltages, ordinary conductors will result in excessive corona and noise which may affect communication lines.
The increased corona will result in significant power loss. Bundle conductors consist of three or four conductors for each phase.
The conductors are separated from each other by means of spacers at regular intervals. Thus, they do not touch each other.
Concept of energy transmission & distribution ZunAib Ali
Downlaod is NOW Allowed (08/06/2016)
for more help: email me at zunaib_91@yahoo.com
Purpose of Electrical Transmission System
Main Parts of Power System
One-Line Diagram of Generating Station
Main Parts of Generating Station
Components of a Transmission Line
Control of Dvr with Battery Energy Storage System Using Srf TheoryIJERA Editor
One of the best solutions to improve power quality is the dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). DVR is a kind of
custom power devices that can inject active/reactive power to the power grids. This can protect loads from
disturbances such as sag and swell. Usually DVR installed between sensitive loads feeder and source in
distribution system. Its features include lower cost, smaller size, and its fast dynamic response to the
disturbance. In this project SRF technique is used for conversion of voltage from rotating vectors to the
stationary frame. SRF technique is also referred as park’s transformation. In this the reference load voltage is
estimated using the unit vectors. The real power exchanged at the DVR output ac terminal is provided by the
DVR input dc terminal by an external energy source or energy storage system. In this project three phase
parallel or series load may be used along with SRF technique to compensate voltage sag and voltage swell. And
also wind generator is also used as a load. This project presents the simulation of DVR system using
MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Here This is the different between Smart and digital Transformer.And the definition of Smart transformer that may helpful for Student for nice presentation.
The 2012 Walkability Survey was designed with assistance from the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research. The survey was administered to Cole Elementary parents in both Spanish and English. Parents received the survey as part of a take home packet and returned paper copies to school officials.
FEA based Dissipation Energy and Temperature Distribution of Rubber BushingIJERA Editor
Rubber bushings used in the vehicle or aerospace can reduce the noise and vibration and absorb the shocks. The
heat accumulation in the rubber components is attributed to the nonlinear mechanical behavior of rubber and
leads to degeneration of mechanical properties. The viscoelastic damping is treated as the major mechanism of
dissipation energy, which is heat source of temperature rising in bushing. A finite element method is expanded
from elastic structure to viscoelastic structure and computes the dissipation energy distribution in the rubber
core. Based on that heat source, the temperature distribution of rubber bushing under radial harmonic excitation
has been calculated using finite volume method. The frequency and amplitude effect on dissipation energy and
temperature distribution are described. The radial dynamic testing is carried out and the temperature is recorded
using thermal imager to evaluate the simulation. As complement, the dynamic torsional testing is also carried
out explore the possible failure zone of rubber bushing under different types of loading.
Water Quality Index for Assessment of Rudrasagar Lake Ecosystem, IndiaIJERA Editor
Water quality of lakes, rivers and reservoirs in developing countries like India is being degraded
because of the contaminated inflows and surrounding influence. There is a serious need for appropriate water
quality monitoring for future planning and management of Lake and other type of water resources. Quality of
water in Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura, India has been investigated in this paper. Water Quality Index (WQI) was
applied in Rudrasagar Lake India using water quality parameters like pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness,
Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Nitrate. Based on the importance of the
parameter for aquatic life the relative weight is assigned to each water quality parameter ranged from 1 to 4.
Tests were performed on site using electronic measuring device as well as on Laboratory with samples of water
collected from different locations of Rudrasagar Lake. It shows that water quality of Rudrasagar Lake falls
within the ‗good water‘ category but marginally. Continuous monitoring of Rudrasagar lake is suggested for
proper management.
Evaluation of reactances and time constants of synchronous generatoreSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Study on Protection of Cables by Solkor Differential Protection Relay with ...IJERA Editor
This paper intends to briefly compare the protection of buried three phase high voltage cable with Solkordifferential protection relay using metallic pilot wires orfibre optic pilot wires. Dielectric property of the fiber optic provides complete electrical isolation as well as interference free signaling. This provides total immunity from GPR (ground potential rise), longitudinal induction, and differential mode noise coupling andhigh-voltage hazards to personnel safety. So Fibre optic provides great advantage for Solkor differential protection relaying.
Lightning Characteristics and Impulse Voltage.Milton Sarker
Lightning characteristics and standard impulse
waveform are related to each other. But the lack
of realization about the relation between them
would make the solution to produce better
protection against lightning surge becomes
harder. Natural lightning surge waveform has
been compared to standard impulse waveform as
evidence that there have similarity between
them. The standard impulse waveform could be
used to test the strength of electrical equipment
against the lightning. Therefore designing and
simulating the impulse generator are the purpose
of this project beside to get better understanding
about lightning characteristics. This project aims
to develop an impulse generator circuit. The
main objectives of this work are two folds: the
first is the characterization of impulse voltages
and the second is the designing of an impulse
voltage generator. Our working purpose is to
give a concept about Impulse voltages and
impulse generator to the students and
researchers.
Design aspects of high voltage transmission linejournalBEEI
The transmission lines are very important in the transmitted of electrical power, and the process of selecting the voltage of the line is an important task in the design and implementation process. The process of transferring electrical power from one side then onto the next place for long away. While maintaining the percentage regulation within the permissible limits is an important problem in the transfer of energy. In electrical transmission line there are important elements are resistance, inductance and capacitance. The purpose of this paper is to study and calculate economic high-tension voltage and selection of overhead line conductor ACSR.
Fault analysis in power system using power systems computer aided designIJAAS Team
This work presents a fault analysis simulation model of an IEEE 30 bus system in a distribution network. This work annalysed the effect of fault current and fault voltage in a distribution system. A circuit breaker was introduced into the system to neutralize the effect of the fault. The system was run on a PSCAD software and results were obtained. The system was monitored based on the start time and the end time of the fault and how well the circuit breaker reacts with those times. Fault occurred from 0.100 to 0.300 seconds before it was removed. At the time fault was not applied (i.e. from 0.00 to 0.100 and from 0.300 to 0.72), the circuit breaker was close and became open when fault was applied so as to cut off current flow through the line.The result obtained gave the disruption caused by the fault and the quick response of the circuit breaker in neutralizing it. Results gotten are based on when the circuit breaker is close and no fault is applied and when the circuit breaker is open due to fault. From this work, it was obtained that circuit breakers are very essential in system protection and reliability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Calculation and comparison of circuit breaker parameters in Power World Simulator
1. Kuljinder Kaur Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 2) January 2016, pp.31-34
www.ijera.com 31|P a g e
Calculation and comparison of circuit breaker parameters in
Power World Simulator
Kuljinder Kaur, Er. Simerpreet Singh
Department of Electrical Engineering Bhai Gurdas Institute of Engineering and Technology Sangrur, India
Department of Electrical Engineering Bhai Gurdas Institute of Engineering and Technology Sangrur, India
ABSTRACT
A circuit breaker has ratings that an engineer uses for their application. These ratings define circuit breaker
performance characteristics. A good understanding of Ratings allow the electrical engineer to make a proper
comparison of various circuit breaker designs.
In this research work, the different ratings of circuit breaker were calculated. The other objective of this work
was comparison between ratings of existing circuit breaker and calculated ratings in POWER WORLD
SIMULATOR. Further, the impact of time delay in circuit breaker was studied. These calculations were
performed for rated current of 400 & 630 Amps. The results performed in POWER WORLD SIMULATOR
were shown better and information gained from the analysis can be used for proper relay selection, settings,
performances and coordination.
I. INTRODUCTION
A circuit breaker is piece of equipment which
can make or break a circuit either manually or by
remote control under normal conditions, break a
circuit automatically under fault conditions, make a
circuit either manually or by remote control under
fault conditions.
A circuit breaker has three ratings viz. breaking
capacity, making capacity and short time capacity.
Breaking capacity is current r.m.s that a circuit
breaker is capable of breaking at given recovery
voltage and under specified conditions. Recovery
voltage is the normal frequency r.m.s voltage that
appears across the contacts of the circuit breaker after
final arc extinction. The breaking capacity is always
stated at the r.m.s value of fault current at the instant
of contact separation. It is expressed in units of
MVA.
Making capacity is the peak value of current
during the first value of current wave after the closer
of circuit breaker. The making capacity depends upon
ability to withstand and close successfully against the
effects of electromagnetic forces. These forces are
proportional to the square of maximum instantaneous
current on closing. It is expressed in terms of kA.
Short-time rating is the period for which the
circuit breaker is able to carry fault current while
remaining closed. The short-time rating of a circuit
breaker depends upon its ability to withstand electro-
magnetic force effects and temperature rise. The
circuit breakers have a specified limit of 3 seconds
when the ratio of symmetrical breaking current to the
rated normal current does not exceed 40. However, if
this ratio is more than 40, then the specified limit is 1
second.
The circuit breakers are classified into below
categories-
OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER which employ some
insulating oil for arc extinction.
AIR- BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER in which high
pressure air-blast is used for extinguishing the arc.
SULPHUR HEXAFLUROIDE CIRCUIT
BREAKER in which sulphur hexafluoride gas is used
for arc extinction.
VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER in which vacuum
is used for arc extinction.
The circuit breaker used in this work is SF6 Circuit
Breaker. Vacuum Circuit Breaker incorporates a
specially designed and completely sealed Interrupter
to perform its basic function of opening as well as
closing when called upon to do so, both under normal
operating conditions and under fault conditions such
as short circuit. Since, SF6 offers the highest
insulating strength; it has far superior arc quenching
properties than any other medium.
The calculation of circuit breaker ratings is based on
the symmetrical fault or three phase fault. A fault
which gives rise to equal fault currents in the lines
with 120 degree displacement is known as three
phase fault or symmetrical fault. Faults could happen
when a phase establishes a connection with another
phase, lightning, insulation deterioration, wind
damage, trees falling across lines, etc.
The effects of fault on power system are:
1. Due to overheating and mechanical forces
developed by faults, electrical equipments such as
bus-bars, generators and transformers may be
damaged.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Kuljinder Kaur Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 2) January 2016, pp.31-34
www.ijera.com 32|P a g e
2. The voltage profile of the system may be reduced
to unacceptable limits as a result of fault. A
frequency drop may lead to instability.
These ratings are used by the engineer to determine
the ability of the circuit breaker to protect it and other
devices and to coordinate with other circuit breakers
so the system will trip selectively. These calculations
are performed on 132 kV transmission system,
Kotakpura for 400 and 630 Amps.
The single line diagram of 132 kV transmission
systems, Kotakpura is shown in figure1.
Figure1: 11- Bus 132 kV transmission systems
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
A. Calculation of circuit breaker parameters
The bus model of 132kv substation, kotakpura is
implemented and executed using POWER WORLD
SIMULATOR. All calculations are performed in per
unit system. By imposing the three phase balanced
fault, fault current is calculated in Power World
Simulator. Different formulae for calculation of
circuit breaker parameters are given below:
1. Breaking capacity = √3×V×I×10-6
(MVA)
Where,
V is line voltage in volts
I is the rated breaking current in Amps
2. Rated Symmetrical breaking Current
=
𝑅𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
3 ×rated voltage
(kA)
3. Making capacity
= 2.55 × symmetrical breaking current (kA)
4. AC component of short circuit current
= √2 × symmetrical breaking current (A)
5. DC component of short circuit current
= 50% of AC component of short circuit current
Or
=
1
2
× AC component of short circuit current (A)
6. Short time rating
= √ [(AC component of short circuit current/√2)2
+
(DC component of short circuit current) 2
] (kA)
B. IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
ARC VOLTAGE: It is the voltage that appears across
the contacts of the circuit breaker during the arcing
period.
RESTRIKING VOLTAGE: It is the transient voltage
that appears across the contacts at or near zero
current during arcing period.
RECOVERY VOLTAGE: It is the normal frequency
r.m.s voltage that appears across the contacts of the
circuit breaker after final arc extinction.
BREAKING CAPACITY: It is current r.m.s that a
circuit breaker is capable of breaking at given
recovery voltage and under specified conditions.
MAKING CAPACITY: The peak value of current
during the first cycle of current wave after the closure
of circuit breaker is known as making capacity.
SHORT-TIME RATING: It is the period for which
the circuit breaker is able to carry fault current while
remaining closed.
NORMAL CURRENT RATING: It is the r.m.s value
of current which the circuit breaker is capable of
carrying continuously at its rated frequency under
specified conditions.
C. Standard Parameters
TABLE I: THREE CORE ARMOURED CABLE
(COPPER CONDUCTOR) PARAMETERS AS PER
IEC 60502-2.
TABLE II: IMPULSE AND POWER FREQUENCY
WITHSTAND VOLTAGE AS PER IEC 60071 AND
60298
Normal
operating
voltage
(kV rms)
Rated
voltage
(kV
rms)
Rated
power-
frequency
withstand
voltage
(kV rms)
Rated lightning
impulse
withstand
voltage1.2/50 µs
50 Hz(kV peak)
list 1
list2
10 t0 11 12 28
60
75
Nomina
l Area
of
conduct
ors
Thickn
ess of
Insulat
ion
Conduc
tor
resistan
ce (R)
Conduc
tor
Reacta
nce (X)
Shunt
Chargin
g
Capacita
nce
(B)
300
sq.mm 3.4 mm
0.0797
Ω/km
0.086
Ω/km
0.53
µF/km
3. Kuljinder Kaur Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 2) January 2016, pp.31-34
www.ijera.com 33|P a g e
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The single line diagram of 132 kV transmission
systems, Kotakpura is shown in figure1. Table III &
V shows the calculated circuit breaker parameters of
11 bus 132 kV transmission system using POWER
WORLD SIMULATOR. Table IV shows comparison
between existing circuit breaker ratings and
calculated ratings. Graph I & II shows the impact of
time delay on frequency of circuit breaker.
TABLE III: CIRCUIT BREAKER PARAMETERS
FOR RATED CURRENT 400AMP
TABLE IV: COMPARISON BETWEEN EXISTING
AND CALCULATED CIRCUIT BREAKER
RATINGS
TABLE V: CIRCUIT BREAKER PARAMETERS
FOR RATED CURRENT 630AMP
In Table IV, Comparison between existing circuit
breaker ratings and calculated ratings using power
world simulator is performed. It is concluded that by
using POWER WORLD SIMULATOR TOOL we
can get better results than existing results. On account
of these results, further selection of equipments can
be done.
Graph I: frequency versus time graph for 2 cycles
Speed_Gen 1 #1gfedcb
109876543210
50.2
50.18
50.16
50.14
50.12
50.1
50.08
50.06
50.04
50.02
50
49.98
49.96
49.94
49.92
bu
s
nu
m
be
r
short
circu
it
curr
ent
(kA)
Breaki
ng
capaci
ty
(MVA
)
Rated
Symme
trical
breakin
g
Curren
t (kA)
Making
capacit
y (kA)
AC
compo
nent of
short
circuit
curren
t(A)
DC
compo
nent of
short
circuit
curren
t(A)
shor
t
time
ratin
g
(kA)
1
2.79
5
639.02 2.794 7.1247 3.95 1.975 3.42
2
31.3
21
596.74 31.325 79.88 44.3 22.15
38.3
6
3
40.1
94
765.8 40.2 102.51 56.85 28.43
49.2
4
5
40.1
95
765.8 40.2 102.51 56.85 28.43
49.2
4
6
40.1
95
765.8 40.2 102.51 56.85 28.43
49.2
4
7
40.1
95
765.8 40.2 102.51 56.85 28.43
49.2
4
8
40.1
95
765.8 40.2 102.51 56.85 28.43
49.2
4
9
40.1
95
765.8 40.2 102.51 56.85 28.43
49.2
4
10
40.1
95
765.8 40.2 102.51 56.85 28.43
49.2
4
12
40.1
95
765.8 40.2 102.51 56.85 28.43
49.2
4
13
40.1
95
765.8 40.2 102.51 56.85 28.43
49.2
4
Parameters
Existing
circuit
breaker
ratings
calculated
ratings using
power world
simulator
Rated voltage (kV) 12 12
Frequency (Hz) 50 50
Rated current (A) 630 630
Making capacity
(kA)
62.5 79.96
Symmetrical
breaking capacity
(kA)
25 31.4
Short time rating
for 3 seconds (kA)
25 38.41
Operating Duty
cycle
O-0.3-CO-
3-CO
O-0.3-CO-3-
CO
bu
s
nu
m
be
r
short
circuit
curren
t
(kA)
Break
ing
capac
ity
(MV
A)
Rated
Symmet
rical
breakin
g
Current
(kA)
Making
capacity
(kA)
AC
compo
nent of
short
circuit
curren
t(A)
DC
compon
ent of
short
circuit
current(
A)
short
time
rating
(kA)
1 2.798 639.7 2.797 7.1323 3.956 1.978 3.425
2 31.356 597.4 31.359 79.9654 44.35 22.175 38.41
3 39.386 750.4 39.391 100.447 55.71 27.855
48.24
6
5 39.386 750.4 39.391 100.447 55.71 27.855
48.24
6
6 39.386 750.4 39.391 100.447 55.71 27.855
48.24
6
7 39.386 750.4 39.391 100.447 55.71 27.855
48.24
6
8 39.386 750.4 39.391 100.447 55.71 27.855
48.24
6
9 39.386 750.4 39.391 100.447 55.71 27.855
48.24
6
10 39.386 750.4 39.391 100.447 55.71 27.855
48.24
6
12 39.386 750.4 39.391 100.447 55.71 27.855
48.24
6
13 39.386 750.4 39.391 100.447 55.71 27.855
48.24
6
4. Kuljinder Kaur Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 2) January 2016, pp.31-34
www.ijera.com 34|P a g e
Graph II: frequency versus time graph for 3 cycles
When three phase balanced is imposed on bus
three, the effect on frequency is more for 3 cycles as
compared to 2 cycles. Therefore, time to clear fault is
greater for 3 cycles as compared to 2 cycles as shown
in graph I & II above.
IV. CONCLUSION
As power system designing is very serious issue
and complex in nature, so it very necessary to design
a system with excellent protective system. Now- a -
days, the parallel transmission lines are increasing
which leads to decrease in resistance. As a result,
impedance of system is also decreasing and hence
short circuit level is increasing day by day. To avoid
this problem the circuit breaker should be able to
withstand the short circuit currents. In this paper,
circuit breaker parameters are calculated and
compared with existing circuit breakers ratings.
Hence, better results are calculated using POWER
WORLD-SIMULATOR.
REFERENCES
[1] Adnan Kakilli, “System Analysis With The
Mva Method For Symmetrical Three-Phase
Faults,” Marmara University Technical
Education Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey, 2013.
[2] André D. Filomena , Mariana Resener b,
Rodrigo H. Salim c, Arturo S. Bretas d,
“Distribution systems fault analysis
considering fault resistance estimation”
International journal of Electrical Power
and Energy Systems,Vol-33,PP 1326-
1335,Year 2011.
[3] Boris cintula, žaneta eleschová, anton beláň,
“3-phase Short Circuit Impact in Various
Length of Power Line on Transient Stability
of Synchronous Generator,” Recent
advances in energy, environment &
economic development, 2007.
[4] Božidar Filipovi-Gri1, Ivo Ugleši1, Dalibor
Filipovi-Gri, “Analysis of Transient
Recovery Voltage in 400 kV SF6 Circuit
Breaker Due to Transmission Line Faults,”
International Review of Electrical
Engineering (I.R.E.E.), Vol. 6, PP 2652-
2658, 5 September-October 2011.
[5] F. Castellanos, Member IEEE and R. Dillah,
“Short Circuit Analysis in the Phase Domain
for Distribution Networks,” 2008.
[6] Christoph Meyer, Peter Köllensperger, Rik
W. De Doncker, “Design of a Novel Low
Loss Fault Current Limiter for Medium-
Voltage Systems,” IEEE 2004.
[7] David D. Roybal, P.E. Senior Member,
IEEE Eaton Electrical 3697 Mount Diablo
Boulevard Lafayette, “circuit breaker
interrupting capacity and short-time current
ratings,” IEEE IAS Pulp and Paper Industry
Conference in Victoria, PP 130-134, July
2004.
[8] David B. Durocher, “Understanding Circuit
Breaker Design and Operation to Improve
Safety and Reliability In Underground
Mining,” IEEE 2011.
[9] Debniloy De1, Shivanjali A. Mishra2,
Aditya Kar3 and Sheila Mahapatra4, “Short
Circuit Analysis of a Power Grid using
MiPower Software,” Advance in Electronic
and Electric Engineering, Volume 4, pp.
253-258, 2014.
[10] Demetrios Tziouvaras, “Analysis of
Complex Power System Faults and
Operating Conditions,” IEEE Transactions
on Power Delivery, Volume 12, Issue 1, pp.
134-143, 2003.
[11] Simmi Bhadauria, Kirpal Singh Doad,
“Numerical Techniques For Bus Bar
Protection,” International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: Vol-152, No-6, PP 82-85. ,
march 2014.
Speed_Gen 1 #1gfedcb
109876543210
50.3
50.28
50.26
50.24
50.22
50.2
50.18
50.16
50.14
50.12
50.1
50.08
50.06
50.04
50.02
50
49.98
49.96
49.94
49.92
49.9