This document discusses sheath voltage limiters (SVLs), which are surge arresters used to protect the outer jacket of underground high voltage cables. SVLs limit the voltage stress across the cable jacket during transient overvoltage events like faults, switching surges and lightning strikes to prevent puncture and moisture ingress. The document provides guidelines for selecting the proper rating for SVLs, including calculating the voltage that could appear on the cable sheath during faults based on cable characteristics, and ensuring the SVL's voltage rating is above this level so it does not conduct during faults. It also discusses using simulations and margins of protection to determine if the SVL can adequately protect the cable jacket from other transient overvoltages.
Guidelines for Unconventional Partial Discharge Measurement (CIGRE 444)AHMED MOHAMED HEGAB
Several non-conventional PD detection methods based on acoustic and electromagnetic phenomenon have been used for some time for PD detection on power cables, transformers, GIS and generators. Up to now there have not been accepted procedures and guidelines for “non-conventional methods” compared to conventional methods. There are many open questions including: calibration or sensitivity verification procedures, techniques for noise suppression, methods of
fault location, and energy equivalency, among others. The authors of this guide believe that now is the time to prepare guidelines and international recommendations for these non-conventional PD detection methods in order to ensure reproducible and comparative PD measurements on high voltage equipment between users.
Guidelines for Unconventional Partial Discharge Measurement (CIGRE 444)AHMED MOHAMED HEGAB
Several non-conventional PD detection methods based on acoustic and electromagnetic phenomenon have been used for some time for PD detection on power cables, transformers, GIS and generators. Up to now there have not been accepted procedures and guidelines for “non-conventional methods” compared to conventional methods. There are many open questions including: calibration or sensitivity verification procedures, techniques for noise suppression, methods of
fault location, and energy equivalency, among others. The authors of this guide believe that now is the time to prepare guidelines and international recommendations for these non-conventional PD detection methods in order to ensure reproducible and comparative PD measurements on high voltage equipment between users.
Cable Conductor Sizing for Minimum Life Cycle CostLeonardo ENERGY
Energy prices are high and expected to rise. All CO2 emissions are being scrutinized by regulators as well as by public opinion. As a result, energy management has become a key factor in almost every business. To get the most out of each kilowatt-hour, appliances must be carefully evaluated for their energy efficiency.
It is an often overlooked fact that electrical energy gets lost in both end-use and in the supply system (cables, busbars, transformers, etc.). Every cable has resistance, so part of the electrical energy that it carries is dissipated as heat and is lost.
Such energy losses can be reduced by increasing the cross section of the copper conductor in a cable or busbar. Obviously, the conductor size cannot be increased endlessly. The objective should be the economic and/or environmental optimum. What is the optimal cross section necessary to maximize the Return on Investment (ROI) and minimize the Net Present Value (NPV) and/or the Life Cycle Cost (LCC)?
This paper will demonstrate that the maximizing of the ROI results in a cross section that is far larger than which technical standards prescribe. Those standards are based entirely on safety and certain power quality aspects. This means there is room for improvement—a great deal of improvement in fact.
Cable Conductor Sizing for Minimum Life Cycle CostLeonardo ENERGY
Energy prices are high and expected to rise. All CO2 emissions are being scrutinized by regulators as well as by public opinion. As a result, energy management has become a key factor in almost every business. To get the most out of each kilowatt-hour, appliances must be carefully evaluated for their energy efficiency.
It is an often overlooked fact that electrical energy gets lost in both end-use and in the supply system (cables, busbars, transformers, etc.). Every cable has resistance, so part of the electrical energy that it carries is dissipated as heat and is lost.
Such energy losses can be reduced by increasing the cross section of the copper conductor in a cable or busbar. Obviously, the conductor size cannot be increased endlessly. The objective should be the economic and/or environmental optimum. What is the optimal cross section necessary to maximize the Return on Investment (ROI) and minimize the Net Present Value (NPV) and/or the Life Cycle Cost (LCC)?
This paper will demonstrate that the maximizing of the ROI results in a cross section that is far larger than which technical standards prescribe. Those standards are based entirely on safety and certain power quality aspects. This means there is room for improvement—a great deal of improvement in fact.
Dual-Level Adaptive Supply Voltage System with Bandgap Reference MPR for Vari...IJERA Editor
Nowadays VLSI circuits have become much advanced by overcoming many challenges such as extra power
consumption, but circuit aging along with process variations are still challenging the advancements in power
efficient VLSI circuits. The aim of this dissertation is to propose the new adaptive technique to efficiently
compensate the fine grained variations by addressing the limitations in existing adaption approach. Adaptive
supply voltage (ASV) is proved to be one among the top most adaptation approaches in tuning of power
performance. Controlling power leakage is the main advantage in using ASV, while delivery overheads along
with voltage generation from conventional ASV systems make their application to mitigate fine-grained
variations demanding. The main aim of this dissertation is to present a dual level ASV system with band gap
reference Miniature programmable regulator (BGRMPR). Reference voltage independent of process and
temperature variations can be achieved because of using band gap reference voltage. Another advantage of
adapting this approach is because less power is consumed by system when compared to dual-level ASV system
with MPR.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET-Sensitivity Analysis of Maximum Overvoltage on Cables with Considering ...IRJET Journal
Hamed Touhidi ,Mehdi Shafiee, Behrooz Vahidi,Seyed Hossein Hosseinian, "Sensitivity Analysis of Maximum Overvoltage on Cables with Considering Forward and Backward Waves ", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol2,issue-01 April 2015. e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
lightning is known to be one of the primary sources of most surges in high keraunic areas. It is well-known fact that surge overvoltage is a significant contribution in cable failures. The other source of surge voltage is due to switching and it is pronounce on extra high voltage power transmission systems. The effect of both lightning and switching surges is weakening the cable insulation. The progressive weakening of such insulation will lead to cable deterioration and eventually its failure. Each surge impulse on the cable will contribute with other factors towards cable insulation strength deterioration and ultimately cable can fail by an overvoltage level below the cable basic impulse level (BIL). The maximum lightning overvoltage for a given cable depends on a large number of parameters. This paper presents the effect of model parameters (e.g., rise time and amplitude of surge, length of cable, resistivity of the core and sheath, tower footing resistance, number of sub conductors in the phase conductor (bundle), effect of surge arrester, length of lead, relative permittivity of the insulator material outside the core, power frequency voltage, stroke location, cable joints, shunt reactors, sheath thickness) on maximum cable voltage. The simulations show that the maximum overvoltage.
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Multilevel inverters are a source of high power, often used in industrial applications and can use either sine or modified sine waves. A multilevel inverter uses a series of semiconductor power converters (usually two to three) thus generating higher voltage. Reverse leakage current in a semiconductor device is the current from that semiconductor device when the device is reverse biased. In earlier method transformer is used for generating multilevel output and grid synchronization. Transformer increases the leakage current. Now transformerless method and sine modulation techniques are presented to reduce the leakage current.
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Analsis of very fast transient over voltages in gas insulated substationseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
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Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
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Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. The Sheath Voltage Limiter
Copyright 2013 ArresterWorks ArresterFacts 032 January 2013 2
(SVL), as discussed herein, is to protect the outer
jacket of the cable from electrical stresses caused
during transient events.
High voltage cable comes in many forms; however,
for sake of keeping it simple, we will discuss single
core HV cable with a metallic sheath and a
polymeric sheath jacket, as shown in Figure 1.
HV Cable System Overview
There are many positive factors fueling the
installation of underground cable, but there is a
negative environmental effect that needs special
attention when installing this type of system,
namely losses. Because cable is often installed
with metallic sheaths, current is induced onto the
sheath from the primary conductor. This induced
sheath current flows directly to earth and is a
100% loss. In the process of flowing to earth, it
also can raise the temperature of the cable, which
becomes a limiting factor in the overload capability
of the system. A common means of reducing the
losses in a cable system is to segment the cable
sheath as shown in Figure 2. When segmentation
is used to interrupt the flow of induced sheath
current, accommodations need to be made to limit
the induced voltage on the sheath during transient
Figure 1: Simple HV cable showing polymeric jacket that is in
some cases requires surge protection.
Introduction
High voltage cable for underground transmission
has been in use for many years; however, in the
past decade the demand for longer lines and
higher current capacity have increased which in
turn has required new methods of loss prevention.
Reliability of these lines is more important now
than ever, as the customers become more
intolerant of outages. This means that surge
protection of the underground cables is
increasingly more important. All of these factors
lead to the growing use of surge arresters on cable
systems. The surge protection scheme for a high
voltage cable sheath is unique in the surge
protection world, as you will see from this article.
The main purpose of the sheath voltage limiter
Figure 2: Common loss reduction method in cable systems using segmentation and Sheath Voltage Limiters
3. The Sheath Voltage Limiter
Copyright 2013 ArresterWorks ArresterFacts 032 January 2013 3
events. If the sheath voltage is not limited, the
Figure 3 Typical configuration of SVL on Riser Pole
voltage difference between the sheath and earth
can exceed the withstand voltage of the cable
jacket. If the cable jacket is punctured due to
excessive voltage across it, it can become a source
of moisture ingress into the cable, which can only
lead to longer term dielectric and failure issues.
There are numerous configurations used in cable
systems to reduce losses such as cross bonding of
the sheaths and transpositioning of phase
conductors. However, segmentation is considered
the most effective but requires surge protection of
the cable jacket when it is implemented. The link
box is a universally used junction box that
accommodates surge protectors and a point to
crossbond sheaths. This box is usually sealed and
found in manholes or cabinets. Figure 4 shows a
common link box setup that provides a location for
the sheath voltage limiters as well as cross bonding
of the sheath. The phase conductors do not enter
link boxes; only the sheath or sheath extension.
Figure 4: Link box with 3 SVL’s and cross bonded sheaths
The SVL
A sheath voltage limiter (SVL) is a surge arrester
with a different name. It functions as an arrester
and in most cases; it is in fact a re-labeled
distribution arrester. Two examples of sheath
voltage limiters are shown in Figures 5 and 6. In
Figure 5, it can be seen that the arrester has no
sheds. This is because this particular design can
only be used in the dry environment of a link box.
The SVL shown in Figure 6 has sheds similar to an
arrester because this model is designed for
outdoor use.
Figure 5: Sheath Voltage Limiter with typical ratings .8-4.8kV
Uc (MCOV) used inside link boxes. (Courtesy of Tridelta)
4. The Sheath Voltage Limiter
Copyright 2013 ArresterWorks ArresterFacts 032 January 2013 4
Figure 6: Sheath Voltage Limiter with typical ratings 4-14kV
Uc (MCOV) for use in outdoor environment. (Courtesy of
Tridelta)
Selecting an SVL
As stated in the introduction to this article, the
purpose of a sheath voltage limiter is to clamp or
limit the voltage stress across the cable jacket. If
the cable sheath is grounded at both ends, the
voltage stress across the jacket is quite low during
steady state and relatively low during transients;
however, if the cable is segmented to reduce
losses or there are link boxes along the cable at
transposition/cross bonding locations, it is
important to install the SVL at these locations to
eliminate any possibility of insulation breakdown
of the cable jacket or link box insulation. There is
no standard method prescribed by IEC or IEEEE for
selecting the optimum rating for cable
sheath/jacket protection. The following method is
one used by this author after discussion with cable
suppliers, arrester suppliers, and with the aid of
transient modeling of the systems to actually
determine the effects of a surge during transients.
Figure 7: Steps that can be used to determine the rating of an
SVL
This analysis assumes sheath segmentation with is
a single point bond (earthed at one end of the
sheath) and an open point at the other end of the
sheath.
Sheath Voltage from Power Frequency Sources
Because the sheath of a cable is in such close
proximity to the conductor, the voltage appearing
on an open sheath can be substantial. This
induced voltage is directly related to the current
flowing through the phase conductor. This
relationship applies during steady state and during
faults. Figure 8 displays an example where a 17kA
fault results in 3800V rms on the sheath. The most
common rationale in selecting an arrester for
protecting the sheath is to select an SVL with a
turn-on level above the worst case induced power
frequency voltage. This means the SVL does not
need to dissipate any energy during a temporary
overvoltage (TOV) caused by faults. For overhead
arresters, this is generally not the rule and in those
cases, the arresters are sized to conduct current
during the TOV but not enough to cause it to fail.
The overhead sizing rationale utilizing an arrester’s
TOV capability is not used for SVL selection unless
it is necessary to achieve a better margin of
protection.
Steps to Select the Optimum Sheath Voltage Limiter
Step 1: Determine the voltages that will appear on the
sheath during transient events
Step 2: Select AC Rating and TOV Rating
Step 3: Check Margin of Protection of the Selected Rating
Step 4: Check that the Energy Rating of the SVL is adequate
Step 5: Check mounting and failure mode for fit and
function
5. The Sheath Voltage Limiter
Copyright 2013 ArresterWorks ArresterFacts 032 January 2013 5
Sheath Voltage Calculations
The steady state voltage gradient is the voltage
that will appear along a 1km length of a sheath
with 1000 amps flowing continuously. This voltage
is a function of the configuration of the cable in the
trench and the cable dimensions. There are two
basic trench configurations: trefoil and flat. The
trefoil configuration is comprised of three cables
that are positions equal distance apart such that
the cross section forms a equilateral triangle. If
the flat configuration is used, all cables are laid
such that they are in the same plane and the same
distant apart. If the voltage gradient is not
supplied by the cable manufacturer for the
configuration to be used, it can be calculated as
follows. These equations and method are derived
from charts found in IEEE 575 “Guide for Bonding
Sheaths and Shields of Single-Conductor Power
Cables Rated 5 – 500 kV”:
Once the voltage gradient is known for 1 km at
1000 amps, the voltage that will appear at the
open end of a segment during a fault event can be
easily calculated. It is important to know this
voltage level because the SVL voltage rating (Uc)
needs to be set just above this level so that the
arrester does not conduct during a fault event. If
the arrester conducted during a fault event, it
would need a much higher energy handling
capability than generally available for distribution
type arresters. If it is later found in the sizing
process that a lower level Uc is needed, a transient
analysis will likely be needed to determine the Uc
and energy rating of the SVL.
Figure 8: Example of sheath voltage during a 27kA fault on a trefoil configured cable
Figure 8 17kA fault resulting in 3800 Volts on Sheath
6. The Sheath Voltage Limiter
Copyright 2013 ArresterWorks ArresterFacts 032 January 2013 6
Assuming that the margin of protection will be
adequate, then the Uc (MCOV) rating of the SVL
will be greater than or equal to the voltage at the
open point (Eopen).
Uc ≥ Eopen = Voltage Gradient x segment length
x max expected fault current
Where: Voltage gradient is V/km/1000A
Length is in km
Fault current is in kA
Using the above method, if a voltage gradient on a
particular system is 200v/km/kA and a line is 2 km
long with a potential of 17.5kA, then the minimum
acceptable Uc rating for the SVL would be 7000
volts.
Note that if the line was only 1 km long, the
minimum Uc for the SVL would be half that of the
2 km long line and could be 3500V minimum.
Figure 9 shows the current flow through an
appropriately rated SVL on a 1 km line with the
previously mentioned voltage gradient and fault
current. It can be seen that only micro-amps flow
through the SVL, which is exactly what is desired;
Figure 9: Current conduction through properly sized SVL
Figure 10: Current through improperly sized SVL with peak levels in the 600amp range per half cycle
Figure 11: Temperature rise of an improperly sized SVL showing eminent failure if the breaker does not interrupt the fault
immediately
7. The Sheath Voltage Limiter
Copyright 2013 ArresterWorks ArresterFacts 032 January 2013 7
however if the same SVL is applied to a similar line
but is 2 km long, the current through the SVL is
significant, as shown in Figure 10, and the
immediate temperature rise to failure is shown in
Figure 11. Therefore, when sizing SVL Uc ratings,
one cannot choose one rating for all link boxes
unless the lengths of all the segments are the
same. If the SVL is chosen correctly in this manner,
it will not be required to absorb any significant
level of energy during a fault on the system.
Protecting the Jacket from Switching Surge
The jacket and the sheath interrupts are the
weakest insulation in a HV Power Cable system.
Figure 12 shows the withstand levels of the jacket
and sheath interrupt per IEEE 575.
Typical BIL withstand of Sheath
Interrupt and Jacket
kV peak (1.2x50 us wave)
System
kV
Across
Halves
Each Half
to Ground
Jacket
69-138 60 30 30
161-240 80 40 40
345-500 120 60 60
Figure 12: Lightning Impulse withstand of sheath interrupts
and cable jacket.
The switching surge impulse withstand of the
sheath interrupt and the jacket are assumed to be
similar to other insulator types and are 83% of the
lightning impulse withstand rating (BIL).
When there is a switching surge event on the
phase conductor of a cable, the current through
the phase conductor induces a voltage on the
sheath in the same way it does at steady state and
fault events, even though the wave shape is
significantly different. Since the voltage and
current on the phase conductor during a switching
surge is not sinusoidal or even a simple impulse
(see Figure 13), it is not possible to accurately
predict the resulting voltage and current on the
sheath.
The only way to accurately determine the actual
voltage and current on the sheath is though
transient simulations of real life tests. Since real
world tests are not practical, transient simulations
are the only real option. After running many of
these simulations, a few rules of thumb have
surfaced:
1. If the SVL is selected to ride through a fault
event with minimal to no serious
conduction, then the switching surge
energy withstand capability of a 10kA
rated distribution type arrester is
adequate. If the SVL is not dimensioned to
Figure 13: Switching Surge on Phase Conductor of a 345kV cable with (green) and without (red) arrester protection on the phase
8. The Sheath Voltage Limiter
Copyright 2013 ArresterWorks ArresterFacts 032 January 2013 8
ride through the fault, then station type
arresters may need to be used.
2. If the 1000 amp switching surge residual
voltage is not available, then the 1.5kA
8/20 lightning impulse residual voltage can
be used for the margin of protection
calculation.
In the case study used to create Figure 14, the
switching surge voltage on the sheath without SVL
protection would rise to greater than 100kV. Per
Figure 12, this is more than 40kV above what the
jacket or interrupt insulation can withstand,
representing certain failure of the cable jacket. In
this case, with a 9.6kV Uc SVL, the voltage on the
sheath is limited to 33kV maximum.
To calculate the margin of protection during a
switching surge, it is recommended that the 1000A
switching surge residual voltage be used. Since
switching surge residual voltage is not a mandated
test for distribution type arresters, the 1000A
residual voltage may not be available. If it is not
available, a reasonable substitute for the switching
surge voltage is the 8x20 residual voltage at 1.5kA.
For the 9.6kV SVL used in the above study, the
V1000 = 1000A 30/75us residual voltage is 28.4kV.
From Figure 12, we can see that the BIL withstand
level of the jacket for a 345kV line is 60kV. This
means the switching surge margin of protection
(MP2) for this case is: MP2 = ( [( BIL x .83 ) / V1000
]-1) x 100 = 75%
Protecting the Jacket from Lightning Surge
When lightning strikes the overhead line before
the transition pole, the surge is clamped by the
arrester that is universally mounted at that
location. Most of the surge current is diverted to
earth at this pole; however, a surge voltage of
significant magnitude can travel into the cable with
a moderate level of current also entering the
cable. Figure 15 shows the voltage and current
entering a 345kV cable with a 100kA strike a few
spans away.
Calculating margin of protection (MP1) for
lightning is very similar to what is done for
switching surges. In this case, 10kA is used for the
coordinating current and the full BIL is used for the
withstand of the jacket and interrupt insulation.
Using the same SVL as above for the switching
surge calculation, the residual voltage at 10kA is
35kV and cable BIL is 60kV, therefore: MP1 = ( [
BIL / V1000 ]-1) x 100 = 71% Again, a 9.6kV Uc
SVL provides adequate insulation protection for
the cable jacket.
Figure 14: Switching surge voltage
inducted on to Sheath of a 345kV
Cable with and without SVL
protection.
3pu switching surge on phase
conductor.
Green w/o SVL and Red with SVL.
Figure 15: Shows the voltage and current on the phase conductor of a 345kV cable with a 100kA surge to the phase a few
spans away from the transition pole
9. The Sheath Voltage Limiter
Copyright 2013 ArresterWorks ArresterFacts 032 January 2013 9
ArresterFacts are a compilation of facts about arresters to assist all stakeholders in the application and
understanding of arresters. All ArresterFacts assume a base knowledge of surge protection of power systems;
however, we always welcome the opportunity to assist a student in obtaining their goal, so please call if you
have any questions. Visit our library of ArresterFacts for more reading on topics of interest to those involved
in the protection of power system at: http://www.arresterworks.com/arresterfacts/arresterfacts.php
About the author:
Jonathan started his career after receiving his Bachelor's degree in Electronic Engineering from The Ohio Institute of
Technology, at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, IL. As an Engineering Physicist at Fermi Lab, he was an
integral member of the high energy particle physics team in search of the elusive quark. Wishing to
return to his home state, he joined the design engineering team at McGraw Edison (later Cooper
Power Systems) in Olean, New York. During his tenure at Cooper, he was involved in the design,
development, and manufacturing of arresters. He served as Engineering Manager as well as Arrester
Marketing Manager during that time. Jonathan has been active for the last 30 years in the IEEE and
IEC standard associations. Jonathan is inventor/co-inventor on five US patents. Jonathan received his
MBA from St. Bonaventure University.
www.arresterworks.com
jonathan.woodworth@arresterworks.com
+1.716.307.2431
Jonathan Woodworth
ArresterWorks
Principle Engineer