The aim of this study was to explore the ways in which teacher education institutions prepare pre-service teachers for integrating ICT in their classroom practice. Specifically, a multiplecase study was conducted to examine the ways in which the development of TechnologicalPedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) was promoted in the existing curriculum of threeteacher education institutions in Flanders. In the three cases, data were drawn from semi-structured interviews with the heads of the department and the ICT coordinators. Focus groupdiscussions collected the perspectives of pre-service teachers and teacher educators. Theresults indicate that 1) the three institutions are moving from ICT as a “stand-alone” coursetowards embedding ICT across the curriculum and 2) three approaches were adopted for developing pre-service teachers’ TPACK, each representing different ways of understandingthe place of ICT in the curriculum. The discussion will focus on the challenges andopportunities inherent in understanding how to develop pre-service teachers’ TPACK in thecurriculum of teacher education institutions.
TPACK/TPCK - is it the model for designing learning in the digital age?Vanguard Visions
TPACK/TPCK is it the model for designing learning in the digital age.
Webinar to discuss whether TPACK/TPCK - is it the model for designing learning in the digital age?
Introduction of TPACK-XL: Building Future Teachers' Knowledge Base to Teach i...Dr. Milad M. SAAD
This presentation is an innovative theoretical grounding that builds on TPACK to provide a guiding conceptual perspective in designing teacher education programs.
TPACK/TPCK - is it the model for designing learning in the digital age?Vanguard Visions
TPACK/TPCK is it the model for designing learning in the digital age.
Webinar to discuss whether TPACK/TPCK - is it the model for designing learning in the digital age?
Introduction of TPACK-XL: Building Future Teachers' Knowledge Base to Teach i...Dr. Milad M. SAAD
This presentation is an innovative theoretical grounding that builds on TPACK to provide a guiding conceptual perspective in designing teacher education programs.
The TPACK framework has been used to prepare prospective science teachers at the Public Authority of Applied Education and Training (PAAET) in Kuwait for technology integration in education. Prospective science teachers worked in teams to design a technological solution for a pedagogical problem that teachers usually face. Prospective science teachers were separated in two groups. The first group was coached by technology, pedagogy, and content experts (human support condition). The second group (blended support condition) was supported by using a blended approach, by which they had access to an online portal with different tutorials and examples and they also had the opportunity to meet with the technology, pedagogy and content experts whenever needed. From the literature there is strong evidence that a positive teacher attitude towards technology plays a critical role in the success of the technology integration process, but only a positive attitude to use technology in education is pointless if it is not supported with the necessary skills to use technology (Christensen & Knezek, 2008). In a pre-test post test design data were collected of prospective science teachers’ attitude toward ICT, their ICT skills, and their TPACK. The study showed that the attitude towards ICT, Technological Knowledge (TK) and technological skills were increased. This implies that the prospective teachers became more competent and confident in using technology. It was also found that there was significant growth in TPACK. However, it was found that the blended support condition had a higher increase in their Technological Knowledge (TK) and Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK), and their attitude toward computer as a tool for productivity and enjoyment compared to the human support condition. This indicates that the blended approach for supporting design teams could be a suitable method to enhance the development of TPACK.
21st Century Skills & TPACK (English version)Petra Fisser
Tijdens een conferentie van de Poolse Centre for education development gaf Petra Fisser een keynote presentatie over competenties die leraren nodig hebben om hun leerlingen voor te bereiden op leren en werken in de 21e eeuw, waarbij een belangrijke rol is weggelegd voor de integratie van ict in het onderwijs. Daarbij werden 21st century skills gekoppeld aan het TPACK model.
TPACK + MATHEMATICS: A REVIEW OF CURRENT TPACK LITERATUREIJITE
This paper will summarize a review of current literature on the Technology, Pedagogy and Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework, discuss innovative technology integration in teacher preparation and mathematics methods courses for teacher candidates studying elementary education. Themes that emerged in the review of current TPaCKliterature included the importance of understanding the TPACK framework, developing self efficacy, the vital role that modeling plays, how collaboration impacts and finally, just how powerful reflection can be in the application of TPACK. This paper will examine and explain these different themes and summarize the current literature as well as highlight trends on technology integration and TPACK.
TPACK + MATHEMATICS: A REVIEW OF CURRENT TPACK LITERATURE IJITE
This paper will summarize a review of current literature on the Technology, Pedagogy and Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework, discuss innovative technology integration in teacher preparation and mathematics methods courses for teacher candidates studying elementary education. Themes that emerged in the review of current TPaCKliterature included the importance of understanding the TPACK framework, developing self efficacy, the vital role that modeling plays, how collaboration impacts and finally, just how powerful reflection can be in the application of TPACK. This paper will examine and explain these different themes and summarize the current literature as well as highlight trends on technology integration and TPACK.
Symposium on TPACK at SITE 2014
TPACK is recognized by many as a useful conceptual framework to help define the knowledge base teachers’ need to know to effectively integrate technology in their educational practice. However, determining whether teachers indeed have developed the knowledge and skills required for effective technology integration – or in short whether they have developed TPACK – is a much more complicated issue. This symposium discusses how artifacts are being used in assessing pre-service and practicing teachers technology integration competencies. TPACK calls for coherence between content, pedagogy and technology. The assumption is that having TPACK also implies teachers’ being able to demonstrate technology integration competencies. This assumption implies a fit between (pre-service) teachers’ TPACK (often measured through self-report instruments) and the artifacts they produce.
In this symposium we discuss how different kinds of artifacts, e.g. lesson plans and lesson practice as demonstrated in video clips can be used as an indicator of a teacher’s technology integration competencies. In this symposium we discuss different artifacts (pre-service) teachers produce in order to demonstrate that they have TPACK. In the symposium different artifacts will be discussed, such as lesson plans and video clips that show technology use in classroom practice. The symposium deals with the potential and restrictions of artifacts as indicator for technology integration, the assessment of artifacts and the relation with other TPACK measures, such as the TPACK survey from Schmidt et al. (2010). Examples from different educational contexts will be presented and discussed.
This presentation focuses on technology integration and the effective use of the ET in DoDEA classes based on a framework created by Punya Mishra and Michael Koehler of Michigan State University.
Preparing future teachers to integrate technology in education: Ready for take-off?
Presentation @TIES2012, Barcelona
Authors: Jo Tondeur, Natalie Pareja, Johan van Braak (Ghent University), Joke Voogt & Petra Fisser (Twente University)
PROPOSAL ISATT 2013
Sub division: 21st century learning
Capacity building for ICT integration in secondary schools in Kenya:
An exploratory case study
Jo Tondeur, Don Krug, Mike Bill, Maaike Smulders & Zhu Chang
Introduction and objectives
The demands of the 21st century dictate that learners should be equipped with requisite skills to competently engage and perform in the new information age. These skills commonly referred to as 21st century skills include inter-alia; critical thinking, problem solving, collaboration, creativity and communication (Voogt & Pareja, 2012). When the learning opportunities presented by Information Communication Technology (ICT) are well utilized, they have a great potential to develop 21st century skills (Selwyn, 2007). In view of the above, the Kenyan Ministry of Education expects ICT to be widely deployed for teaching and learning in primary and secondary schools across Kenya (see Quality Education and Training for Vision 2030). However, a simple placement of hardware and/or software will not make ICT integration naturally follow (Earle, 2002). One of the key failures of many past programs in Africa – and the rest of the world - was that schools were provided with equipment but with little or no support for teachers’ professional development, national and local ICT policies, and/or community involvement (Agyei & Voogt, 2011).
Clearly, the primary factor that influences the effectiveness of learning is not the availability of ICT, but the capacity to integrate of ICT in the different subject areas, the scope of the current study. This study investigates a professional development program that provides not only support to equip secondary schools in Kenya with ICT. The VVOB program was designed from a school improvement point of view to support the process of capacity building for ICT integration in the curriculum. It built upon teachers’ existing practices and facilities their reflection of an inquiry into these practices (see Lim, Tondeur, Nastiti, & Paragan, 2010). The school would be a collaborative community to create engaging content that would be shared and assessed (cf. Arntzen & Krug, 2011). We aim to gain insight into whether and how this program affects secondary school teachers and practices regarding the educational use of ICT.
Method
A case study was conducted in four pilot schools - with no previous ICT investments - to examine the process of capacity building for ICT-integration in the context of secondary education in Kenya. Based on a mixed method research approach, this study aims to critically evaluate the prospects and challenges through the lens of stakeholders at the different aggregation levels: policy makers (macro level), district managers, principals, and ICT coordinators (school level), and teachers and pupils at the micro level.
The TPACK framework has been used to prepare prospective science teachers at the Public Authority of Applied Education and Training (PAAET) in Kuwait for technology integration in education. Prospective science teachers worked in teams to design a technological solution for a pedagogical problem that teachers usually face. Prospective science teachers were separated in two groups. The first group was coached by technology, pedagogy, and content experts (human support condition). The second group (blended support condition) was supported by using a blended approach, by which they had access to an online portal with different tutorials and examples and they also had the opportunity to meet with the technology, pedagogy and content experts whenever needed. From the literature there is strong evidence that a positive teacher attitude towards technology plays a critical role in the success of the technology integration process, but only a positive attitude to use technology in education is pointless if it is not supported with the necessary skills to use technology (Christensen & Knezek, 2008). In a pre-test post test design data were collected of prospective science teachers’ attitude toward ICT, their ICT skills, and their TPACK. The study showed that the attitude towards ICT, Technological Knowledge (TK) and technological skills were increased. This implies that the prospective teachers became more competent and confident in using technology. It was also found that there was significant growth in TPACK. However, it was found that the blended support condition had a higher increase in their Technological Knowledge (TK) and Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK), and their attitude toward computer as a tool for productivity and enjoyment compared to the human support condition. This indicates that the blended approach for supporting design teams could be a suitable method to enhance the development of TPACK.
21st Century Skills & TPACK (English version)Petra Fisser
Tijdens een conferentie van de Poolse Centre for education development gaf Petra Fisser een keynote presentatie over competenties die leraren nodig hebben om hun leerlingen voor te bereiden op leren en werken in de 21e eeuw, waarbij een belangrijke rol is weggelegd voor de integratie van ict in het onderwijs. Daarbij werden 21st century skills gekoppeld aan het TPACK model.
TPACK + MATHEMATICS: A REVIEW OF CURRENT TPACK LITERATUREIJITE
This paper will summarize a review of current literature on the Technology, Pedagogy and Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework, discuss innovative technology integration in teacher preparation and mathematics methods courses for teacher candidates studying elementary education. Themes that emerged in the review of current TPaCKliterature included the importance of understanding the TPACK framework, developing self efficacy, the vital role that modeling plays, how collaboration impacts and finally, just how powerful reflection can be in the application of TPACK. This paper will examine and explain these different themes and summarize the current literature as well as highlight trends on technology integration and TPACK.
TPACK + MATHEMATICS: A REVIEW OF CURRENT TPACK LITERATURE IJITE
This paper will summarize a review of current literature on the Technology, Pedagogy and Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework, discuss innovative technology integration in teacher preparation and mathematics methods courses for teacher candidates studying elementary education. Themes that emerged in the review of current TPaCKliterature included the importance of understanding the TPACK framework, developing self efficacy, the vital role that modeling plays, how collaboration impacts and finally, just how powerful reflection can be in the application of TPACK. This paper will examine and explain these different themes and summarize the current literature as well as highlight trends on technology integration and TPACK.
Symposium on TPACK at SITE 2014
TPACK is recognized by many as a useful conceptual framework to help define the knowledge base teachers’ need to know to effectively integrate technology in their educational practice. However, determining whether teachers indeed have developed the knowledge and skills required for effective technology integration – or in short whether they have developed TPACK – is a much more complicated issue. This symposium discusses how artifacts are being used in assessing pre-service and practicing teachers technology integration competencies. TPACK calls for coherence between content, pedagogy and technology. The assumption is that having TPACK also implies teachers’ being able to demonstrate technology integration competencies. This assumption implies a fit between (pre-service) teachers’ TPACK (often measured through self-report instruments) and the artifacts they produce.
In this symposium we discuss how different kinds of artifacts, e.g. lesson plans and lesson practice as demonstrated in video clips can be used as an indicator of a teacher’s technology integration competencies. In this symposium we discuss different artifacts (pre-service) teachers produce in order to demonstrate that they have TPACK. In the symposium different artifacts will be discussed, such as lesson plans and video clips that show technology use in classroom practice. The symposium deals with the potential and restrictions of artifacts as indicator for technology integration, the assessment of artifacts and the relation with other TPACK measures, such as the TPACK survey from Schmidt et al. (2010). Examples from different educational contexts will be presented and discussed.
This presentation focuses on technology integration and the effective use of the ET in DoDEA classes based on a framework created by Punya Mishra and Michael Koehler of Michigan State University.
Preparing future teachers to integrate technology in education: Ready for take-off?
Presentation @TIES2012, Barcelona
Authors: Jo Tondeur, Natalie Pareja, Johan van Braak (Ghent University), Joke Voogt & Petra Fisser (Twente University)
PROPOSAL ISATT 2013
Sub division: 21st century learning
Capacity building for ICT integration in secondary schools in Kenya:
An exploratory case study
Jo Tondeur, Don Krug, Mike Bill, Maaike Smulders & Zhu Chang
Introduction and objectives
The demands of the 21st century dictate that learners should be equipped with requisite skills to competently engage and perform in the new information age. These skills commonly referred to as 21st century skills include inter-alia; critical thinking, problem solving, collaboration, creativity and communication (Voogt & Pareja, 2012). When the learning opportunities presented by Information Communication Technology (ICT) are well utilized, they have a great potential to develop 21st century skills (Selwyn, 2007). In view of the above, the Kenyan Ministry of Education expects ICT to be widely deployed for teaching and learning in primary and secondary schools across Kenya (see Quality Education and Training for Vision 2030). However, a simple placement of hardware and/or software will not make ICT integration naturally follow (Earle, 2002). One of the key failures of many past programs in Africa – and the rest of the world - was that schools were provided with equipment but with little or no support for teachers’ professional development, national and local ICT policies, and/or community involvement (Agyei & Voogt, 2011).
Clearly, the primary factor that influences the effectiveness of learning is not the availability of ICT, but the capacity to integrate of ICT in the different subject areas, the scope of the current study. This study investigates a professional development program that provides not only support to equip secondary schools in Kenya with ICT. The VVOB program was designed from a school improvement point of view to support the process of capacity building for ICT integration in the curriculum. It built upon teachers’ existing practices and facilities their reflection of an inquiry into these practices (see Lim, Tondeur, Nastiti, & Paragan, 2010). The school would be a collaborative community to create engaging content that would be shared and assessed (cf. Arntzen & Krug, 2011). We aim to gain insight into whether and how this program affects secondary school teachers and practices regarding the educational use of ICT.
Method
A case study was conducted in four pilot schools - with no previous ICT investments - to examine the process of capacity building for ICT-integration in the context of secondary education in Kenya. Based on a mixed method research approach, this study aims to critically evaluate the prospects and challenges through the lens of stakeholders at the different aggregation levels: policy makers (macro level), district managers, principals, and ICT coordinators (school level), and teachers and pupils at the micro level.
A Study of the Challenges to Information and Communications Technology in Gir...HCI Lab
SKERG Seminar with TA Sarah Almoaiqel on challenges to ICT integration in girl's schools in Saudi Arabia. The synoposis of this presentation is available at https://skerg.ksu.edu.sa/Socio-Technical
Capacity building for 21st century learning in secondary schools in AfricaPetra Fisser
This symposium brings together researchers who are evaluating ICT-integration in developing countries. The variety of the studies addresses many of the current issues related to the processes of and capacity building for ICT-integration. The contributors to the symposium will be invited to focus on the consequences of their study with respect to professional development and policy making. This relation fits into the conference theme “Excellence of teachers? Practice, policy, research”. The discussion will focus on the challenges and opportunities inherent in understanding how to prepare schools in developing countries for capacity building in the field of educational ICT use.
This paper has been awarded the prize of best paper at the Educational Technology World Conference (ETWC) 2016. The main aim of this study was to measure the impact of the support pre-service teachers receive on their knowledge for effective technology integration, namely technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK). Specifically, we focused on the strategies included in the SQD (Synthesis of Qualitative Evidence) model: 1) using teacher educators as role models, 2) reflecting on the role of technology in education, 3) learning how to use technology by design, 4) collaboration with peers, 5) scaffolding authentic technology experiences, and 6) providing continuous feedback. In order to explore the relation between the perceived occurrences of the SQD-strategies and TPACK, survey data were collected from a sample of 688 final-year pre-service teachers in Belgium. In addition, a multiple case study was conducted in three teacher training institutions, including three focus group discussions with 19 pre-service teachers.
Presentation about TPACK for the teacher preparation program in Shell, Ecuador. With acknowledgements to Natalie Paraja Roblin for the Spanish translation.
Professional Development approach to motivate teachers to overcome the second...Willy Castro
This is the presentation of the PHD research project plan regarding to Professional Development approach to motivate teachers to overcome the second-order barriers of Information and Communication Technologies integration in Higher Education.
Author Willy Castro
PHD Student
Aalborg University
Despite the assumption that the integration of ICT influences the entire school system, research focusing on ICT in schools is generally limited to the study of variables at classroom level. In contrast to these studies, the present research explores ICT integration from a school improvement approach. More particularly, it examines the local school policy with respect to ICT integration from both the principal’s perspective and perceptions of teachers. Furthermore, it studies the relationship between school policies and the actual use of ICT in the classroom. To answer the research questions, a representative sample of 53 primary school principals was interviewed. In addition, the interview data were supplemented with survey data of 574 teachers from the same 53 schools. What emerged from the analyses was that school-related policies, such as an ICT plan, ICT support and ICT training have a significant effect on class use of ICT. In addition, the findings from the interviews indicate that school policies are often underdeveloped and underutilised. The discussion section focuses on challenges to improve the potential of an ICT school policy.
More info: Tondeur, J., Van Keer, H., van Braak, J., & Valcke, M. (2008). ICT integration in the classroom: challenging the potential of a school policy. Computers and Education.51, 212-223.
Similar to TPACK integration in teacher education: A case study in educational institutions for the future (20)
Klaslokalen binnenstebuiten: de veranderende onderwijsleeromgeving doorheen d...Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Het opzet van deze paper is tweeledig. In een eerste onderdeel brengen we in kaart (1) hoe klaslokalen qua architectuur, design, infrastructuur en organisatie veranderden, dan wel gelijk gebleven zijn en (2) hoe het ‘gebruik van deze leeromgevingen’ evolueerde doorheen de carrière van negen Vlaamse basisschoolleerkrachten (circa 1960-2014). (3) Gelijktijdig identificeert het katalysatoren en/of barrières, dewelke deze bovenvermelde veranderingen initieerden, versterkten, wijzigden en/of verhinderden. In een tweede luik, exploreren we een aantal “socio-materiële
assemblages” waarin leerkrachten, leerlingen, etc., non-human actors (schoolse materialiteit en ruimtelijkheid) en praktijken met elkaar verknoopt zijn (Latour, 2005).
Beginning teachers' readiness to use ICT in education: Validation of the SQD-...Vrije Universiteit Brussel
The goal of this study was to validate an instrument to measure pre-service teachers’ perceptions about the support and training they receive to integrate technology into classroom activities. Specifically, we focused on the strategies included in the inner circle of the SQD-model (Tondeur et al., 2012): 1) using teacher educators as role models, 2) reflecting on the role of technology in education, 3) learning how to use technology by design,
4) collaboration with peers, 5) scaffolding authentic technology experiences, and 6) providing continuous feedback. In supporting the implementation of such strategies, the developed SQD-scale could be used in two ways. First, it can be used to measure the extent to which pre-service teachers experience these strategies and perceive them as supportive. Second, the instrument can encourage TTIs to reflect on their efforts to support
future teachers in the effective integration of technology.
In order to validate the SQD-scale we collected in-depth interviews with beginning teachers. Specifically, we explored 1) how beginning teachers with less than three years of teaching experience integrate technology in their instructional practice and 2) the connections between these beginning teachers’ educational
uses of technology and the strategies (included in the SQD-scale) adopted by their pre-service education programs. The results revealed that all beginning teachers acknowledged the importance of the six strategies but not all of them were addressed during their pre-service learning experiences. It appears that teacher educators as role models of technology use was a strategy that motivated beginning teachers to use technology in their own
teaching, but field experiences seemed to be the most critical factor influencing their educational use of technology.
Teacher design teams can be an effective way to promote the (re)design of curriculum materials in the context of blended learning in higher education. In this workshop, participants (educators, department heads, researchers,…) are introduced to the four-step procedure to blended learning. This procedure was developed during a professional development project by a community of practitioners (see www.ictdesignteams.be for more information). The workshop consists of three parts: first a short introduction of the project and the ICT design teams; then TDT's will be formed (under the guidance of the workshop leaders). Each TDT redesigns a particular case of 'traditional' learning into a blended design. The workshop will end with a group-reflection on the four-step approach and working in TDT's. No prior experience is expected from the workshops participants. The workshop should be interesting for any stakeholder in higher education involved in the process of integrating blended learning into the curriculum.
Onderwijstechnologie in actie: over de rol van materialiteit in onderwijsleer...Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Theoretische achtergrond
In historisch onderwijsonderzoek is de materiële leeromgeving een belangrijk object van onderzoek (cf. Van Den Driessche, 2009). Over de relatie tussen recente onderwijsontwikkelingen en de fysieke leeromgeving is minder geweten. Een van deze nieuwe ontwikkelingen is de implementatie van informatie- en communicatietechnologie (ICT). Het spreekt voor zich dat technologieën zoals digitale borden, computers of laptops de inrichting van de leeromgeving kunnen beïnvloeden. Bovendien lijkt de specifieke plaats van ICT gerelateerd aan het gebruik ervan. De plaats van computers in de klas bijvoorbeeld leidt tot een frequenter gebruik van ICT als oefen- en informatietool terwijl computers in een PC-lab het gebruik van ICT ter bevordering van technische vaardigheden bevorderen (Tondeur, Valcke, & van Braak, 2008). Naast dergelijke exploratie is echter maar weinig geweten over het belang van de specifieke plaats van ICT in de leeromgeving.
Onderzoeksdoel en methode
Met deze studie onderzoeken we de plaats van ICT in de fysieke leeromgeving (onderzoeksvraag 1). Daarnaast wordt bestudeerd of de plaats van ICT gerelateerd kan worden aan het didactisch gebruik ervan (onderzoeksvraag 2). In functie van de eerste onderzoeksvraag werd een typologie ontwikkeld op basis van het fotografisch materiaal van de bankopstelling van 115 klassen in 12 Vlaamse lagere scholen. Vervolgens werd per type klasinrichting de specifieke plaats van ICT geanalyseerd. Deze resultaten dienden voor de selectie van casussen in functie van de tweede onderzoeksvraag waarbij leraren werden geïnterviewd over de relatie tussen de plaats van ICT, de klasinrichting en het educatieve gebruik van ICT.
Resultaten
Er werden zeven verschillende types bankopstelling onderscheiden. De voorkeur voor een bepaald type wordt vooral bepaald door de zichtbaarheid van het bord, de controlemogelijkheden, concentratieverhoging en de leerlingen-klasgrootteratio. De plaats van ICT in de klas wordt vaak beïnvloed door de fysische eigenschappen van ICT en de toegang tot stroom en Internet. De meeste computers bevinden zich achteraan in de klas voor leerlingen-gebruik en vooraan voor ICT-gebruik door de leraar (vaak in combinatie met beamer of digitaal bord). Opvallend is dat ICT ook een plaats krijgt buiten de klassen, zoals bijvoorbeeld in een gang. Het regelmatige gebruik van ICT wordt echter sterk beïnvloed door de directe beschikbaarheid ervan. Gedurende de presentatie wordt verder ingegaan op de relatie tussen de plaats en de aard van het ICT-gebruik.
Wetenschappelijke betekenis
Gebaseerd op de bevindingen van deze studie, concluderen we dat niet alleen de technologieën zelf, maar ook de fysieke plaats van ICT in de leeromgeving gerelateerd kan worden aan het didactisch gebruik ervan. Deze resultaten zijn dan ook van belang voor een doordachte inrichting van de leeromgeving in functie van het educatief gebruik van ICT.
Educational research and innovation:
the case of technology integration
I am currently working as a researcher at Ghent University (Belgium) where I have been member of the Department of Educational Studies since 2003. My research interests are in the field of instructional design and educational innovation. Most of my work focuses on ICT integration in teaching and learning processes and how this can be associated with teacher and school characteristics. This encompasses the idea that innovations should be situated within the wider
field of school improvement. In more recent work, I am especially interested in exploring the interplay between (ICT) innovations and professional development. Also in this area I investigate themes at the individual level, e.g. educational beliefs, and at school level, e.g. leadership. You can find more information on my Academia profile: http://ugent.academia.edu/JoTondeur
During the presentation I will focus on the multidimensional interaction of both teacher and school characteristics in developing a richer understanding of the complex process of technology use in education. Differential types of technology use will be considered and how they are related to variables such as teacher attitudes, educational beliefs, and school policies. Moreover I would also like to discuss the interplay between pre/in-service training and ICT-integration in education.
Organised by the Institute of Education and Society (InES)
For further information please contact Post-doc Research associate: frederik.herman @uni.lu
Op de website van Velov lezen we: “In team dragen we een gezamenlijke verantwoordelijkheid in de opleiding van toekomstige leerkrachten”. Met het thema “Team” willen de organisatoren van Velov de discussie over het belang van samenwerking tussen lerarenopleiders aanzwengelen. Dit symposium richt zich specifiek op “teacher design teams” (TDT) als strategie om lerarenopleiders te professionaliseren. TDTs bieden ruimte aan lerarenopleiders om zich te professionaliseren in een bepaald onderwerp en tegelijk curriculummaterialen te ontwerpen. De vraag is echter hoe dergelijke professionaliseringactiviteiten succesvol geïntegreerd kunnen worden in een lerarenopleiding. Dit symposium bundelt drie studies die elk vanuit een ander perspectief dit vraagstuk bestuderen. In een eerste presentatie worden de bevindingen gerapporteerd uit een Delphi-studie. Deze studie gaat na welke condities van belang zijn voor de implementatie van TDTs voor ICT-integratie in de lerarenopleiding. Een tweede bijdrage richt zich op de uitkomsten van teacher design teams en hoe de processen tijdens de interventie geleid hebben tot nieuwe curriculummaterialen. De derde onderzoeksbijdrage gaat na hoe de participatie van lerarenopleiders aan onderzoekende leergemeenschappen, in samenwerking met leraren, kan bijdrage tot hun eigen professionele ontwikkeling.
Tablets zijn steeds nadrukkelijker aanwezig in onze maatschappij. Dit roept ook vragen op voor de scholen, zoals: Moeten we iedere nieuwe technologie aanschaffen? Wat zijn de educatieve mogelijkheden van tablets? Welke condities nodig zijn voor een geslaagde implementatie? Het doel van het project “iPad naar de digitale wereld in de klas”, een initiatief van het Volwassenenonderwijs PCVO Het Perspectief en de Universiteit Gent, was dan ook om het potentieel van deze nieuwe technologie voor onderwijs te verkennen en na te gaan welke condities nodig zijn om meerwaarde te realiseren. Met deze bijdrage zullen we aan de hand van een casus illustreren 1) op welke wijze we de praktijk van tablets in onderwijs hebben bestudeerd en 2) hoe dit kan leiden tot een praktijkvoorbeelden voor professionalisering.
Van lerarenopleiding tot praktijk: Een follow-up studie naar strategieën om...Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Strategieën om toekomstige leraren voor te bereiden op educatief ICT-gebruik:
Klaar voor de start?
Van de lerarenopleidingen kan verwacht worden dat zij leraren met de nodige startkwalifica-ties afleveren. De vraag stelt zich dan ook in welke mate deze instellingen toekomstige leraren opleiden zodat ze in staat zijn ICT te integreren in hun onderwijspraktijk. Volgens Drent (2005) is het voor de meeste Nederlandse lerarenopleidingen niet eenvoudig deze rol te ver-wezenlijken. In Vlaanderen stelden we vast dat de lerarenopleidingen in een overgangsfase zitten: zij wensen af te stappen van ICT als afzonderlijk opleidingsonderdeel om over te gaan tot een integratie van ICT binnen het curriculum (Tondeur, Pareja, van Braak, Voogt, & Fis-ser, 2013). Momenteel worstelen lerarenopleidingen met de vraag welke strategieën ze kun-nen inzetten om dit te realiseren.
Er bestaat reeds heel wat onderzoek over het opleiden van studentleraren in het teken van educatief ICT-gebruik. In een poging om de resultaten van deze studies te bundelen werd een review uitgevoerd van kwalitatief onderzoek (Tondeur et al., 2012). Dit leidde tot strategieën die over de verschillende studies relevant bleken te zijn, zoals het belang van rolmodellen, ruimte voor reflectie over de relatie tussen onderwijs en ICT, en het ondersteunen van het ontwerpproces bij ICT-rijke lessen (zie SQD-model).
Onderzoeksdoel en methode
Het doel van de voorliggende studie was om na te gaan welke van de zes strategieën uit de binnenste cirkel van het SQD-model (Fig. 1) aan bod zijn gekomen in de lerarenopleiding van beginnende lera-ren. Vervolgens hebben we ook bestudeerd in welke mate dergelijke strategieën als relevant werden ervaren voor hun onderwijspraktijk. Om een antwoord te vinden op deze vraag werd eerst een verken-nende case study opgezet. De doelgroep was de geïntegreerde lerarenopleiding tot professionele ba-chelor lager onderwijs in Vlaanderen. Dit leidde tot een ruim beeld van hoe deze opleidingen toekom-stige leraren opleiden voor ICT-integratie (zie Tondeur et al. 2013).
In een vervolgstudie werden interviews afgenomen met 16 beginnende leraren die twee jaar eerder als studentleraar deelgenomen hebben aan de focusgesprekken. Eerst werden alle respondenten bevraagd via een telefooninterview. Op basis van de resultaten werden twee beginnende leraren per opleiding geselecteerd voor diepte-interviews. De selectiecriteria waren bijvoorbeeld “leerjaar waarin de begin-nende leraar staat”, “educatief ICT-gebruik”, en de “invloed van de lerarenopleiding” op dat ICT-gebruik.
Resultaten en conclusies
Tijdens de presentatie zullen we de drie lerarenopleidingen portretteren. Vervolgens gaan we in op de bevindingen uit de diepte-interviews met beginnende leraren, met ruime aandacht voor de gebruikte strategieën uit het SQD-model. Samengevat bevestigen de resultaten dat het oplei
Understanding the relationship between pedagogical beliefs and technology use...Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Current evidence indicates that the use of technology during teaching and learning activities is steadily increasing (Berrett, Murphy, & Sullivan, 2012; Inan & Lowther, 2010; National Education Association, 2008), yet achieving ‘technology integration’ is a complex process of educational change. This is apparent as the use of technology in schools is still extremely varied and, in many instances, limited (e.g., Spector, 2010; Tondeur, Cooper, & Newhouse, 2010). In this respect, achieving the goal of meaningful technology integration (i.e., using technology to support 21st century teaching and learning) does not depend solely on technology-related factors (see also Arntzen & Krug, 2011; Sang, Valcke, van Braak, Tondeur, & Chang, 2010). Rather, the personal willingness of teachers plays a key role in teachers’ decisions whether and how to integrate technology within their classroom practices (Hermans, Tondeur, van Braak & Valcke, 2008; Ottenbreit-Leftwich, Newby, Glazewski, & Ertmer, 2010).
According to previous studies, teachers select applications of technology that align with their selection of other curricular variables and processes (e.g., teaching strategies) and that fit into their existing beliefs about ‘good’ education (Hermans et al., 2008; Niederhauser & Stoddart, 2001). Technological devices such as computers, tablets, or interactive whiteboards do not embody one single pedagogical orientation (Lawless & Pellegrino, 2007); rather, they enable the implementation of a spectrum of approaches to teaching and learning (Tondeur, Hermans, van Braak, & Valcke, 2008). In other words, the role technology plays in teachers’ classrooms depends on their conceptions of the nature of teaching and learning. In this respect, research on educational innovations suggests that technology integration can only be fully understood when teachers’ pedagogical beliefs are taken into account (Ertmer, 2005; Hermans, 2009).
With the impetus and call for increased technology integration (e.g., U.S. DOE, 2010; UNESCO, 2011), it is critically important to examine the link between teachers’ beliefs and teachers’ practices. In the last decade, the relationship between the pedagogical beliefs of teachers and their uses of technology has been examined extensively (cf. Hermans et al., 2008; Ottenbreit-Leftwich et al., 2010; Prestridge, 2009, 2010), but still this relationship remains unclear (Mueller et al., 2008). Given the centrality and importance of teachers’ pedagogical beliefs and the lack of a clear understanding about the relationship between beliefs and classroom technology use, the purpose of this review study is to examine and clarify this relationship. A meta-aggregative approach was used to locate, critically appraise, and synthesize the qualitative evidence base (see Hannes & Lockwood, 2011).
ICT Integration programme contributes to the Kenya Education Sector Support Programme (KESSP 2005 - 2010). KESSP joins ministries, donors, NGOs and other partners for improved quality of education in Kenya. A Ministerial ICT integration team has been set up and is responsible for the coordination and harmonization of all ICT initiatives within KESSP.
The VVOB ICT integration programme partners with the Kenyan Ministry of Education in two subprogramme components: ICT Integration in education and capacity building. The subprogramme of ICT integration in education is cross cutting and works with all directorates and units within the Ministry of Education.
The education sector in Kenya is still in its infancy in the inclusion and use of ICT. To integrate ICT appropriately in order to increase the quality of education, technology and teaching methods and education should go hand in hand. VVOB pursues an integrated approach and we simultaneously work with several national institutions that have mandates to strengthen the capacity of education managers at different levels, as well as that of teachers.
De integratie van tablet pc’s in technisch en beroepsonderwijs. Een explorati...Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Het voorliggend onderzoek sluit aan bij een implementatieproject met als doel het gebruik van tablet pc’s te introduceren in technisch en beroeps secundair onderwijs om vervolgens het potentieel van deze nieuwe technologie te verkennen als didactische tool in onderwijsleerprocessen. Het voorzien van tablet pc’s is een noodzakelijke, maar geen voldoende voorwaarde om geïntegreerd gebruik van tablet pc’s in de klas te garanderen. Het uitgangspunt van deze studie is dat het vraagstuk naar de betekenis van tablet pc’s voor het inrichten van onderwijsleerprocessen een uitdaging is voor de hele school. Door te vertrekken vanuit een schoolontwikkelingsperspectief (cf. Hulpia & Valcke, 2004) komen - in vergelijking met de andere symposiumbijdragen - nieuwe actoren in de kijker, met name de schoolleiders en ICT-coördinatoren. Onderzoek naar ICT-integratie laat zien dat zij de meest waarschijnlijke personen zijn in een positie om organisatorische condities te scheppen (Tondeur et al., 2010), zoals bijvoorbeeld het ontwikkelen van een ICT-beleidsplan, het voorzien van de gepaste ondersteuning en monitorprocedures voor verandering (zie ook Vanderlinde et al., 2012). Ook voor de integratie van tablet pc’ lijken condities op schoolniveau van belang (zie bijvoorbeeld Li, 2010). Deze auteur geeft aan dat mobiele technologie specifieke eisen stelt aan het schoolniveau. Hierover is echter weinig geweten. Het voorliggend onderzoek wil dan ook de betrokkenheid en percepties van leraren, schoolleiders en ICT-coördinatoren ten aanzien van de condities voor de integratie van tablet pc’s in kaart brengen. Meer specifiek bestuderen we met deze studie het belang van de volgende condities: 1) visieontwikkeling, 2) leiderschap, 3) samenwerking en ondersteuning, 4) deskundigheidsbevordering, 5) infrastructuur, 6) content. Deze condities zijn geselecteerd op basis van de (ICT) literatuur over schoolontwikkeling (Kennisnet, 2007; Tondeur et al, 2010; Vanderlinde et al, 2010). Met het oog op dit onderzoeksdoel werd een exploratieve case studie opgezet in drie secundaire scholen voor technisch en beroepsonderwijs in de provincie Oost-Vlaanderen. In iedere school werden de schoolleiders en ICT-coördinatoren van geïnterviewd en vond een focusgroepsgesprek plaats met leraren, schoolleiders en ICT-coördinatoren. De resultaten tonen aan dat de scholen met een aantal specifieke uitdagingen werden geconfronteerd zoals het bewerkstelligen van een stabiel draadloos netwerk, de beveiliging en bescherming van de tablet pc’s, regelingen treffen met betrekking tot privacy, de aankoop van apps, het opladen van de toestellen, etc. Naast deze thema’s die betrekking hebben op hardware en content suggereren de resultaten dat leiderschap, samenwerking en ondersteuning, professionalisering van leraren cruciale elementen in het realiseren van een doordachte integratie tablet pc’s. De discussie focust op de mogelijkheden van het ICT-schoolbeleid meer te benutten.
Guest lecture for teachers / researchers.
ICT-integration in education: a multidimensional approach.
During the workshop we focus on the multidimensional interaction of both teacher and school characteristics in developing a richer understanding of the complex process of technology use in education. Differential types of technology use will be considered and how they are related to variables such as teacher attitudes, educational beliefs, and school policies. We provide good practices and reflect about the participants own beliefs about education related to their use of technology, the development of an ICT policy plan, etc. For researchers the focus can be on the different research methods used.
Location: University of Alcala, Madrid
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
TPACK integration in teacher education: A case study in educational institutions for the future
1. TPACK integration in teacher education:
A case study in educational institutions
for the future
Jo Tondeur
Johan van Braak
Joke Voogt
Petra Fisser
2. Pre-service teachers’ use of technology
• Pre-service training can affect new teachers’ adoption of
technology (e.g. Drent & Meelissen, 2008)
• BUT: technology seems under-used by beginning teachers
(e.g. Bullock, 2004)
• Possible explanations:
‣insufficient access to technology (Russell et al., 2003)
‣lack of time (Eifler, et al., 2001)
‣lack of skills (Thompson et al., 2003)
However: training may not be not enough to prepare
pre-service teachers to successfully integrate technology
4. Recent calls stress the need to provide student
teachers with training in authentic teaching
situations*
(Angeli & Valanides, 2009)
Practical experiences from across the world sustain
such viewpoints while at the same time emphasising
the difficulties faced in the implementation of such
programmes (Unwin, 2004)
*To illustrate:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2vwt-f1cuMI&NR=1
6. TPACK > School improvement
[4in balance , Stichting Kennisnet ICT op school, 2007]
7. Purpose of the study
Preparing student teachers to integrate ICT in
their lessons (TPACK)
Exploring the conditions at instututional level
necessary to intergrate TPACK in teacher
education (4inBalance)?
In which way is TPACK acquired by pre-
service teachers?
8. Design
Casestudy 3 teacher training institutions in Flanders
Semi-structured interviews with head of
Procedure department and ICT-coordinator
Focus groups with pre-service teachers and
teacher educators
Method Nvivo: Inductive method
9. Respondents
A B C
Students 8 7 9
Trainers 5 6 5
ICT- Coordinator ICT coordinator ICT coordinator
coordinator Media literacy + teacher ICT + TELE
Head of Head of
Head Dean
department department
10. Instrument (1)
Component Exemplary interview questions
What is the current vision of the instution on the
Vision
place of ICT in the curriculum?
How to improve ICT-competencies of teacher
Competences educators?
What kind of infrastructure can we find and
Infrastructure
where? Future plans?
Which software are pre-service teacher using
Software
during their training?
Support (How) are teacher educators working together?
Leadership Who’s involved in the process of ICT-planning?
11. Instrument (2)
Component Exemplary focus group questions
Educational What kind of ICT applications do you use in your
ICT-use educational practice?
What are the most important opportunities of ICT
Attitudes and in education?
beliefs
What are the most important barriers for using
(Metaplan) ICT in class?
Training How are you prepared to use ICT in class?
Do you have suggestions to improve the training
Future
of pre-service teachers with respect to ICT?
12. Casestudy results
• Condities for TPACK integration
‣4 in Balance?
‣Based on data from ICT co-ordinators and heads of department
• From TK to TPACK
‣Ready for an integrated approach?
‣Different strategies to integrate TK in PCK
• Different actors, different perspectives
‣Between institutions
‣Within institutions
‣Between and within groups of stakeholders
13. 4 in Balance?
S1 S2 S3
Vision No separate ICT ICT-lessons in other New ICT course in
course courses the beginning of the
training
Competences No homogenous ICT No homogenous ICT No homogenous ICT
competences competences competences
> Individual support > Training (no follow- > No collaboration
up)
Infrastructure Good infrastructure Good infrastructure Insufficient access
> Digital board? > Digital board? > developing a plan
Software and TELE (for TELE (for TELE, portfolio, …
content communication) communication) > Technical skills?
+ website about
educational technology
14. TPACK?
The three teacher education institutions are in
transition: moving from ICT
as a separate course
(TK) towards a more
integrated approach
of embedding ICT
within the courses
(TPCK)
15. S1: Towards an integrated approach
“He (the dean) fully realises that ICT…
is one small part of a larger whole.
He therefore wants to integrate it
as much as possible
and not consider it as a separate subject.”
[ICT coordinator S1]
18. S2: How to link TCK & PK
“We fail to use the ICT talents these students already
have in their daily lives, for educational matters”
[Teacher educator S2]
“A comparison is: you take one lesson in French and
are then supposed to give lessons in French.
It doesn’t work.”
[ICT coordinator S2]
20. Different perceptions
Actually also in the lessons, they only use YouTube and
PowerPoint. That’s it…While they expect us to be super
innovative and say to us: ‘This is your chance to prove yourself
and to create a profile’. But what have we been shown?”
[Pre-service teacher 9, S2].
“I find myself adequately trained. I’m no expert, but I have
specifically worked on it because I found it important. I think
that someone who is less convinced and who is not as
confident with it, will find it much more of an obstacle”
[Pre-service teacher 10, S2].
21. Discussion
• Conditions at institutional level necessary to integrate
TPACK in teacher education?
• Insufficient examples and practices in the teacher education
curriculum (cf. Clift et al., 2001) >
• No shared vision about the role of technology in the teacher
education curriculum
• ICT vision and strategies are not implemented in a planned
manner (see Brush & Saye, 2009; Kay, 2006; Keeler, 2008).
22. Discussion
• Need for technology-using educators who are able to model
technology use for their students (Sime & Priestly, 2005; Keeler, 2008).
• technology plan that should integrate the vision and strategic
direction of the institution (see Bates, 2000).
“I think that the institution has to reflect and agree on what they
themselves consider to be ICT so that the training itself can
represent what ICT use actually is…”
[Pre-service teacher 5, S1]
• How to support the process of technology planning in order to
integrate TPACK in teacher education?
Our starting point is that pre-service training can affect new teachers ’ uptake of technology The evidence however shows that beginning teachers are often not prepared to use technology in their classrooms. This because of factors like infrastructure, technical skills, and lack of time. There is no doubt that these factors contribute to technology integration but I ’ m sure you all agree that improving them is not enough to prepare pre-service teachers successfully.
It ’ s clear that we also need to help them bridge the gap between technical skills and educational practice. This brings us to TPACK, the model introduced by Koehler and Mishra (2008)
In light of the goals of TPCK , many researchers believe that ICT skills should be integrated into existing courses, by providing education in which teaching students experience applications in ICT to specific content areas (Kay, 2006). A lot of practical experiences from across the world show that the need to better link ICT with pedagogical issues and curriculum integration is well understood but at the same time it ’ s still a big challenge to implement such programmes...
Niess (2005) developed such an integrated program for technology in science and mathematics In a one year program pre-service teachers were introduced in technology applications for science and mathematics, designed lessons and then had to integrate technology in their student teaching lessons. She found that only after having experienced lessons in which technology is integrated student teachers were able to reflect on how technology could help through knowledge of and experiencing with a particular technology teachers may move from stage 1 (accepting) till stage 5 (advancing).
I think we also have to look at TPACK integration from a si… The Four in Balance model reflects a vision for the implementation of ICT from a school-improvement point of view. This model gives schools insight into the most important conditions for successful use of ICT The central idea behind “ Four in Balance ” is that the use of ICT for educational purposes is a matter of a well-balanced deployment of four elements…
The general aim of this study was to explore the integration of TPCK in teacher education institutions through the lens of different stakeholders: student teachers, teacher educators, ICT coordinators and heads of the department. Specifically, the study attempted to examine the ways in which TPCK is acquired and used by student teachers and their teacher educators. An evaluative (multiple) case study was conducted in each of the institutions. This approach is particularly useful to explain successes and problems and to explore possible changes that could improve the effectiveness of, in this case, TPCK-integration (Yin, 1994).
Today i will present you the results of a case study in... For primary education In the three cases, data were drawn from semi-structured interviews with the heads of the departments and with the ICT-coordinators. The perspective of students and teacher educators was gained through focus groups. The qualitative data were analyzed using a shared coding system in Nvivo.
As you can see it was not so easy to get teacher educators together…
The results fall apart in 3 parts…
Vision: Results of this cross-case analysis indicated that the three teacher education institutions are in transition: they are, in line with the TPCK model, moving from ICT as a separate “ stand-alone ” course (TK) towards a more integrated approach of embedding ICT within the courses (TPCK).
the results of the focus groups show that there is a long way to go in connecting technology, pedagogy and content. There are examples (from the focus groups) of student teachers being taught with the support of online learning environment, but fewer examples of preparing student teachers to teach using ICT. Many researchers suggested that technology skills should be integrated throughout the teacher education curriculum and courses in order to provide pre-service teachers with skills and experiences to apply technology to their specific content areas. In other words, technology integration needs to be infused into all aspects of teacher training as part of field-based experiences rather than presented in separate “ stand-alone ” courses (cf. Polly et al., 2010) The data from these studies showed that most pre-service teachers had little specific knowledge or associated skills with respect to the role of technology for teaching and learning. Based on the collected evidence it seems that seeing someone doing something that they wanted to be able to do themselves seemed to be an important motivator Similarly, the results of the study of Brush et al. (2003) indicate that pre-service teachers adopted the strategy demonstrated during their pre-service training. Therefore, courses and guidance should be integrated to everyday activities where technology is used (Lavonen et al., 2010). However, interview data with project leaders show that it ’ s not easy to find enough technology-using educators who are able to model technology use for their students. Also Clift, Mullan, Levin and Larson (2001) note that there are insufficient examples and practices in the teacher education curriculum
6.2.1 Learning technology by design (M&K, 2005, KMY, 2007); praktische uitwerking Mishra and Koehler (2005, Mishra, Koehler, & Yahya, 2007) argue that the development of TPCK requires an approach in which teachers are able to develop TPCK through collaboratively working on ill-structured authentic tasks. They used an approach which they call Learning Technology by Design, in students and faculty collaboratively design concrete technology-based solutions for curriculum problems. Several other researchers argues that the development of TPCK should be elaborated through students involvement in collaborative design. So & Kim (2009) involved students in the design of an technology-enhanced Problem Based Learning lesson.