This paper presents the results of an experimental study for a new type twin-fluid atomizer, which is based on a multi fluids mixer patented by Sadatomi & Kawahara (2012). This atomizer has a simple structure and can suck water by itself without a pump by introducing pressurized air alone into an internal mixing chamber with less energy consumption. The present study focuses on the improved design of the atomizer for spray angle expansion and its application to CO2 absorption. Experiments relating to two angle expansion methods (Coanda effect and propellers) were conducted, also six sizes of PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) propellers were tested. We found that, the atomizer with a PET propeller of 4 blades and 25 mm in diameter showed the best spray angle expansion effect and presented a good spray quality, especially reduced the Sauter mean diameter (d32) significantly. Finally, the mist sprayed by the optimized atomizer was applied to CO2 absorption, and experimental results showed that the mist sprayed by the optimized atomizer can significantly decrease the CO2 concentration in a closed room.
This document summarizes pressure swing adsorption (PSA) systems used for gas separation. It describes the 4-step and 6-step PSA processes. The 4-step process involves pressurization, product removal, depressurization, and purging steps. The 6-step process uses 6 adsorbers that undergo simultaneous pressurization, adsorption, countercurrent purging and depressurization steps. Common adsorbents like zeolites and activated carbon are used based on their selectivity. PSA has applications in oxygen production, hydrogen purification, and biogas upgrading.
Pressure swing adsorption is a process that uses selective adsorption to separate gas mixtures. It works by passing a gas mixture through an adsorbent bed that attracts some gases more than others under pressure. When pressure is reduced, the adsorbed gases are released. Using two beds and alternating pressures allows for continuous gas production. Common adsorbents like zeolites and activated carbon can separate gases like oxygen from air or hydrogen sulfide from hydrocarbon streams. Pressure swing adsorption has various industrial applications such as oxygen production, hydrogen purification, and nitrogen generation.
The document presents a non-isothermal multi-cell model for pressure swing adsorption (PSA) processes. The model accounts for non-isothermal effects and heat transfer between the adsorbed and bulk phases. It is validated using reported simulation and experimental data for hydrogen purification from a five-component mixture using a six-bed PSA process. The model dynamically simulates the PSA process steps while incorporating non-isothermal effects and can be adapted to different adsorption/desorption kinetics and thermodynamics.
Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) is a technology used to separate some gas species from a mixture of gases under pressure according to the species using molecular sieves desiccant.
9 synthesis of reaction separation system lec 9 heterogenous separationayimsevenfold
Separators are needed to separate desired products from byproducts and unreacted feed. The document discusses various types of separators for heterogeneous mixtures, including absorbers, distillation, membranes, strippers, adsorbers, and extraction. Key steps in separator system synthesis are deciding the suitable separator type based on the mixture properties, and determining the optimal sequencing of separators to achieve process requirements. Common heterogeneous mixture separators mentioned include gravity settlers, inertial separators, filtration, flotation, scrubbers, and drying.
The document discusses characterization of solid suspension in mechanically agitated vessels. Experiments were conducted using four pitch and six pitch turbine impellers to dissolve alum of different mesh sizes (4, 6, 8, 10 mm) in water. It was found that as agitation time increased, the weight of dissolved alum decreased. The highest power consumption was required for the 10 mm mesh size and lowest for the 4 mm size. The four pitch impeller required more power than the six pitch impeller. Increasing the mesh size or time of agitation increased the weight of alum dissolved.
In the Process of generating Nitrogen, Carbon Molecular Sieve (CMS) plays a very vital role. With the help of CMS only Nitrogen is produced. CMS takes up the oxygen, carbon dioxide and other impurities and release the pure nitrogen.
PSA is one of the unique processes in which gases are separated with the help of pressure swing technology is called PSA. In this process when the bed is in desorption mode with the help of release pressure it is been regenerated and then to swing to adsorption mode.
This document summarizes pressure swing adsorption (PSA) systems used for gas separation. It describes the 4-step and 6-step PSA processes. The 4-step process involves pressurization, product removal, depressurization, and purging steps. The 6-step process uses 6 adsorbers that undergo simultaneous pressurization, adsorption, countercurrent purging and depressurization steps. Common adsorbents like zeolites and activated carbon are used based on their selectivity. PSA has applications in oxygen production, hydrogen purification, and biogas upgrading.
Pressure swing adsorption is a process that uses selective adsorption to separate gas mixtures. It works by passing a gas mixture through an adsorbent bed that attracts some gases more than others under pressure. When pressure is reduced, the adsorbed gases are released. Using two beds and alternating pressures allows for continuous gas production. Common adsorbents like zeolites and activated carbon can separate gases like oxygen from air or hydrogen sulfide from hydrocarbon streams. Pressure swing adsorption has various industrial applications such as oxygen production, hydrogen purification, and nitrogen generation.
The document presents a non-isothermal multi-cell model for pressure swing adsorption (PSA) processes. The model accounts for non-isothermal effects and heat transfer between the adsorbed and bulk phases. It is validated using reported simulation and experimental data for hydrogen purification from a five-component mixture using a six-bed PSA process. The model dynamically simulates the PSA process steps while incorporating non-isothermal effects and can be adapted to different adsorption/desorption kinetics and thermodynamics.
Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) is a technology used to separate some gas species from a mixture of gases under pressure according to the species using molecular sieves desiccant.
9 synthesis of reaction separation system lec 9 heterogenous separationayimsevenfold
Separators are needed to separate desired products from byproducts and unreacted feed. The document discusses various types of separators for heterogeneous mixtures, including absorbers, distillation, membranes, strippers, adsorbers, and extraction. Key steps in separator system synthesis are deciding the suitable separator type based on the mixture properties, and determining the optimal sequencing of separators to achieve process requirements. Common heterogeneous mixture separators mentioned include gravity settlers, inertial separators, filtration, flotation, scrubbers, and drying.
The document discusses characterization of solid suspension in mechanically agitated vessels. Experiments were conducted using four pitch and six pitch turbine impellers to dissolve alum of different mesh sizes (4, 6, 8, 10 mm) in water. It was found that as agitation time increased, the weight of dissolved alum decreased. The highest power consumption was required for the 10 mm mesh size and lowest for the 4 mm size. The four pitch impeller required more power than the six pitch impeller. Increasing the mesh size or time of agitation increased the weight of alum dissolved.
In the Process of generating Nitrogen, Carbon Molecular Sieve (CMS) plays a very vital role. With the help of CMS only Nitrogen is produced. CMS takes up the oxygen, carbon dioxide and other impurities and release the pure nitrogen.
PSA is one of the unique processes in which gases are separated with the help of pressure swing technology is called PSA. In this process when the bed is in desorption mode with the help of release pressure it is been regenerated and then to swing to adsorption mode.
A Novel Technique to Solve Mathematical Model of Pressure Swing Adsorption Sy...ijsrd.com
The mathematical modeling of a Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) system is discussed in detail for the Skarstrom cycle of two-bed process. The system is used to get pure oxygen product from the air with the use of zeolite 13X as an adsorbent. There are complex partial differential equations (pdes) which may not solve by analytical methods. There is no provision for solving it in any other software other than Matlab. All the equations are rearranged and written into dimensionless quantities, to make it easier. It is a novel technique of solving these complex PDEs. After that we have converted these PDEs into ODEs (Ordinary Differential Equations) by using OCFE (Orthogonal Collocation on Finite Elements) method. Now, these ODEs can be solved using different solvers like ode23, ode45, ode113, ode15s, ode23s, ode23t, ode23tb. The results obtained by this model will be compared to real industrial data.
Gas absorption is a process used to separate gases by washing a gas mixture with a liquid solvent. One or more constituents of the gas mixture dissolve in the liquid and are removed. Common applications include gas purification by removing contaminants, product recovery, and producing gas solutions. Absorption is usually carried out counter-currently in vertical columns, where the solvent enters at the top and the gas enters at the bottom. The absorbed substances are washed out by the solvent and recovered, while the purified gas exits the top. Choice of solvent considers factors like gas solubility, volatility, cost, viscosity, and chemical properties.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Oxygen generators are on-site Oxygen generating plants. In the model the plant contains the oxygen generator with the air compressor, air dryer and air receiver tank with filter accessories as a inbuilt single unit, PSA module and oxygen Receiver tank as separately floor mount.
Lecture Notes of Environmental Engg-II as per solapur university syllabus of TE Civil,
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
This document discusses three phase fluidization, which involves suspending a granular solid in a fluidized state using gas and liquid passing through it. Three phase fluidized beds are used for various chemical reactions and industrial applications. Key parameters for three phase fluidized beds include bed expansion, phase holdups, minimum fluidization velocity, and gas holdup. Correlations are presented for predicting minimum fluidization velocity and gas holdup based on dimensionless groups. The gas holdup is influenced by variables like liquid and gas velocities, liquid properties, particle properties, and bed dimensions.
Current advancement in different gas liquid operationsSunny Chauhan
CURRENT ADVANCEMENT IN DIFFERENT GAS-LIQUID OPERATIONS,Gas Liquid operation equipment
,Extractive distillation
,Advances in Gas Absorption,High efficiency venturi scrubber
,Advances in Diffusion
,Advances in Stirred Tanks
,Advances in Distillation
,Advances in Venturi Scrubber
This document discusses control of particulate matter. It describes various types of particulate matter and their characteristics such as size and chemical composition. It then discusses several common control techniques including mechanical collectors, particulate wet scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, and fabric filters. For each technique, it provides details on operating principles, advantages, disadvantages, and collection efficiency. The goal of the document is to provide an overview of particulate matter and the major control technologies used to capture particulate matter from gas streams.
This document describes the design of a packed tower for liquid-liquid extraction. It discusses the process of liquid-liquid extraction and lists some common applications. Key steps in packed tower design include selecting a packing material, determining the tower height and diameter, designing liquid distributors, and checking for pressure drop, liquid holdup and flooding. The document then presents experimental design calculations for a specific acetic acid, water and toluene system, including determining the height of transfer units, number of transfer units, and overall packing height. It concludes with specifications for the designed packed tower.
HYDRODYNAMIC STUDY OF SOLID LIQUID FLUIDIZATIONganeshswain
The document introduces fluidization and describes two main types: particulate and aggregative. It outlines variables that affect fluidization and the experimental procedure used. Graphs of pressure drop, void fraction, bed height, and bed expansion ratio versus flow rate are presented for solutions of varying density. Results show that pressure drop decreases and void fraction, bed height, and expansion ratio increase with density. The conclusions discuss opportunities for future study using different particle shapes and densities.
The document discusses using pressure swing adsorption with silver zeolites to produce a continuous flow of 99% oxygen from air. It aims to develop portable and hospital oxygen separation devices. Pressure swing adsorption uses adsorbent materials like zeolites and carbon nanotubes in two columns to separate oxygen from nitrogen and argon through selective adsorption. The document evaluates different zeolite materials and their ability to produce high purity oxygen while also removing nitrogen and argon. It also considers the economics of using such a system in hospitals and portable devices.
This document discusses various air pollution control methods and techniques to minimize pollution at its source. It describes methods such as dilution, gravity settling, absorption, and adsorption to control air pollution. It emphasizes that prevention is better than cure and outlines approaches to control pollution at the source through raw material changes, operational changes, process equipment modification/replacement, and proper maintenance. Some examples mentioned include using lower-sulfur fuels, enclosed storage tanks, and oxygen furnaces to reduce air pollutant emissions from industries.
A dehydration bed is a process that uses adsorption to remove water from a substance. It consists of a cylindrical tower filled with a desiccant like calcium oxide or silica gel. Wet gas flows through the tower and water molecules adhere to the large surface area of the desiccant. The process involves repeated drying, heating, and cooling cycles using multiple towers to effectively dehydrate gas.
Technologies of sulphur dioxide reduction in coal fired thermal power planIAEME Publication
This document summarizes research from the Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management. It discusses various methods for reducing sulphur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants, including coal blending, boiler modernization, flue gas desulphurization (FGD) technology, and switching to natural gas. The research focuses on evaluating SO2 reduction through FGD systems. Key findings include: (1) Maximum SO2 reduction occurs with high limestone purity and increasing flue gas flow rates through the absorber; (2) Blending high and low sulfur coals can reduce overall sulfur content and SO2 emissions; (3) Increasing the blade pitch of booster fans to control
The processing technique employing a suspension or fluidization of small solid particles in a vertically rising stream of fluid usually gas so that fluid and solid come into intimate contact. This is a tool with many applications in the petroleum and chemical process industries. Suspensions of solid particles by vertically rising liquid streams are of lesser interest in modern processing, but have been shown to be of use, particularly in liquid contacting of ion-exchange resins. However, they come in this same classification and their use involves techniques of liquid settling, both free and hindered (sedimentation), classification, and density flotation.
The report details the design of a test rig to measure pressure correction factors for medical vacuum filters produced by Walker Filtration. Background research was conducted and an initial test rig prototype was built and tested. The results from this prototype suggested improvements and informed the design of a finalized test rig. The final design incorporates more accurate measurement instruments and additional components to further challenge the airflow, in order to obtain more precise pressure correction factor data for Walker Filtration's filters. This new data has the potential to save the company money through more optimized filter designs.
Three pilot-scale hydrocyclone testworks were conducted to evaluate hydrocyclone performance and design:
1. Varying overflow diameters, pressure, and feed distributions to evaluate separation efficiency. Quartz particles in water were used.
2. Studying the effect of vortex finder parameters on separating light dispersed phases. Particle size distributions of products were measured.
3. Examining the impact of particle size and shape on classification using different feed slurries and measuring overflow and underflow concentrations and sizes.
Fluidized bed introduction by mohabat ali malik(MUET,jamshoro)mohabat_ali
This document provides an introduction to fluidized beds, including their components, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and flow regimes. It describes how fluidized beds are composed of a solid material (typically a catalyst) that is fluidized by a gas or liquid. The document outlines the main flow regimes - bubbling, turbulent, and fast fluidization - and discusses factors that influence transitions between regimes like pressure, temperature, and particle properties. It also provides examples of industrial processes using fluidized beds and references for further reading.
Aerodynamic and Acoustic Parameters of a Coandã Flow – a Numerical Investigationdrboon
Coandã flows have been the study of aircraft designers primarily for the prospect of achieving higher lift coefficient wings. Recently the environmental problem of noise pollution attracted further interest on the matter. The approach used is numerical; the computations were made using a large eddy simulation (LES) technique coupled with a Ffowcs-Williams-Hawkings (FWH) acoustic analysis. The spectrum of the flow was measured at three locations in the vicinity of the ramp showing that the low frequency region is dominant. The findings may be used as reference for the development of quiet aircraft that use super-circulation, as it is the case with the Upper Surface Blown (USB) configurations.
A PPT material about the first attempts to fly and the history of aviation made by a student involved in the Comenius multilateral partnership “From Icarus to Interplanetary Travels”
A Novel Technique to Solve Mathematical Model of Pressure Swing Adsorption Sy...ijsrd.com
The mathematical modeling of a Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) system is discussed in detail for the Skarstrom cycle of two-bed process. The system is used to get pure oxygen product from the air with the use of zeolite 13X as an adsorbent. There are complex partial differential equations (pdes) which may not solve by analytical methods. There is no provision for solving it in any other software other than Matlab. All the equations are rearranged and written into dimensionless quantities, to make it easier. It is a novel technique of solving these complex PDEs. After that we have converted these PDEs into ODEs (Ordinary Differential Equations) by using OCFE (Orthogonal Collocation on Finite Elements) method. Now, these ODEs can be solved using different solvers like ode23, ode45, ode113, ode15s, ode23s, ode23t, ode23tb. The results obtained by this model will be compared to real industrial data.
Gas absorption is a process used to separate gases by washing a gas mixture with a liquid solvent. One or more constituents of the gas mixture dissolve in the liquid and are removed. Common applications include gas purification by removing contaminants, product recovery, and producing gas solutions. Absorption is usually carried out counter-currently in vertical columns, where the solvent enters at the top and the gas enters at the bottom. The absorbed substances are washed out by the solvent and recovered, while the purified gas exits the top. Choice of solvent considers factors like gas solubility, volatility, cost, viscosity, and chemical properties.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Oxygen generators are on-site Oxygen generating plants. In the model the plant contains the oxygen generator with the air compressor, air dryer and air receiver tank with filter accessories as a inbuilt single unit, PSA module and oxygen Receiver tank as separately floor mount.
Lecture Notes of Environmental Engg-II as per solapur university syllabus of TE Civil,
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
This document discusses three phase fluidization, which involves suspending a granular solid in a fluidized state using gas and liquid passing through it. Three phase fluidized beds are used for various chemical reactions and industrial applications. Key parameters for three phase fluidized beds include bed expansion, phase holdups, minimum fluidization velocity, and gas holdup. Correlations are presented for predicting minimum fluidization velocity and gas holdup based on dimensionless groups. The gas holdup is influenced by variables like liquid and gas velocities, liquid properties, particle properties, and bed dimensions.
Current advancement in different gas liquid operationsSunny Chauhan
CURRENT ADVANCEMENT IN DIFFERENT GAS-LIQUID OPERATIONS,Gas Liquid operation equipment
,Extractive distillation
,Advances in Gas Absorption,High efficiency venturi scrubber
,Advances in Diffusion
,Advances in Stirred Tanks
,Advances in Distillation
,Advances in Venturi Scrubber
This document discusses control of particulate matter. It describes various types of particulate matter and their characteristics such as size and chemical composition. It then discusses several common control techniques including mechanical collectors, particulate wet scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, and fabric filters. For each technique, it provides details on operating principles, advantages, disadvantages, and collection efficiency. The goal of the document is to provide an overview of particulate matter and the major control technologies used to capture particulate matter from gas streams.
This document describes the design of a packed tower for liquid-liquid extraction. It discusses the process of liquid-liquid extraction and lists some common applications. Key steps in packed tower design include selecting a packing material, determining the tower height and diameter, designing liquid distributors, and checking for pressure drop, liquid holdup and flooding. The document then presents experimental design calculations for a specific acetic acid, water and toluene system, including determining the height of transfer units, number of transfer units, and overall packing height. It concludes with specifications for the designed packed tower.
HYDRODYNAMIC STUDY OF SOLID LIQUID FLUIDIZATIONganeshswain
The document introduces fluidization and describes two main types: particulate and aggregative. It outlines variables that affect fluidization and the experimental procedure used. Graphs of pressure drop, void fraction, bed height, and bed expansion ratio versus flow rate are presented for solutions of varying density. Results show that pressure drop decreases and void fraction, bed height, and expansion ratio increase with density. The conclusions discuss opportunities for future study using different particle shapes and densities.
The document discusses using pressure swing adsorption with silver zeolites to produce a continuous flow of 99% oxygen from air. It aims to develop portable and hospital oxygen separation devices. Pressure swing adsorption uses adsorbent materials like zeolites and carbon nanotubes in two columns to separate oxygen from nitrogen and argon through selective adsorption. The document evaluates different zeolite materials and their ability to produce high purity oxygen while also removing nitrogen and argon. It also considers the economics of using such a system in hospitals and portable devices.
This document discusses various air pollution control methods and techniques to minimize pollution at its source. It describes methods such as dilution, gravity settling, absorption, and adsorption to control air pollution. It emphasizes that prevention is better than cure and outlines approaches to control pollution at the source through raw material changes, operational changes, process equipment modification/replacement, and proper maintenance. Some examples mentioned include using lower-sulfur fuels, enclosed storage tanks, and oxygen furnaces to reduce air pollutant emissions from industries.
A dehydration bed is a process that uses adsorption to remove water from a substance. It consists of a cylindrical tower filled with a desiccant like calcium oxide or silica gel. Wet gas flows through the tower and water molecules adhere to the large surface area of the desiccant. The process involves repeated drying, heating, and cooling cycles using multiple towers to effectively dehydrate gas.
Technologies of sulphur dioxide reduction in coal fired thermal power planIAEME Publication
This document summarizes research from the Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management. It discusses various methods for reducing sulphur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants, including coal blending, boiler modernization, flue gas desulphurization (FGD) technology, and switching to natural gas. The research focuses on evaluating SO2 reduction through FGD systems. Key findings include: (1) Maximum SO2 reduction occurs with high limestone purity and increasing flue gas flow rates through the absorber; (2) Blending high and low sulfur coals can reduce overall sulfur content and SO2 emissions; (3) Increasing the blade pitch of booster fans to control
The processing technique employing a suspension or fluidization of small solid particles in a vertically rising stream of fluid usually gas so that fluid and solid come into intimate contact. This is a tool with many applications in the petroleum and chemical process industries. Suspensions of solid particles by vertically rising liquid streams are of lesser interest in modern processing, but have been shown to be of use, particularly in liquid contacting of ion-exchange resins. However, they come in this same classification and their use involves techniques of liquid settling, both free and hindered (sedimentation), classification, and density flotation.
The report details the design of a test rig to measure pressure correction factors for medical vacuum filters produced by Walker Filtration. Background research was conducted and an initial test rig prototype was built and tested. The results from this prototype suggested improvements and informed the design of a finalized test rig. The final design incorporates more accurate measurement instruments and additional components to further challenge the airflow, in order to obtain more precise pressure correction factor data for Walker Filtration's filters. This new data has the potential to save the company money through more optimized filter designs.
Three pilot-scale hydrocyclone testworks were conducted to evaluate hydrocyclone performance and design:
1. Varying overflow diameters, pressure, and feed distributions to evaluate separation efficiency. Quartz particles in water were used.
2. Studying the effect of vortex finder parameters on separating light dispersed phases. Particle size distributions of products were measured.
3. Examining the impact of particle size and shape on classification using different feed slurries and measuring overflow and underflow concentrations and sizes.
Fluidized bed introduction by mohabat ali malik(MUET,jamshoro)mohabat_ali
This document provides an introduction to fluidized beds, including their components, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and flow regimes. It describes how fluidized beds are composed of a solid material (typically a catalyst) that is fluidized by a gas or liquid. The document outlines the main flow regimes - bubbling, turbulent, and fast fluidization - and discusses factors that influence transitions between regimes like pressure, temperature, and particle properties. It also provides examples of industrial processes using fluidized beds and references for further reading.
Aerodynamic and Acoustic Parameters of a Coandã Flow – a Numerical Investigationdrboon
Coandã flows have been the study of aircraft designers primarily for the prospect of achieving higher lift coefficient wings. Recently the environmental problem of noise pollution attracted further interest on the matter. The approach used is numerical; the computations were made using a large eddy simulation (LES) technique coupled with a Ffowcs-Williams-Hawkings (FWH) acoustic analysis. The spectrum of the flow was measured at three locations in the vicinity of the ramp showing that the low frequency region is dominant. The findings may be used as reference for the development of quiet aircraft that use super-circulation, as it is the case with the Upper Surface Blown (USB) configurations.
A PPT material about the first attempts to fly and the history of aviation made by a student involved in the Comenius multilateral partnership “From Icarus to Interplanetary Travels”
Impact of Ground Effect on Circulation Controlled Cylindrical SurfacesCSCJournals
Circulation control technology and motion in close proximity to the ground have both shown aerodynamic benefits in the generation of lift. Recent research efforts at West Virginia University have explored the potential of merging the two phenomena, in an attempt to enhance both technologies. This paper initiates this combined effort by experimentally investigating the impact ground effect has on the separation location of a jet blown tangentially over circulation controlled cylindrical surfaces. Previous experimental research on circulation controlled cylinders found an optimal radius of curvature and volumetric flow rate; whose model and optimal findings are built upon by this work through the addition of ground effect analysis by varying the ground height. The experiment investigates some of the variables that individually influence circulation control and ground effect; the variables are the radius of curvature, velocity of the jet, and the height from the ground. Data analysis revealed that for a constant volumetric flow rate and varying the height to radius (h/r) value, there is a large amount of variability in the data, indicating that the proximity of the ground has significant impact on the separation location and consequently influence on the potential lift characteristics. Furthermore, when this flow rate was analyzed, it was found that at an h/r of approximately 4.8, it appears that an optimal h/r occurs, based on the surface pressure and flow separation from the cylinders when not influenced by the ground. The data also found that at both radii, 0.520 and 0.659 inches, showed benefit when tested in close proximity to the ground. The findings demonstrate that there is further enhancement potential of the lift generating capability by uniting the lift enhancement of circulation control methodology with the ground effect flight regime. This effort is a preliminary study of a larger effort to determine if merging the two phenomena indicates a lift enhancement. This model does not have a free stream velocity, and subsequently does not measure lift, however, the findings depicted in this effort indicate that there is potential for enhancement, which is currently being researched by the authors.
This presentation discusses fluid flow phenomena including potential flow, boundary layers, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, Reynolds stresses, eddy viscosity, laminar and turbulent flow in boundary layers, boundary layer formation in straight tubes, and transition length. Potential flow is incompressible fluid flow with no shear or eddies. The boundary layer is the layer of fluid immediately adjacent to a solid boundary where shear stresses are confined. Newtonian fluids have shear stress proportional to shear rate, while non-Newtonian fluids do not have this linear relationship. Turbulent flow produces higher Reynolds stresses than laminar flow. Boundary layers begin forming at the entrance to a tube and thicken until fully developing across the tube diameter. Transition length is
This document outlines various hydraulic devices: hydraulic couplings transfer power between shafts using oil; torque converters multiply torque using guide vanes; hydraulic rams use water hammer to pump water to higher elevations; accumulators store hydraulic fluid under pressure to smooth demand; and jacks lift heavy objects using hydraulic force.
This document presents a study analyzing the lift generation capabilities of three proposed skirtless hovercraft designs using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The designs are based on concepts from William Walter's hybricraft primer and patent and utilize Coanda nozzles to redirect air flow and generate an air curtain for lift. Each design was tested in CFD at varying nozzle thicknesses (t) while maintaining a constant thickness to radius ratio (t/R). Results showed the first design did not produce positive lift, but the second and third designs were able to generate enough lift to support craft weights up to 52810.24 kg, with a maximum lift of 5388.8 N.
Henri Coanda made many pioneering contributions to aviation technology in the early 20th century. He designed and built the world's first jet-propelled airplane in 1910. Coanda also invented the Coanda effect, where a sheet of fluid follows the curved surface of an object. He applied this effect to improve aircraft wing and turbine designs. Throughout his career, Coanda invented numerous other aviation technologies and held many "world firsts" in aircraft design.
This document provides an overview of aerodynamic concepts including:
1) It defines key parts of an airfoil like chord, camber, leading edge, and trailing edge.
2) It explains forces like lift, weight, thrust, and drag and how they relate to flight.
3) It describes factors that affect lift like air density, wing area, angle of attack, and Bernoulli's principle.
The document discusses flight mechanics issues for aircraft and the underlying fluid dynamics phenomena. It presents a taxonomy approach to identify and classify the causes of non-linear stability characteristics based on factors like flight regime, configuration type, and maneuver. The goal is to investigate key fluid dynamics phenomena like boundary layer transition, flow separation, and vortex interactions to better understand and predict non-linear changes in aircraft aerodynamics using computational fluid dynamics and experimental data.
Microfluidics and nanofluidics involve the manipulation of fluids in channels with small dimensions, including cross-sectional areas less than 100 micrometers for microfluidics and the nanometer scale for nanofluidics. Key applications of microfluidics and nanofluidics include lab-on-a-chip systems, molecular biology, and the study of transport phenomena at small scales. Forces that dominate at the nanoscale include electrostatic, van der Waals, and capillary forces. Nanofluidic systems have potential applications in analytical chemistry, studying gene expression, and water purification.
Water hammer is a pressure surge or wave that occurs when water flowing through a pipe is forced to stop or change velocity suddenly, such as when a valve closes rapidly. This can cause very high pressure spikes that can damage pipes and equipment. The Joukowsky equation describes the relationship between pressure change and change in flow velocity. Protective devices like water hammer arrestors, surge tanks, and soft starters can help reduce the effects of water hammer by slowing changes in flow.
The document discusses key concepts in fluid dynamics including:
1) Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in fluid velocity results in a decrease in pressure.
2) Pascal's law describes how pressure is transmitted equally in all directions throughout a confined fluid.
3) Continuity equations states that the flow rate of a fluid remains constant regardless of changes to its velocity or pressure.
4) Venturi tubes use the Bernoulli effect to create areas of lower pressure by increasing fluid velocity through constrictions.
Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids and forces on them. The history dates back to Ancient Greeks like Archimedes who developed the law of buoyancy. Islamic physicists in the 11th century were the first to apply experimental methods to fluid statics. In the 17th century, Blaise Pascal and Isaac Newton made important contributions and established hydrostatics as a science. Leonhard Euler applied calculus to fluid motion equations. In the 19th century, Hermann von Helmholtz established laws of vortex motion. Real-life applications include Bernoulli's principle in aerodynamics and hydraulics.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An experimental study on the airlift packed column with adjustable heightIAEME Publication
This document presents an experimental study on an airlift packed column with adjustable height and multiple air injection points. The study aims to improve liquid flow rate and total head of the system. Experiments were conducted by varying submersion ratio, air flow rate, and number of air injection nozzles. Results show that liquid flow rate increases with higher submersion ratio, air flow rate, and number of nozzles. Using multiple nozzles distributed along the column maintains both high liquid flow rate due to increased gas holdup and total head. The system offers applications in heat and mass transfer operations with adjustable packed bed height and efficient liquid distribution.
Episode 42 : Gas Solid Separation
The process may be interpreted to mean both degassing of solids and dedusting of the solids.
3 phases may be distinguished in any gas cleaning process, i.e;
transport of particles onto a surface (separation)
collection of separated particles from the separation surface into discharge hoppers (or particle fixation)
disposal of the collected particles from the gas cleaning equipment
All phases are equally important as the failure of any of the phases will result in the failure of the separation process
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
The document describes an experiment on removing CO2 from air using a countercurrent rotating packed bed. Key findings include:
- A rotating packed bed was designed to absorb CO2, where the liquid and gas flow countercurrently under centrifugal force. This compact design improves mass transfer efficiency.
- Experiments investigated the effect of parameters like rotational speed, gas and liquid flow rates, and MEA solution concentration on the height of transfer unit (HTU) for CO2 absorption.
- HTU values for CO2 absorption ranged from 2.4 to 4 cm depending on the above parameters. Faster rotational speeds improved mass transfer and lowered HTU.
1. The document describes a process to remove moisture from off-gas containing NOx and SOx from a zirconium oxide plant. The wet cake is dried, producing 450kg/hr of water vapor and visible plume from the stack.
2. A pilot plant test showed condensing 130kg/hr of the off-gas produced 3.55kg of condensate in 1 hour, indicating a condenser could capture around 460kg/hr. The document then details the design of a shell and tube condenser to remove the moisture.
3. The condenser design was based on pilot plant results and aimed to reduce the visible plume from the stack while meeting regulatory standards. Modeling
Diffuser in Steam Vent Silencer By Using Computational Fluid DynamicsIJERA Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that investigated the shape optimization of the pressurized inlet diffuser in a steam vent silencer using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The researchers analyzed the pressure drop through the silencer with different hole geometries (circular, square, square extrusion) in the inlet diffuser. The results showed that square extrusion geometry had the lowest pressure drop compared to the other geometries. Therefore, the researchers concluded that optimizing the shape of the inlet diffuser to use square extrusion holes can reduce pressure drop in the steam vent silencer.
This document summarizes gaseous emission control technologies and cyclone separators. It discusses two approaches to controlling air pollution: pollution prevention at the source and treatment of fumes as they form. Cyclone separators are described as inexpensive devices with no moving parts that are widely used to remove particles from air streams. The document provides details on cyclone design, operation, advantages, disadvantages, and equations for calculating collection efficiency based on factors like particle size, gas velocity, and cyclone dimensions. An example calculation is included to demonstrate determining the collection efficiency of a conventional cyclone for a given particle size distribution.
This work deals with the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for cyclone modeling on three-dimensional unstructured mesh using the Reynolds Stress turbulence model, a standard k-ε or a k-É model and Large Eddy simulation. Large-eddy simulations (LES) is performed on the gas flow in a cyclone at Re = 280,000. Numerical analysis of flow characteristics and separation efficiency in a high-efficiency cyclone is carried out. The model is only estimated the cyclone's performance under the limited environments; it is difficult to obtain a general model for all the types of cyclones. The purpose of this study is to find out the flow characteristics and separation efficiency numerically using ANSYS Fluent software. The Reynolds stress model (RSM), standard k-ε model and Large Eddy simulations are used in this work to know the flow separation characteristics. The models represent the 3-D, time-dependent flow analysis. CFD velocity profiles, and pressure drops for all the time-dependent flows are compared and discussed. Some details of the flow in the relatively small region in the vicinity of the inlet have strong influence on the separation process is checked with the simulations. The cyclone flow field pattern is simulated and analyzed with the aid of velocity components and static pressure contour plots.
The document describes an experiment to measure the uniformity of velocity in a wind tunnel. A hot wire anemometer system was used to measure the absolute, axial, vertical, and perpendicular velocity values at 6 points as a probe was moved through the test section of the wind tunnel. The results showed a range of velocities from 26.12 to 39.18 m/s, indicating a lack of uniformity. Graphs of the velocity measurements also revealed deviations. It was concluded that the non-uniform flow was likely due to the wind tunnel's contraction ratio of 9, which is below the recommended ratio of around 16 needed to achieve uniform flow. Improving the design of the contraction and suction sides could help address the issue.
This document describes a study on the uniformity of pressure profiles in a wind tunnel. It begins with background information on the development of wind tunnels. It then describes the experimental setup of the uni-insta's wind tunnel, which features a bell mouth entry, honeycomb settling chamber, and acrylic working section. Pressure measurements were taken at six points in the working section using a probe and manometer. Graphs of the pressure readings show the pressure distribution was nearly uniform, with small variations between the five static pressure ports. The document concludes the wind tunnel achieved good simulation of atmospheric boundary layers and uniform flow.
CO2 Capture Using Activated Alumina in Gasoline Passenger VehiclesIJERA Editor
Now a days there is a tremendous change in the climatic conditions due to global warming and greenhouse
gases results in the floods, draughts and famine. Due to increase in the usage of fossil fuels, the emission of
harmful gases into the atmosphere and results in global warming and greenhouse effect. Carbon Dioxide is one
of the major component of Greenhouse gases results in greenhouse effect. Major amount of Carbon Dioxide
releases from the combustion of fossil fuels which are emitting from the Vehicles and Industries. For the control
of the emission of the carbon dioxide into the atmosphere we have chosen for adsorption of Carbon Dioxide
from the exhaust of the gasoline vehicles using Activated Alumina. For this Alumina is phase transformed to
Gamma – Alumina (Activated Alumina) which can adsorb the Carbon Dioxide from the gases and can be
recycled without causing any effect to the neighbouring gases and material used. The gasoline vehicle used for
testing is following the EURO – V emission norms and the Carbon Dioxide content releasing from the vehicle is
reduced to 7.6%.
Comparison of Alternate Methods for Generating Nitrogen for Industrial Proces...Classic Controls, Inc.
Nitrogen is used extensively throughout various industries because of its properties as an inert gas. The volume of its use can make nitrogen cost a significant line item on an operation's expense report.
The article compares three methods of generating nitrogen and examines the relative costs of each.
Experimental Investigations and Computational Analysis on Subsonic Wind Tunnelijtsrd
This paper disclose the entire approach to design an open circuit subsonic wind tunnel which will be used to consider the wind impact on the airfoil. The current rules and discoveries of the past research works were sought after for plan figuring of different segments of the wind tunnel. Wind speed of 26 m s have been practiced at the test territory. The wind qualities over a symmetrical airfoil are viewed as probably in a low speed wind tunnel. Tests were finished by moving the approach, from 0 to 5 degree. The stream attributes over a symmetrical airfoil are examined tentatively. The pressure distribution on the airfoil area was estimated, lift and drag force were estimated and velocity profiles were acquired. Rishabh Kumar Sahu | Saurabh Sharma | Vivek Swaroop | Vishal Kumar ""Experimental Investigations and Computational Analysis on Subsonic Wind Tunnel"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23511.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23511/experimental-investigations-and-computational-analysis-on-subsonic-wind-tunnel/rishabh-kumar-sahu
How to control prilling tower dust emissionPremBaboo4
Urea dust emission is the major problem for environment. In India fertilizers Produced by Prilling routs for Urea and Ammonium Nitrate. Prilling is the common process. The revamp of emission control system in prilling tower is a considerable burden. It not only presents a substantial investment but also raises the running costs and energy may increase up to 0.01 Gcal/ton of urea.. In the face of strong demand for environment friendliness and effective use of power it is then an issue of utmost importance to pick the legally emission control solution, the one that can guarantee, if not a full return on the investment, then at least cutting the cost to absolute minimum. In order to remove urea dust and ammonia, wet processes are generally applied. The available technologies vary with regard to the scrubber design, type of demisters and the gas moisturizing/spraying system. Dust emission is directly proportional to temperature. Dust emission can control by internal and external process. In India generally followed internal routs. The pollution control Board sample should be ok just thinking so. Either reduction of plant load or bypassing the recovery system at the time of sampling or manipulating data. It is the bitter truth. In reality dust emission control system should be installed in prilling tower. It is not costly; slightly per ton of urea energy will increase but it is necessary for all urea plants. Number of Revamp Companies are available in market.
HOW TO CONTROL PRILLING TOWER DUST EMISSION.pdfPremBaboo4
This document discusses how to control dust emissions from urea prilling towers. It begins with background on urea production and the prilling process. There are two main types of prilling towers: natural draft and forced draft. Dust emission is directly proportional to temperature and can be controlled internally through process changes or externally by installing dust control systems in the prilling tower. Wet scrubbers are commonly used and can reduce dust and ammonia emissions to around 25 mg/Nm3 while also recovering product. Manual cleaning of scrapers in prilling towers presents safety risks, so movable structures or remote methods are preferable.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF CENTRIFUGAL AIR BLOWER TEST RIGIAEME Publication
A centrifugal blower is an air moving device that uses an impeller to pull air into a tube-like structure and release it at a 90o angle. The impeller is a set of blades inside the blower that rotates at a high rate to pressurize and move the air. The Project aims to describe the basic design principles of Centrifugal Air Blower including the fabrication method of an experimental set up. The Objective of this project is to conduct a performance test on an Air Blower & to determine the efficiency of the blower and to check the behavior of the Performance characteristics curve.The construction of Air Blower involves different specific issues that have to be taken into consideration when developing in detailed design. Various technical details and differences in the design and equipment used for Air Blower have been well presented and discussed.
Dewatering Waste Activated Sludge Using Greenhouse-Gas Flotation followed by ...Medhat Elzahar
The aim of this study is to develop a simple method
for dewatering waste-activated sludge (WAS) for easier reuse
and safer disposal of sludge. The paper builds on the success of
a new flotation technique developed in previous research by the
author utilizing the high water solubility of CO2 gas along with
the model-gas (80%N2+20%CO2). The paper introduces a
simple laboratory model for dewatering WAS in two stages,
flotation followed by centrifugation. The first stage enables
recycling a mixture of greenhouse gases containing 20% of CO2
and 80% of N2 gases by volume. The second stage uses a simple
centrifuge model for dewatering WAS. Experiments were
carried out to reduce the moisture content and volume of WAS.
This was executed by generating low pressure using centrifugal
force introduced by a simple centrifuge apparatus. Using the
experimental dewatering model, promising results were
obtained for dewatering WAS. Furthermore, additional data
were obtained, such as the effect of temperature on the
efficiency of dewater-ability. It is hoped that the results of this
study will lead to more study for the efficient reuse of
greenhouse gases. This can happen by collecting and recycling
industrial emissions of fossil fuels then utilizing them in
wastewater and sludge treatment, thereby decreasing the
resulting harmful effects of these gases on global warming.
It is the device that utilize specific configuration of N number of cyclones (diameter equal or greater than 300 mm) to treat higher volume of gas efficiently.
IRJET- Design and Simulation of an Ejector as an Expansion Device for Constan...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that aims to design a constant-area two-phase flow ejector and evaluate its performance as an expansion device in an air conditioning system. The study develops a simulation program to analyze the effects of operating conditions and ejector efficiencies on the system. Conservation equations for mass, momentum and energy are applied to model the ejector's motive nozzle, suction nozzle, constant area mixing section and diffuser. Correlations are developed to size the ejector's main diameters based on operating parameters, cooling capacity and internal efficiencies. The ejector expansion system is found to improve the refrigeration cycle's coefficient of performance compared to a conventional throttling device.
IRJET- Analysis & Testing Of Vortex Tube By Optimization Of MaterialIRJET Journal
This document discusses research into optimizing the material of a vortex tube to improve its efficiency. A vortex tube produces hot and cold air streams from a single source of compressed air without any moving parts. The researchers analyzed the cooling and heating effects, temperature differences, and coefficient of performance (COP) under different operating conditions. They found that modifying the vortex tube design could significantly improve its performance for applications like industrial cooling. The experiment results aimed to maximize output and COP.
Similar to Spray Angle Expansion Method of a Twin-Fluid Atomizer for the Application to CO2absorption (20)
Exploratory study on the use of crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacem...IJRES Journal
The increasing demand for natural river sand supply for the use in construction industry along
with the issue of environmental problem posed by the dumping of cockle shell, a by-product from cockle
business have initiated research towards producing a more environmental friendly concrete. This research
explores the potential use of cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete production. Cockle shell used
in this experimental work were crushed to smaller size almost similar to sand before mixed in concrete. A total
of six concrete mixtures were prepared with varying the percentages of cockle shell viz. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25%. All the specimens were subjected to continuous water curing. The compressive strength test was
conducted at 28 days in accordance to BS EN 12390. Finding shows that integration of suitable content of
crushed cockle shell of 10% as partial sand replacement able to enhance the compressive strength of concrete.
Adopting crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete would reduce natural river sand
consumption as well as reducing the amount of cockle shell disposed as waste.
Congenital Malaria: Correlation of Umbilical Cord Plasmodium falciparum Paras...IJRES Journal
The vertical (trans-placental) transmission of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum from
pregnant mother to fetus during gestational period was investigated in a clinical research involving 43 full term
pregnant women in selected Hospitals in Jimeta Yola, Adamawa State Nigeria. During the observational study,
parasitemia was determined by light microscopic examination of umbilical and maternal peripheral blood film
for the presence of the trophozoites of Plasmodium falciparum. Correlational analysis was then carried on the
result obtained at p<0.05.><0.05) was established between maternal peripheral blood and umbilical cord
blood parasitemia with Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.762. Thus, in a malaria endemic area like Yola,
Adamawa State, Nigeria, with a stable transmission of parasite, there is a high probability of vertical
transmission of Plasmodium falciparum parasite from mother to fetus during gestation that can be followed by
the presentation of the symptoms of malaria by the newborn and other malaria related complications. Families
are advised to consistently sleep under appropriately treated insecticide mosquito net to avoid mosquito bite and
subsequent infestation.
Review: Nonlinear Techniques for Analysis of Heart Rate VariabilityIJRES Journal
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of the balance between sympathetic mediators of heart
rate that is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve fibres acting on the
sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes which increase the rate of cardiac contraction and facilitate conduction at
the atrio-ventricular node and parasympathetic mediators of heart rate that is the influence of acetylcholine
released by the parasympathetic nerve fibres acting on the sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes leading to a
decrease in the heart rate and a slowing of conduction at the atrio-ventricular node. Sympathetic mediators
appear to exert their influence over longer time periods and are reflected in the low frequency power(LFP) of
the HRV spectrum (between 0.04Hz and 0.15 Hz).Vagal mediators exert their influence more quickly on the
heart and principally affect the high frequency power (HFP) of the HRV spectrum (between 0.15Hz and 0.4
Hz). Thus at any point in time the LFP:HFP ratio is a proxy for the sympatho- vagal balance. Thus HRV is a
valuable tool to investigate the sympathetic and parasympathetic function of the autonomic nervous system.
Study of HRV enhance our understanding of physiological phenomenon, the actions of medications and disease
mechanisms but large scale prospective studies are needed to determine the sensitivity, specificity and predictive
values of heart rate variability regarding death or morbidity in cardiac and non-cardiac patients. This paper
presents the linear and nonlinear to analysis the HRV.
Dynamic Modeling for Gas Phase Propylene Copolymerization in a Fluidized Bed ...IJRES Journal
The document presents a dynamic two-phase model for a fluidized bed reactor used to produce polypropylene. The model divides the reactor into an emulsion phase and bubble phase, with reaction assumed to occur in both phases. Simulation results show the temperature profile is lower than previous single-phase models due to considering both phases. Approximately 13% of the produced polymer comes from the bubble phase, demonstrating the importance of accounting for both phases.
Study and evaluation for different types of Sudanese crude oil propertiesIJRES Journal
Sudanese crude oil is regarded as one of the sweet types of crude in the world, Sulphur containing
compounds are un desirable in petroleum because they de activate the catalyst during the refining processes and
are the main source of acid rains and environmental pollution.(Mark Cullen 2001),Since it contains considerable
amount of salts and acids, it negatively impact the production facilities and transportation lines with corrosive
materials. However it suffers other problems in flow properties represented by the high viscosity and high
percentage of wax. Samples were collected after the initial and final treatment at CPF, and tested for
physical and chemical properties.wax content is in the range 23-31 weight % while asphalting content is about
0.1 weight% . Resin content is 13-7 weight % and deposits are 0.01 weight%. The carbon number distribution in
the crude is in the range 7-35 carbon atoms. The pour point vary between 39°C-42°C and the boiling point is in
the range 70 °C - 533 °C.
A Short Report on Different Wavelets and Their StructuresIJRES Journal
This article consists of basics of wavelet analysis required for understanding of and use of wavelet
theory. In this article we briefly discuss about HAAR wavelet transform their space and structures.
A Case Study on Academic Services Application Using Agile Methodology for Mob...IJRES Journal
Recently, Mobile Cloud Computing reveals many modern development areas in the Information
Technology industry. Several software engineering frameworks and methodologies have been developed to
provide solutions for deploying cloud computing resources on mobile application development. Agile
methodology is one of the most commonly used methodologies in the field. This paper presents the MCCAS a
Web and Mobile application that provide feature for the Palestinian higher education/academic institutions. An
Agile methodology was used in the development of the MCCAS but in parallel with emphasis on Cloud
computing resources deployment. Also many related issues is discussed such as how software engineering
modern methodologies (advances) influenced the development process.
Wear Analysis on Cylindrical Cam with Flexible RodIJRES Journal
Firstly, the kinetic equation of spatial cylindrical cam with flexible rod has been established. Then, an
accurate cylindrical cam mechanism model has been established based on the spatial modeling software
Solidworks. The dynamic effect of flexible rod on mechanical system was studied in detail based on the
mechanical system dynamics analytical software Adams, and Archard wear model is used to predict the wear of
the cam. We used Ansys to create finite element model of the cam link, extracted the first five order mode to
export into Adams. The simulation results show that the dynamic characteristics of spatial cylindrical cam
mechanical system with flexible rod is closed to ideal mechanism. During the cam rotate one cycle, the collision
in the linkage with a clearance occurs in some special location, others still keep a continuous contact, and the
prediction of wear loss is smaller than rigid body.
DDOS Attacks-A Stealthy Way of Implementation and DetectionIJRES Journal
Cloud Computing is a new paradigm provides various host service [paas, saas, Iaas over the internet.
According to a self-service,on-demand and pay as you use business model,the customers will obtain the cloud
resources and services.It is a virtual shared service.Cloud Computing has three basic abstraction layers System
layer(Virtual Machine abstraction of a server),Platform layer(A virtualized operating system, database and
webserver of a server and Application layer(It includes Web Applications).Denial of Service attack is an attempt
to make a machine or network resource unavailable to the intended user. In DOS a user or organization is
deprived of the services of a resource they would normally expect to have.A Successful DOS attack is a highly
noticeable event impacting the entire online user base.DOS attack is found by First Mathematical Metrical
Method (Rate Controlling,Timing Window,Worst Case and Pattern Matching)DOS attack not only affect the
Quality of the service and also affect the performance of the server. DDOS attacks are launched from Botnet-A
large Cluster of Connected device(cellphone,pc or router) infected with malware that allow remote control by an
attacker. Intruder using SIPDAS in DDOS to perform attack.SIPDAS attack strategies are detected using Heap
Space Monitoring Algorithm.
An improved fading Kalman filter in the application of BDS dynamic positioningIJRES Journal
Aiming at the poor dynamic performance and low navigation precision of traditional fading
Kalman filter in BDS dynamic positioning, an improved fading Kalman filter based on fading factor vector is
proposed. The fading factor is extended to a fading factor vector, and each element of the vector corresponds to
each state component. Based on the difference between the actual observed quantity and the predicted one, the
value of the vector is changed automatically. The memory length of different channel is changed in real time
according to the dynamic property of the corresponding state component. The actual observation data of BDS is
used to test the algorithm. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional fading Kalman filter
and the method of the third references, the positioning precision of the algorithm is improved by 46.3% and
23.6% respectively.
Positioning Error Analysis and Compensation of Differential Precision WorkbenchIJRES Journal
The document analyzes positioning errors in differential precision workbenches and proposes a compensation method. It discusses sources of error in workbench transmission systems and guides. Through theoretical analysis and experimentation, it is shown that positioning errors increase with travel distance due to factors like guideway errors. A method is developed to sample positioning at multiple points, compare values to identify errors, and implement reverse error correction through motion control cards. This allows positioning accuracy better than 15 micrometers over 150mm of travel to be achieved. The compensation method can improve precision for a range of machine tool designs.
Status of Heavy metal pollution in Mithi river: Then and NowIJRES Journal
The Mithi River runs through the heart of suburban Mumbai. Its path of flow has been severely
damaged due to industrialization and urbanization. The quality of water has been deteriorating ever since. The
Municipal and industrial effluents are discharged in unchecked amounts. The municipal discharge comprises
untreated domestic and sewage wastes whereas the industries are majorly discharge chemicals and other toxic
effluents which are responsible in increasing the metal load of the river. In the current study, the water is
analysed for heavy metals- Copper, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Nickel. It also includes a brief
understanding on the fluctuations that have occurred in the heavy metal pollution, through the compilation of
studies carried out in the area previously.
The Low-Temperature Radiant Floor Heating System Design and Experimental Stud...IJRES Journal
In order to analyze the temperature distribution of the low-temperature radiant floor heating system
that uses the condensing wall-hung boiler as the heat source, the heating system is designed according to a typical
house facing south in Shanghai. The experiments are carried out to study the effects of the supply water
temperature on the thermal comfort of the system. Eventually, the supply water temperature that makes people in
the room feel more comfortable is obtained. The result shows that in the condition of that the outside temperature
is 8~15℃ and the relative humidity is 30~70%RH, the temperature distribution in the room is from high to low
when the height is from bottom to top. The floor surface temperature is highest, but its uniformity is very poor.
When the heating system reaches the steady state, the air temperature of the room is uniform. When the supply
water temperature is 63℃ The room is relatively comfortable at the above experimental condition.
Experimental study on critical closing pressure of mudstone fractured reservoirsIJRES Journal
This study examines the critical closing pressure of fractures in mudstone reservoir cores from the Daqing oilfield in China. Laboratory experiments subjected fractured and unfractured mudstone cores to increasing external pressures while measuring permeability. The critical closing pressure is defined as the pressure when fractured core permeability matches unfractured permeability, indicating fracture closure. Results show fractured cores have higher permeability than unfractured cores due to fractures. Permeability generally decreases exponentially with increasing pressure. By calculating sensitivity equations relating permeability and production pressure difference, the study estimates critical closing pressures under reservoir conditions are lower than values from external pressure experiments. The study provides guidance but notes limitations in fully simulating complex in-situ stress conditions.
Correlation Analysis of Tool Wear and Cutting Sound SignalIJRES Journal
With the classic signal analysis and processing method, the cutting of the audio signal in time
domain and frequency domain analysis. We reached the following conclusions: in the time domain analysis,
cutting audio signals mean and the variance associated with tool wear state change occurred did not change
significantly, and tool wear is not high degree of correlation, and the mean-square value of the audio signal
changes in the size and tool wear the state has a good relationship.
Reduce Resources for Privacy in Mobile Cloud Computing Using Blowfish and DSA...IJRES Journal
Mobile cloud computing in light of the increasing popularity among users of mobile smart
technology which is the next indispensable that enables users to take advantage of the storage cloud computing
services. However, mobile cloud computing, the migration of information on the cloud is reliable their privacy
and security issues. Moreover, mobile cloud computing has limitations in resources such as power energy,
processor, Memory and storage. In this paper, we propose a solution to the problem of privacy with saving and
reducing resources power energy, processor and Memory. This is done through data encryption in the mobile
cloud computing by symmetric algorithm and sent to the private cloud and then the data is encrypted again and
sent to the public cloud through Asymmetric algorithm. The experimental results showed after a comparison
between encryption algorithms less time and less time to decryption are as follows: Blowfish algorithm for
symmetric and the DSA algorithm for Asymmetric. The analysis results showed a significant improvement in
reducing the resources in the period of time and power energy consumption and processor.
Resistance of Dryland Rice to Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk.) Using ...IJRES Journal
Rice stem borer is one of the important pests that attack plants so as to reduce production. One way
to control pests is to use organic fertilizers that make the plant stronger and healthier. This study was conducted
to determine the effects of organic fertilizers with various doses without the use of pesticides in controlling stem
borer, Scirpophaga incertulas. Methods using split-split plot design which consists of two levels of the whole
plot factor (solid and liquid organic fertilizers), two levels of the subplot factor (conventional and industry,
Tiens and Mitraflora), and four levels of the sub-subplot factor of conventional and industry (5, 10, 15, 20
tonnes/ha), and one level of the sub-subplot factor of Tiens and Mitraflora (each 2 ml/l). Based on the results
Statistical analysis there were no significant differences among treatments and this shows that the use of organic
fertilizers that only a dose of 5 tonnes/ha is sufficient available nutrients that make plants more robust and
resistant to control stem borer, besides that can reduce production costs and friendly to the environment when
compared with using inorganic fertilizers.
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated CMOS bandgap reference without u...IJRES Journal
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated bandgap reference (BGR) without using op-amp
is presented in this paper. It is based on second-order curvature correction principle, which is a weighted sum of
two voltage curves which have opposite curvature characteristic. One voltage curve is achieved by first-order
curvature-compensated bandgap reference (FCBGR) without using op-amp and the other found by using W
function is achieved by utilizing a positive temperature coefficient (TC) exponential current and a linear
negative TC current to flow a linear resistor. The exponential current is gained by using anegative TC voltage to
control a MOSFET in sub-threshold region. In the temperature ranging from -40℃ to 125℃, experimental
results implemented with SMIC 0.18μm CMOS process demonstrate that the presented BGR can achieve a TC
as low as 2.2 ppm/℃ and power-supply rejection ratio(PSRR)is -69 dB without any filtering capacitor at 2.0 V.
While the range of the supply voltage is from 1.7 to 3.0 V, the output voltage line regulation is about1 mV/ V
and the maximum TC is 3.4 ppm/℃.
Structural aspect on carbon dioxide capture in nanotubesIJRES Journal
In this work we reported the carbon dioxide adsorption (CO2) in six different nanostructures in order
to investigate the capturing capacity of the materials at nanoscale. Here we have considered the three different
nanotubes including zinc oxide nanotube (ZnONT), silicon carbide nanotube (SiCNT) and single walled carbon
nanotube (SWCNT). Three different chiralities such as zigzag (9,0), armchair (5,5) and chiral (6,4) having
approximately same diameter are analyzed. The adsorption binding energy values under various cases are
estimated with density functional theory (DFT). We observed CO2 molecule chemisorbed on ZnONT and
SiCNT’s whereas the physisorption is predominant in CNT. To investigate the structural aspect, the tubes with
defects are studied and compared with defect free tubes. We have also analyzed the electrical properties of tubes
from HOMO, LUMO energies. Our results reveal the defected structure enhance the CO2 capture and is
predicted to be a potential candidate for environmental applications.
Thesummaryabout fuzzy control parameters selected based on brake driver inten...IJRES Journal
In this paper, the brake driving intention identification parameters based on the fuzzy control are
summarized and analyzed, the necessary parameters based on the fuzzy control of the brake driving intention
recognition are found out, and I pointed out the commonly corrupt parameters, and through the relevant
parameters , I establish the corresponding driving intention model.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
UNLOCKING HEALTHCARE 4.0: NAVIGATING CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE I...amsjournal
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is transforming industries, including healthcare, by integrating digital,
physical, and biological technologies. This study examines the integration of 4.0 technologies into
healthcare, identifying success factors and challenges through interviews with 70 stakeholders from 33
countries. Healthcare is evolving significantly, with varied objectives across nations aiming to improve
population health. The study explores stakeholders' perceptions on critical success factors, identifying
challenges such as insufficiently trained personnel, organizational silos, and structural barriers to data
exchange. Facilitators for integration include cost reduction initiatives and interoperability policies.
Technologies like IoT, Big Data, AI, Machine Learning, and robotics enhance diagnostics, treatment
precision, and real-time monitoring, reducing errors and optimizing resource utilization. Automation
improves employee satisfaction and patient care, while Blockchain and telemedicine drive cost reductions.
Successful integration requires skilled professionals and supportive policies, promising efficient resource
use, lower error rates, and accelerated processes, leading to optimized global healthcare outcomes.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
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Spray Angle Expansion Method of a Twin-Fluid Atomizer for the Application to CO2absorption
1. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
www.ijres.org Volume 2 Issue 1 ǁ Jan 2014 ǁ PP.19-25
www.ijres.org 19 | Page
Spray Angle Expansion Method of a Twin-Fluid Atomizer for the
Application to CO2absorption
Jiafeng Yao1
, Michio Sadatomi1
, Akimaro Kawahara1
, Shinji Furusawa2
1
(Department of Advanced Mechanical Systems, Kumamoto University, Japan)
2
(Japan Marine United Corporation, Japan)
ABSTRACT :This paper presents the results of an experimental study for a new type twin-fluid atomizer,
which is based on a multi fluids mixer patented by Sadatomi & Kawahara (2012). This atomizer has a simple
structure and can suck water by itself without a pump by introducing pressurized air alone into an internal
mixing chamber with less energy consumption. The present study focuses on the improved design of the atomizer
for spray angle expansion and its application to CO2 absorption. Experiments relating to two angle expansion
methods (Coanda effect and propellers) were conducted, also six sizes of PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate)
propellers were tested. We found that, the atomizer with a PET propeller of 4 blades and 25 mm in diameter
showed the best spray angle expansion effect and presented a good spray quality, especially reduced the Sauter
mean diameter (d32) significantly. Finally, the mist sprayed by the optimized atomizer was applied to CO2
absorption, and experimental results showed that the mist sprayed by the optimized atomizer can significantly
decrease the CO2 concentration in a closed room.
Keywords -Atomizer, spray-angle, Coanda effect, propeller, CO2absorption
I. INTRODUCTION
Liquid atomizer has been applied extensively in our daily life, such as fire suppression, paint spraying,
humidity control, etc. In this context, several types of atomizers have been developed by Lal et al. [1], and some
makers such as HYPRO EU Ltd. [2]. Till now, all forms of pressure nozzles accomplish this by discharging the
liquid at high velocity into quiescent or relatively slow-moving air. Rotary atomizers employ a similar principle,
the liquid being ejected at high velocity from the rim of a rotating cup or disc. An alternative method of
achieving a high relative velocity between liquid and air is to expose slow-moving liquid into a high-velocity
stream of air. Devices based on this approach are usually termed air-assist, air-blast or, more generally, twin-
fluid atomizers.
There are also plenty of experimental and numerical researches that address the atomization methods of
the twin-fluid atomizers. Some employ the pressure principle, where the liquid is supplied from a pressurized
source; others use the gravity principle, where the liquid supply is located above the nozzle, invoking gravity for
the liquid flow; the siphon principle is also used in some twin-fluid atomizers, where the liquid source is self-
aspirating. Applications for this family of atomizers includes humidification, dust control, gas cooling, precision
coating and spray drying.
The purpose of the present study is to expand the spray angle of Sadatomi & Kawahara’s new type
twin-fluid atomizer [3], which had the characteristic of less energy consumption and simple structure but narrow
spray angle. In order to expand the spray angel, two methods (Coanda effect and propellers with different
material, different blade number and diameter) are tested, and the best specifications are determined.
In addition, Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary greenhouse gas emitted through human activities. In
2011, CO2 accounted for about 84% of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. Carbon
dioxide is naturally present in the atmosphere as part of the Earth's carbon cycle (the natural circulation of
carbon among the atmosphere, oceans, soil, plants, and animals). Human activities are altering the carbon
cycle—both by adding more CO2 to the atmosphere and by influencing the ability of natural sinks, like forests,
to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. While CO2 emissions come from a variety of natural sources, human-
related emissions are responsible for the increase that has occurred in the atmosphere since the industrial
revolution. In consequence, the growing awareness on the risks associated with the green-house effect caused by
CO2 motivates the researchers to develop various methods for eliminating CO2 since 1989 [4]. So, we tried to
utilize Sadatomi & Kawahara's atomizer for the absorption of CO2.
II. EXPERIMENTS AND METHODS
2.1 Principle of Sadatomi & Kawahara's atomizer
The proto type of the atomizer is shown in Fig. 1, in which pressurized air is supplied into a pipe with
an orifice in the core. From the conservation equations of mass and energy, (1) and (2).
2. Spray angle expansion method of a twin-fluid atomizer for the application to CO2 absorption
www.ijres.org 20 | Page
𝑃1
𝜌𝑔
+
𝑣 𝐺1
2
2𝑔
=
𝑃2
𝜌𝑔
+
𝑣 𝐺2
2
2𝑔
(1)
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝑃1 −
𝜌
2
(𝑣 𝐺2
2
− 𝑣 𝐺1
2
) (2)
Fig. 1 Principle of new-type twin-fluid atomizer patented by Sadatomi & Kawahara (2012).
The velocity of the air after passing through the orifice, vG2, becomes much higher than before vG1, so,
vG2>vG1, and the pressure there becomes much lower, P2<P1. If the pressure becomes negative, then the water
can be automatically sucked into air stream through a porous pipe. Since the air flow there is highly-turbulent
and shear flow, air and water interact each other in the internal mixing chamber of the atomizer, and a huge
number of tiny water droplet, i.e. mist is formed and discharged through the outlet port.
Based on previous studies in this series [5, 6], we can conclude the main special advantages of
Sadatomi & Kawahara’s atomizer as follows: (a) lower energy consumption. The energy is supplied only by a
compressor or blower although it is a twin-fluid atomizer, and the gas pressure needed is less than 70 kPa., quite
lower than those for other atomizers [7, 8]; (b) simple structure, which means easy to manufacture. The mixing
chamber and the orifice are easy to manufacture, and the porous pipe is a kind of common fiber material which
can be readily available; (c) mist diameters are quite small, 90% of them are less than 30 µm. That means the
atomizer can jet fine mists, which is qualified to be applied to air cooling, CO2 absorption, smoke absorption,
etc.
However, the spray angle of Sadatomi & Kawahara’s atomizer is limited by the inherent structure of
the atomizer and is not wide enough for many applications, this disadvantagewill be solved in the present study.
2.2Experimental Apparatus
The experimental apparatus for studying the sprayangle expansion is revealed in Fig. 2. In the
experiment, the volume flow rate of air and water are QG = 300 l/min, QL = 0.2 l/min. At 500 mm downward
from the atomizer nozzle, 22 test tubes each 13 mm apart in center to center distance were set in line in four
radial directions, so as to collect mist and get the radial distribution of the mist. Meanwhile, to eliminate the
introduction of water due to level difference, the water in the tank and the water suction part of the atomizer
should be on the same level. The output signals from the flow rate and pressure sensors were acquired by
computer via an A/D converter.
Fig. 2 Experimental apparatus for the test of spray performance of twin-fluid atomizer.
3. Spray angle expansion method of a twin-fluid atomizer for the application to CO2 absorption
www.ijres.org 21 | Page
For the droplet measurement, a digital camera (in Fig. 3) with a microscope is used, and more than a
thousand droplet diameters are tested with an image processing system. Fig. 4 shows a typical picture of water
droplets in an oil pond, which are about unity in sphericity, even in the largest 150 µm droplet [9].
Fig. 3 Drop size testing facility
Fig. 4 A typical picture of water droplets.
Drop-size distributions are often described by characteristic diameters (3) [10]:
1
a a b
i ii
ab b
i ii
n d
d
n d
(3)
Here,i denotes the number of droplet size range, ni is the number of droplets in the size rangei, and diis
the diameter of the size range i. Thus, for example, d10 is the arithmeticmeandiameter of all the drops in the
spray; and d32, Sauter mean diameter, is the diameter of the droplet whose ratio of volume to surface area is the
same as that of the entire spray, which is often of use in applications where the active surface or surface area is
important (e.g. air cooling, gas absorption) [11]. In the present experiments, d10 and d32 are used to identify the
spray effect of droplets.
2.3Spray-Angle Expansion Methods
Spray angle (injection angle) is an apex angle of the spray, which characteristics the shape of the drop
jet. In many cases it is necessary to predict the spray shape because it guarantees proper utilization of the jet
[12]. It is important mostly in cases in which atomizers are applied in gas absorption (e.g. CO2 capture in this
study). For Sadatomi & Kawahara’s atomizer, it is an atomizer with internal mixing chamber and a cylindroid
outlet, so spray angle is too narrow, and need to be expanded as large as possible.We developed two methods to
expand the spray angle: Coanda effect and propeller.
The Coanda effect states that a fluid or gas stream will hug a convex contour when directed at a tangent
to that surface. This was discovered in the 1930s by a Romanian named Henri-Marie Coanda [13]. What is
unusual about the Coanda effect is the fact that the fluid or gas flow is pulled so strongly by a curved surface. A
concave curve will naturally push the flow, but the fact that a convex one would react so strongly to fluid or gas
is unusual. This property is particularly relevant to aircraft design. This paper designed an outlet for the atomizer
described in Fig. 5.
4. Spray angle expansion method of a twin-fluid atomizer for the application to CO2 absorption
www.ijres.org 22 | Page
Fig. 5 Coanda effects of spreader utilizing.
Fig. 6 Propellers with different materials.
Table 1 Specifications of PET propellers.
PET
Propeller
Blade No. Outer Dia. Mass
- mm g
b3d15 3
15
0.113
b4d15 4 0.112
b3d25 3
25
0.321
b4d25 4 0.320
b3d35 3
35
0.636
b4d35 4 0.634
Fig. 7 Installed position of the propeller is 40 mm downward from the exit of the atomizer nozzle
Fig. 8 Six sizes of PET propellers with different outer diameters.
16.5
7
87
5. Spray angle expansion method of a twin-fluid atomizer for the application to CO2 absorption
www.ijres.org 23 | Page
For another method, two kinds of propellers were developed like Fig. 6, which is made of PET and
brass with outer diameter of 25 mm.
Furthermore, propellers made of PET with different specifications are listed in in Table I, the name of
propeller such as b3d15 for example, stands for a PET propeller with 3 blades, and 15 mm in outer diameter.
These propellers could rotate automatically by an action of the air stream with mist.
The position of the propeller was about 40 mm downward from the exit of the atomizer nozzle as
shown in Fig. 7. Six types of PET propellers were tested as listed in Table 1 and shown in Fig. 8.
2.4CO2 absorption
As for the application of CO2 absorption, we developed a facility like a vinyl greenhouse as shown in
Fig. 9. Inside the house (2000mm high ×1200mm wide ×1200mm deep), the atomizer was set at 1800 mm in
height in the middle of the house. In the bottom space, the carbon dioxide concentration meter and a balloon
filled with CO2 gas were placed near the side walls.
In the experiment, at first, the house was filled with mist at QG = 300 l/min, QL = 0.2 l/min, and with
the propeller of PP-b4d25. After breaking the balloon with a needle, we collected the data of CO2 concentration
every 4 seconds, for 150 times.
Fig. 9 CO2 absorption method and facility.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1Results of Spray-Angle Expansion
Fig. 10 shows the spay angle expansion effect with different methods, the abscissa gives out the radial
distance from the center of spray area, and the ordinate describes the mist flow rate sprayed by the atomizer. For
all cases, the flow rate decreased from center to rim, but only for the method with PET propeller, we can get a
relative uniform flow rate comparing other methods. This effect comes from the less momentum of the PET
propeller than that of brass propeller.
Fig. 10 Radial mist flow rate distribution with different spay angle expansion methods.
Fig. 11 demonstrates the experimental results of the atomizer's spray angle expansion with six sizes of
PET propellers, and the condition without a propeller. Abscissa and ordinate directions stand for the radial
distance from the center and the flow rate of the mist, respectively. We can notice that, under different
conditions, the flow rate also decreased from center to rim. When we used 15 mm diameter propeller or without
a propeller, most of the mists were distributed around the center, so the effect of expansion was not visible. For
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 10 20 30
QLCcm3
/min
r cm
Without spreader
Coanda spreader
Propeller (PET)
Propeller (brass)
6. Spray angle expansion method of a twin-fluid atomizer for the application to CO2 absorption
www.ijres.org 24 | Page
the 25 mm and 35 mm diameter propeller, the flow rate around the center can be reduced under 0.1 cm3
/min,
and displayed good expansion effect.
Fig. 11 Results of spray-angle expansion
Fig. 12 shows mist size distribution classified into 11 diameter ranges for different propellers and no
propeller. We find that the atomizer with b4d25 propeller shows the best atomization performance, and about
95% of the mist diameter is smaller than 30 µm.
Fig. 12 Mist diameter distribution for the atomizer with six propellers and no propeller.
Fig. 13 illustrates the Sauter mean diameter (d32) of mist for different propellers. The abscissa is the
cutting frequency (cutting times for the mist flow per second), fc, by the propeller blades determined from the
number of blades, the blade diameter and the number of rotation. Of these propellers, b4d25 propeller shows the
highest cutting frequency and the lowest d32 of about 18 µm.
Fig. 13 Comparison of Sauter mean diameter for the atomizer with different propellers.
It is worthwhile to note that, comparing to other types of propellers, b4d25 propeller can provide the
lowest flow rate as 0.08 cm3
/min within 5 mm radius, and sustained this value until about 15 cm away from the
center. That is to say, b4d25 propeller showed the best expansion effect and good spray quality.
3.2CO2 absorption effect
The experimental results of CO2 absorption effect are denoted in Fig. 14 under three conditions: air
with mist (condition 1), air with mist using b4d25 propeller (condition 2), and air alone (condition 3). X
direction expresses the time after the rupture of CO2 balloon, while Y direction is the concentration of CO2.
7. Spray angle expansion method of a twin-fluid atomizer for the application to CO2 absorption
www.ijres.org 25 | Page
Fig. 14 CO2 absorption effect.
It can be concluded that, the mist at conditions 1 and 2 can control the CO2 concentration
under 2400 ppm, much lower than 4200 ppm of condition 3. Though the absorption effect was similar
between conditions 2 and 1, condition 2 can spray mist with much larger angle, this is an important
advantage for absorbing CO2 if the house is wide.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
In the present study we could expand the spray-angle withtwo methods, by using Coanda effect or
inserting a propeller into the air flow with mist discharged from a new type twin-fluid atomizer invented by
Sadatomi & Kawahara. The experimental results are concluded as follows:
(1) Compared with Coanda effect, an atomizer with a propeller can jet a spray with much larger angle.
(2) Propellers made of PET material possess lower momentum, so they can expand a much larger spray angle
than that of brass.
(3) Among six PET propellers with different outer diameter, the propeller with 4 blades and 25 mm in outer
diameter (b4d25) can providesthe largest spray angle and the most uniform mist flow rate from spray center
to rim, and also, 95% of the mist diametersare smaller than 30 µm, Sauter mean diameter is only 18µm. That
means high quality of spray is generated by the atomizer with b4d25 propeller of PET material.
(4) A new application in CO2 absorption was developed. The mist sprayed by the optimizedatomizer with a large
spray angle can effectively absorb the CO2 in a closed room and reduce the CO2 concentration significantly.
V. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their sincerely appreciation to Mr. S. Miyagawa and S. Nakakido,
students at Kumamoto University, and Mr. E. Sakurai, working in Kawasaki Heavy Industries, for their
experimental cooperation. Financial support from Nohmi Bosai LTD. is also appreciated.
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