This document provides an overview of data communications and computer networking concepts. It discusses analog and digital data transmission, parallel and serial transmission modes, asynchronous and synchronous transmission, transmission media including guided media like twisted pair cable and unguided media like radio waves. It also covers data transmission speed metrics like bit rate and baud rate. Additional topics include the client-server model, intranets versus the Internet, domain name system (DNS), IP addresses, web browsers, the ISO-OSI seven layer model, TCP/IP internet model, and common internet protocols like email, FTP, and newsgroups.
Lesson 5 data communication and networking (136 kb)IMRAN KHAN
This document introduces data communication and computer networks. It discusses how computer networking allows users to share data and programs between computers regardless of location. The objectives are to learn about the basic elements of data communication systems, communication protocols, transmission modes, computer networks, and network types. It describes the basic components of a communication system including a sender, medium, and receiver. Data communication involves the electrical or electromagnetic transmission of encoded data signals across communication channels or media.
The document provides an overview of information systems and networking concepts. It discusses client/server architecture and how processing is shared between clients and servers. It also describes the network layer model and how data is packaged and routed. Additionally, it covers local area networks, wireless networks, and the Internet as a network of networks that connects computers globally.
Basics of data communication and computer networking (262 kb)IMRAN KHAN
The document discusses the basics of data communication and computer networking. It introduces data communication as the process of transporting data from one point to another using networks. Networks are communication systems designed to convey information from a point of origin to a point of destination. The key components of a data communication system include a transmitter that sends the message, a receiver that receives the message, a communication medium that carries the message, the message itself, and a communication protocol. Computer networks allow for the sharing of resources between connected computers.
The document provides a detailed overview of ISP architecture and components. It discusses that an ISP uses various technologies like fiber optics, satellite, copper wire to provide internet access to customers. The key components of an ISP architecture include modems, remote access server, SMTP server, router, web server. It then describes different types of internet access provided by ISPs like dial-up, DSL, cable, wireless broadband, Wi-Fi, ISDN, and Ethernet. It concludes by explaining the basic process of how an ISP works to provide internet access by checking for static/dynamic IP addresses and routing data requests between the user and destination servers.
Computer networks can be classified based on their geographical span, interconnectivity, administration, and architecture. They range from personal area networks (PANs) covering 10 meters around a device, to local area networks (LANs) within a building, to metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, to wide area networks (WANs) spanning countries, to the largest network, the internet, which interconnects networks worldwide. Networks allow sharing of resources like printers and storage, as well as exchange of information via email, webpages, and other applications.
The document discusses several fundamental concepts of the Internet including:
1) The Internet backbone is formed by major networks owned by large ISPs that connect to each other across the United States and world, with redundancy allowing rerouting if parts fail or slow down.
2) TCP ensures reliable data delivery through stream interface, reliable connection startup and shutdown, and handling of overwhelmed routers, out-of-order packets, and duplicate datagrams.
3) TCP provides robustness through acknowledgements for every datagram, data resending on timeouts, and automatic adjustment of timeouts based on distance and current delays.
This document discusses computer networks and the TCP/IP model. It begins by defining what makes a computer network and some common uses of networks like resource sharing, information sharing, communication, and distributed processing. It then explains the layers of the TCP/IP model including the network access, internet, transport, and application layers. The rest of the document details topics like how networks are physically connected, the network and data link layers, wired and wireless networking, switching vs hubs, IP addressing and subnets, ports and sockets, and finally provides a high-level overview of the process that occurs when visiting a website.
Lesson 5 data communication and networking (136 kb)IMRAN KHAN
This document introduces data communication and computer networks. It discusses how computer networking allows users to share data and programs between computers regardless of location. The objectives are to learn about the basic elements of data communication systems, communication protocols, transmission modes, computer networks, and network types. It describes the basic components of a communication system including a sender, medium, and receiver. Data communication involves the electrical or electromagnetic transmission of encoded data signals across communication channels or media.
The document provides an overview of information systems and networking concepts. It discusses client/server architecture and how processing is shared between clients and servers. It also describes the network layer model and how data is packaged and routed. Additionally, it covers local area networks, wireless networks, and the Internet as a network of networks that connects computers globally.
Basics of data communication and computer networking (262 kb)IMRAN KHAN
The document discusses the basics of data communication and computer networking. It introduces data communication as the process of transporting data from one point to another using networks. Networks are communication systems designed to convey information from a point of origin to a point of destination. The key components of a data communication system include a transmitter that sends the message, a receiver that receives the message, a communication medium that carries the message, the message itself, and a communication protocol. Computer networks allow for the sharing of resources between connected computers.
The document provides a detailed overview of ISP architecture and components. It discusses that an ISP uses various technologies like fiber optics, satellite, copper wire to provide internet access to customers. The key components of an ISP architecture include modems, remote access server, SMTP server, router, web server. It then describes different types of internet access provided by ISPs like dial-up, DSL, cable, wireless broadband, Wi-Fi, ISDN, and Ethernet. It concludes by explaining the basic process of how an ISP works to provide internet access by checking for static/dynamic IP addresses and routing data requests between the user and destination servers.
Computer networks can be classified based on their geographical span, interconnectivity, administration, and architecture. They range from personal area networks (PANs) covering 10 meters around a device, to local area networks (LANs) within a building, to metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, to wide area networks (WANs) spanning countries, to the largest network, the internet, which interconnects networks worldwide. Networks allow sharing of resources like printers and storage, as well as exchange of information via email, webpages, and other applications.
The document discusses several fundamental concepts of the Internet including:
1) The Internet backbone is formed by major networks owned by large ISPs that connect to each other across the United States and world, with redundancy allowing rerouting if parts fail or slow down.
2) TCP ensures reliable data delivery through stream interface, reliable connection startup and shutdown, and handling of overwhelmed routers, out-of-order packets, and duplicate datagrams.
3) TCP provides robustness through acknowledgements for every datagram, data resending on timeouts, and automatic adjustment of timeouts based on distance and current delays.
This document discusses computer networks and the TCP/IP model. It begins by defining what makes a computer network and some common uses of networks like resource sharing, information sharing, communication, and distributed processing. It then explains the layers of the TCP/IP model including the network access, internet, transport, and application layers. The rest of the document details topics like how networks are physically connected, the network and data link layers, wired and wireless networking, switching vs hubs, IP addressing and subnets, ports and sockets, and finally provides a high-level overview of the process that occurs when visiting a website.
This document provides an introduction to data communication and transmission. It defines data and describes how data is communicated from a source to a receiver. It explains the components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. Protocols are defined as sets of rules that govern communication and their functions like data sequencing, routing, formatting, flow control, error control, and security are described. The modes of data transmission - simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex - are defined. Serial and parallel transmission methods are also explained along with asynchronous and synchronous serial transmission types.
Data communication refers to the transmission of digital data between two or more computers or networks. It involves using computing and communication technologies to transfer data from one place to another. There are three key characteristics of an effective data communication system: delivery of data to the correct destination, accuracy in delivery, and timely delivery. The basic components of a data communication system are a sender that transmits a message or data, a receiver that obtains the message, a transmission medium that allows the message to travel between sender and receiver, and an encoder-decoder that establishes rules and formats for communication.
Networks allow simultaneous access to shared resources like data, programs, and devices. They facilitate communication between computers by linking them together. Common network types include personal area networks spanning 10 meters, local area networks within an office or building, and wide area networks across multiple cities. Devices like network interface cards, hubs, bridges, routers, and gateways are used to connect computers to networks and other networks using different standards. Networks can have bus, ring, star, mesh, or tree topologies.
This document provides an overview of data communications and computer networks. It defines key concepts like data communication, the basic elements of a communication system including message, sender, receiver, medium and protocol. It also describes different communication modes, types of computer networks including LAN, MAN and WAN, common network topologies like bus, ring and star, and several communication protocols used in computer networks such as Ethernet, Token Ring, TCP/IP and WAP.
This document provides an overview of data communication and computer networks. It defines data communication as the transfer of data between devices via transmission mediums. It describes the basic components of communication including messages, senders, receivers, mediums, and protocols. The document also discusses network topologies like star, bus, ring and hybrid configurations. It categorizes networks into local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs). Finally, it defines internetworks as two or more connected networks, with the largest example being the Internet.
Data communication and network Chapter -1Zafar Ayub
This document discusses data communication and networks. It defines data communication as the electronic transmission of digitally encoded information between networks via a medium. A network is defined as hardware, software, and protocols that allow sharing of resources and information according to set rules. The document also defines several key terms related to data communication and networks such as data, resources, channels, protocols, encryption, network hardware and software, senders, and receivers. It describes methods of data transmission including serial and parallel transmission.
Overview of data communication and networkingSisir Ghosh
The document provides an overview of data communication and computer networks. It discusses the key components of data communication including senders, receivers, transmission media, messages, and protocols. It then describes different types of network connections and topologies including point-to-point, multipoint, bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid networks. Finally, it discusses network classification based on scale, including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). The document also covers protocols, standards, and reference models like OSI and TCP/IP.
Latest technologies used to transfer data using internetSaqlain Memon
this are the latest technologies used to transfer data in internet using this you can transfer data very easily be smart on the internet be protective in india for more information log in to saqlainmemon776@gmail.com find interesting things on this
This document provides an introduction to data communication and networking. It discusses analog and digital data, data communication, data flow including simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex, and modems. It also covers local area networks, metropolitan area networks, wide area networks, network topologies including linear bus, star, tree and others. Finally, it discusses the OSI model and considerations for data communication networks including performance, consistency, reliability and recovery.
Computer Networks for Computer Science Studentrprajat007
This document provides information about data communication systems and their components. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Data communication systems allow exchange of data between devices via transmission mediums like wires. Effective systems ensure delivery of data to the correct destination, accuracy of the data, timely delivery, and minimal jitter or packet arrival variation. The core components of data communication systems include messages, senders and receivers, transmission mediums, protocols that establish communication rules, and various transmission modes like simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex.
This document provides an overview of data communication systems and their key components and concepts. It discusses the basic components of a data communication system including messages, senders, receivers, transmission medium, and protocols. It then describes various concepts such as line configuration (point-to-point and multipoint), network topologies (bus, star, ring, mesh), transmission modes (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex), and modems. The document focuses on explaining these fundamental building blocks and concepts to understand how data is transmitted between devices.
This document provides an introduction to data communications and networks. It discusses key topics such as data representation, data flow, characteristics of data communication like delivery and accuracy. It describes different network types including LAN, WAN, MAN. Network topologies like star, bus, ring and hybrid are explained. Protocols define rules for communication regarding what, how and when to communicate. Standards are agreed upon rules and are developed by standards organizations.
The document discusses different types of physical addresses and transmission media. It defines physical address as the location of a memory cell or a computer's MAC address. It also defines logical/virtual addresses that software uses to access memory via memory management unit translation. For transmission media, it distinguishes between guided wired media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber, which transmit data along a defined path, versus unguided wireless media.
This document provides an overview of computer networks, including definitions of common network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), protocols (TCP, IP), internet components, connection types, cabling technologies (coaxial, Ethernet, fiber optic), and wireless standards (Bluetooth, infrared, Wi-Fi). It describes the basic needs for networking like sharing hardware/software and centralized administration. It also outlines common network topologies like star, bus, and ring configurations and the key characteristics of each.
Cn 04,32,36-Cn all chapters1- computer networks- gtuJay Patel
This document discusses computer network protocols and layered architectures. It explains that networks are designed with layered protocols to handle complexity. There are typically 5 layers, with each layer building on the one below it. Layers communicate with their peer layers on other nodes using protocols. Data passes through each layer, with each layer adding header information. This allows for standard interfaces between layers and symmetry of functions across nodes. The layered approach reduces design complexity and guides network implementation.
Here are the answers to the class exercise:
1. List 5 ISP organization
- Telekom Malaysia
- Maxis
- Celcom
- Digi
- Umobile
2. List 5 criteria to choose internet access technology
- Availability
- Cost
- Access device used
- Media used
- Speed of connection
3. List 6 types of ISP
- Dial-up
- Cell modem
- Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
- Cable modem
- Leased lines
- Satellite
4. What common uses to test forwarding packets across the internet
- Ping utility
- Traceroute utility
5. Give 2 ISP with their
This document provides an overview of data communication and networks. It defines what a network is and discusses the need for networking. It also covers transmission media, common network topologies, network devices, IP addressing, servers, and how data travels between networked computers. The key topics presented include defining networks as connected computers that allow resource sharing and fast communication, describing common transmission media like cables and wireless signals, outlining network topologies like star, bus and ring configurations, and explaining how IP addresses and servers help manage data transmission between systems on a network.
Data communication and network Chapter - 2Zafar Ayub
The document discusses network protocols and Ethernet. It provides details on:
- Common network protocols include Ethernet, LocalTalk, Token Ring, FDDI, and ATM. Ethernet is the most widely used protocol.
- Ethernet uses CSMA/CD access method where nodes listen before transmitting and can detect collisions. It operates at speeds of 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, and 10 Gbps.
- Ethernet standards include IEEE 802.3 for 10BASE-T, 802.3u for 100BASE-TX, 802.3z for 1000BASE-T, and 802.3ae for 10 Gbps.
CND_22634_UNIT1_MSBTE_Computer network and Data CommunicationPranoti Doke
1.1 Data communication and its
characteristics
1.2 Components of data communication Transmitter, Receiver, Medium, Message, Protocol. Standards, Standard organizations. Basic block diagram of data communication system
1.3 Data Transmission: Serial, Parallel Synchronous, Asynchronous, Isochronous transmission
1.4 Transmission characteristics: Signaling rate, data rate, bit rate, baud rate
1.5 feed of computer networks, Network criteria, advantages of networking
1.6 Network topologies: Mesh, Star, Bus, Tree, Ring and Hybrid topologies - Schematic diagram, working, ad viint‹i disadvantages and applications
1.7 Network Classification:
Based on Transmission Technology
Point to-point, Multipoint, Broadcast
Based on physical size(scale):
PAN, BAN, LAN, MAN, WAN,VPN
based on Architecture: Peer to Peer, client Server, off a esC ent Se er over Peer-to-Peer Model.
WM Dergi 10. sayısında siz değerli okuyucularımızı dopdolu bir içerik bekliyor.Bu ay, TeknoSeyir projesi Yayın Yönetmeni; Murat Gamsız ve İçerik Yöneticisi; Levent Pekcan ile gerçekleştirdiğimiz, zevkle okuyacağınızı düşündüğümüz bir röportaj sizleri bekliyor. Online yayıncılık ve medya sektöründe yılların tecrübesine sahip konuklarımızın, sektöre dair önemli değerlendirmeleri bulunuyor.
This document provides an introduction to data communication and transmission. It defines data and describes how data is communicated from a source to a receiver. It explains the components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. Protocols are defined as sets of rules that govern communication and their functions like data sequencing, routing, formatting, flow control, error control, and security are described. The modes of data transmission - simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex - are defined. Serial and parallel transmission methods are also explained along with asynchronous and synchronous serial transmission types.
Data communication refers to the transmission of digital data between two or more computers or networks. It involves using computing and communication technologies to transfer data from one place to another. There are three key characteristics of an effective data communication system: delivery of data to the correct destination, accuracy in delivery, and timely delivery. The basic components of a data communication system are a sender that transmits a message or data, a receiver that obtains the message, a transmission medium that allows the message to travel between sender and receiver, and an encoder-decoder that establishes rules and formats for communication.
Networks allow simultaneous access to shared resources like data, programs, and devices. They facilitate communication between computers by linking them together. Common network types include personal area networks spanning 10 meters, local area networks within an office or building, and wide area networks across multiple cities. Devices like network interface cards, hubs, bridges, routers, and gateways are used to connect computers to networks and other networks using different standards. Networks can have bus, ring, star, mesh, or tree topologies.
This document provides an overview of data communications and computer networks. It defines key concepts like data communication, the basic elements of a communication system including message, sender, receiver, medium and protocol. It also describes different communication modes, types of computer networks including LAN, MAN and WAN, common network topologies like bus, ring and star, and several communication protocols used in computer networks such as Ethernet, Token Ring, TCP/IP and WAP.
This document provides an overview of data communication and computer networks. It defines data communication as the transfer of data between devices via transmission mediums. It describes the basic components of communication including messages, senders, receivers, mediums, and protocols. The document also discusses network topologies like star, bus, ring and hybrid configurations. It categorizes networks into local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs). Finally, it defines internetworks as two or more connected networks, with the largest example being the Internet.
Data communication and network Chapter -1Zafar Ayub
This document discusses data communication and networks. It defines data communication as the electronic transmission of digitally encoded information between networks via a medium. A network is defined as hardware, software, and protocols that allow sharing of resources and information according to set rules. The document also defines several key terms related to data communication and networks such as data, resources, channels, protocols, encryption, network hardware and software, senders, and receivers. It describes methods of data transmission including serial and parallel transmission.
Overview of data communication and networkingSisir Ghosh
The document provides an overview of data communication and computer networks. It discusses the key components of data communication including senders, receivers, transmission media, messages, and protocols. It then describes different types of network connections and topologies including point-to-point, multipoint, bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid networks. Finally, it discusses network classification based on scale, including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). The document also covers protocols, standards, and reference models like OSI and TCP/IP.
Latest technologies used to transfer data using internetSaqlain Memon
this are the latest technologies used to transfer data in internet using this you can transfer data very easily be smart on the internet be protective in india for more information log in to saqlainmemon776@gmail.com find interesting things on this
This document provides an introduction to data communication and networking. It discusses analog and digital data, data communication, data flow including simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex, and modems. It also covers local area networks, metropolitan area networks, wide area networks, network topologies including linear bus, star, tree and others. Finally, it discusses the OSI model and considerations for data communication networks including performance, consistency, reliability and recovery.
Computer Networks for Computer Science Studentrprajat007
This document provides information about data communication systems and their components. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Data communication systems allow exchange of data between devices via transmission mediums like wires. Effective systems ensure delivery of data to the correct destination, accuracy of the data, timely delivery, and minimal jitter or packet arrival variation. The core components of data communication systems include messages, senders and receivers, transmission mediums, protocols that establish communication rules, and various transmission modes like simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex.
This document provides an overview of data communication systems and their key components and concepts. It discusses the basic components of a data communication system including messages, senders, receivers, transmission medium, and protocols. It then describes various concepts such as line configuration (point-to-point and multipoint), network topologies (bus, star, ring, mesh), transmission modes (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex), and modems. The document focuses on explaining these fundamental building blocks and concepts to understand how data is transmitted between devices.
This document provides an introduction to data communications and networks. It discusses key topics such as data representation, data flow, characteristics of data communication like delivery and accuracy. It describes different network types including LAN, WAN, MAN. Network topologies like star, bus, ring and hybrid are explained. Protocols define rules for communication regarding what, how and when to communicate. Standards are agreed upon rules and are developed by standards organizations.
The document discusses different types of physical addresses and transmission media. It defines physical address as the location of a memory cell or a computer's MAC address. It also defines logical/virtual addresses that software uses to access memory via memory management unit translation. For transmission media, it distinguishes between guided wired media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber, which transmit data along a defined path, versus unguided wireless media.
This document provides an overview of computer networks, including definitions of common network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), protocols (TCP, IP), internet components, connection types, cabling technologies (coaxial, Ethernet, fiber optic), and wireless standards (Bluetooth, infrared, Wi-Fi). It describes the basic needs for networking like sharing hardware/software and centralized administration. It also outlines common network topologies like star, bus, and ring configurations and the key characteristics of each.
Cn 04,32,36-Cn all chapters1- computer networks- gtuJay Patel
This document discusses computer network protocols and layered architectures. It explains that networks are designed with layered protocols to handle complexity. There are typically 5 layers, with each layer building on the one below it. Layers communicate with their peer layers on other nodes using protocols. Data passes through each layer, with each layer adding header information. This allows for standard interfaces between layers and symmetry of functions across nodes. The layered approach reduces design complexity and guides network implementation.
Here are the answers to the class exercise:
1. List 5 ISP organization
- Telekom Malaysia
- Maxis
- Celcom
- Digi
- Umobile
2. List 5 criteria to choose internet access technology
- Availability
- Cost
- Access device used
- Media used
- Speed of connection
3. List 6 types of ISP
- Dial-up
- Cell modem
- Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
- Cable modem
- Leased lines
- Satellite
4. What common uses to test forwarding packets across the internet
- Ping utility
- Traceroute utility
5. Give 2 ISP with their
This document provides an overview of data communication and networks. It defines what a network is and discusses the need for networking. It also covers transmission media, common network topologies, network devices, IP addressing, servers, and how data travels between networked computers. The key topics presented include defining networks as connected computers that allow resource sharing and fast communication, describing common transmission media like cables and wireless signals, outlining network topologies like star, bus and ring configurations, and explaining how IP addresses and servers help manage data transmission between systems on a network.
Data communication and network Chapter - 2Zafar Ayub
The document discusses network protocols and Ethernet. It provides details on:
- Common network protocols include Ethernet, LocalTalk, Token Ring, FDDI, and ATM. Ethernet is the most widely used protocol.
- Ethernet uses CSMA/CD access method where nodes listen before transmitting and can detect collisions. It operates at speeds of 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, and 10 Gbps.
- Ethernet standards include IEEE 802.3 for 10BASE-T, 802.3u for 100BASE-TX, 802.3z for 1000BASE-T, and 802.3ae for 10 Gbps.
CND_22634_UNIT1_MSBTE_Computer network and Data CommunicationPranoti Doke
1.1 Data communication and its
characteristics
1.2 Components of data communication Transmitter, Receiver, Medium, Message, Protocol. Standards, Standard organizations. Basic block diagram of data communication system
1.3 Data Transmission: Serial, Parallel Synchronous, Asynchronous, Isochronous transmission
1.4 Transmission characteristics: Signaling rate, data rate, bit rate, baud rate
1.5 feed of computer networks, Network criteria, advantages of networking
1.6 Network topologies: Mesh, Star, Bus, Tree, Ring and Hybrid topologies - Schematic diagram, working, ad viint‹i disadvantages and applications
1.7 Network Classification:
Based on Transmission Technology
Point to-point, Multipoint, Broadcast
Based on physical size(scale):
PAN, BAN, LAN, MAN, WAN,VPN
based on Architecture: Peer to Peer, client Server, off a esC ent Se er over Peer-to-Peer Model.
WM Dergi 10. sayısında siz değerli okuyucularımızı dopdolu bir içerik bekliyor.Bu ay, TeknoSeyir projesi Yayın Yönetmeni; Murat Gamsız ve İçerik Yöneticisi; Levent Pekcan ile gerçekleştirdiğimiz, zevkle okuyacağınızı düşündüğümüz bir röportaj sizleri bekliyor. Online yayıncılık ve medya sektöründe yılların tecrübesine sahip konuklarımızın, sektöre dair önemli değerlendirmeleri bulunuyor.
The Digital TrendCatcher Guide has been designed to help you better understand and plan for the changing opportunities and challenges of doing business in the Digital Age.
Visit http://digitaltrendcatchers.com to get extra info about smarter strategies, tactics and tools you can use in your business
This document is a special report from Troy Media about Alberta's information and communications technology (ICT) sector. It provides an overview of several topics:
- Innovation is key to fully utilizing ICT infrastructure and meeting challenges in the sector. Focusing on business processes rather than just technology is important.
- Alberta's technology sector does not see the oil industry as competition and instead seeks to work with energy companies to apply ICT solutions.
- Over 54,000 Albertans are employed in the technology industry in roles ranging from software development to technical support. ICT is an important economic driver for the province.
El documento resume la importante contribución de la Iglesia Católica y figuras religiosas al desarrollo de la ciencia y la educación a lo largo de la historia. Se destaca el papel de monjes, sacerdotes y teólogos en la preservación y propagación del conocimiento antiguo, así como innovaciones en áreas como la agricultura, la medicina, la música, las matemáticas y la astronomía. También se mencionan las primeras universidades y el impulso dado a la educación por figuras como Alcuino, Rabano M
Este documento apresenta o programa da disciplina de Técnicas de Vendas do 12o ano do Curso Tecnológico de Marketing. O programa é estruturado em 3 módulos principais: 1) Negociação, focando-se em conseguir acordos e desenvolver relacionamentos; 2) Conhecer clientes, dominar produtos e identificar oportunidades; 3) Autoavaliação e identificação de erros comuns nas vendas e suas soluções. O programa fornece objetivos, conteúdos, metodologias e recursos para o
This document discusses excise duty in India. It defines excise duty as a tax on goods produced or manufactured in India and intended for home consumption. Excise duty is an indirect tax charged on manufacturers and passed on to consumers. The key points covered are:
- Types of excise duties including basic excise duty, special excise duty, and education cess
- Eligibility and conditions for goods to be subject to excise duty
- Definition of an excisable good and manufacturer
- Methods of valuing excisable goods for duty assessment
- CENVAT credit scheme allowing manufacturers to claim credit for duty paid on inputs
- Registration requirements for manufacturers of excisable goods
Este documento es el capítulo 1 del libro "Historia de la sexualidad I: La voluntad de saber" de Michel Foucault. En este capítulo, Foucault argumenta que la idea de que la sexualidad ha sido reprimida en las sociedades modernas es demasiado simplista. Afirma que hablar de la represión sexual tiene beneficios retóricos pero también plantea problemas y riesgos al ignorar la complejidad de las relaciones entre sexo y poder.
This document discusses tracking and measuring social media marketing campaigns. It provides an overview of objectives like reach, engagement, and conversions. Reach objectives aim to boost awareness and followers. Engagement objectives generate interactions with content. Conversion objectives drive traffic and leads. Both free and paid tools are outlined for metrics, monitoring, and influence tracking. Key steps include setting goals, planning measurable objectives, choosing platforms, monitoring, and optimizing.
Britannia Industries Limited is an Indian food products corporation based in Kolkata, India that sells Britannia and Tiger brand biscuits throughout India. It was established in 1892 and has grown to have an estimated 38% market share in India. The company's principal activities are manufacturing and selling biscuits, bread, rusk, cakes, and dairy products. Britannia has faced legal battles with former joint venture partner Groupe Danone but continues to grow its market share and product portfolio.
The document discusses the European Action Plan for Strengthening Public Health and outlines the objectives of the EPHO 4 Working Group. The Working Group aims to promote health and well-being through lifestyle changes, education, health services, and partnerships. It will develop a roadmap from 2013-2020 to implement relevant actions from the European Action Plan, including preparing tools from 2014-2015, providing training and capacity building from 2016-2020, and working with WHO. The overall goal is to strengthen public health services through a coordinated, integrated approach.
Firman had a great holiday last week in Pulau Putri with his family. They spent the holiday from Friday till Sunday. Firman enjoyed several outdoor activities, including water skiing, wind surfing, and scuba diving, which was his favorite. He did water skiing almost every day during the holiday.
Trainer of Trainers provides professional training for enterprises. The organization aims to develop strategic planning through methodology workshops. The document outlines the founder's journey from teaching elementary school to starting this training company after meeting Lucia Cadena, who inspired them to focus on professional development.
The document discusses Israel's ongoing policy of forcing Palestinians out of Jerusalem through demolitions of homes and historic sites, revocation of IDs, and other means. It also discusses activists in Britain challenging proposed changes to universal jurisdiction laws that could protect Israeli politicians accused of war crimes. Finally, it provides other news updates on issues like Israel being forced to stop mining in the West Bank, torture of Palestinian prisoners, and the failure of peace talks due to resumed Israeli settlement construction.
This document provides an overview of computer networks, including definitions, history, purposes, types, and how networks have changed the world. It defines a computer network as a collection of interconnected devices that allow sharing of resources and information. Networks originated in the late 1950s and were developed by the military and for airline reservations. There are three main types of networks based on organization (peer-to-peer and server-based), geography (LAN, WAN, MAN), and computing model (centralized and client-server). Networks now connect computers worldwide, allowing fast transmission of documents and information.
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to the internet. It discusses internet infrastructure including autonomous systems, points of presence, and peering points. It also covers common internet access methods like dial-up, DSL, cable, and T1/DS1. Internet service providers are defined and their role in connecting users to the internet is explained. Uniform resource locators and how web browsers work to access URLs is summarized. The differences between internet, intranet and extranet are briefly outlined.
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to the internet:
- It describes internet infrastructure including autonomous systems, points of presence, and peering points. Common access methods include dial-up, DSL, cable, and T1 lines.
- Internet service providers (ISPs) provide physical connections and address space to access the internet. Uniform resource locators (URLs) specify addresses for internet resources.
- The differences between internet, intranet, and extranet are defined in terms of private vs public access to network resources.
The document discusses computer internet and how to access it. It explains that an internet connection requires an internet service provider (ISP), a modem, a web browser, and an email program. It describes how dial-up and broadband modems work and some popular web browsers and email clients. It also covers topics like switching ISPs, registering a domain name, and using an alternate email provider when changing internet access.
A computer network connects two or more computers allowing people to share files, printers, and other resources. The basic components of a network include computers, network interface cards, connection medium like wires or cables, and network operating system software. There are different types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a building, wide area networks (WANs) connecting multiple LANs over long distances, and metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model describes how network components work together in layers to enable communication. Ethernet is a common physical layer technology used to set up LANs.
This document provides an overview of basic computer networking concepts. It defines what a computer network is and describes different types of networks like local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). It also discusses the client-server and peer-to-peer models, and explains key networking components like routers, switches, servers, clients, and protocols. Additionally, it covers wireless networking, intranets, extranets, and the internet as well as their various uses and advantages.
This presentation is about:
Uses of Networking.
Various types of networking.
Applications used for networking.
Methods of network security.
Methods of communication -2G,3G,4G,Fiber Optics
Transmission Media.
Various types of protocols.
Cloud Computing
Protection against Viruses.
This document is a project report on computer networking submitted by Manas Chatterjee to the Advanced Regional Telecom Training Center. It includes a certificate verifying Manas completed the project under the guidance of R.K. Ram. The report covers topics such as types of networks, networking models, IP addressing, and basic networking components and concepts.
The document provides an introduction to the Internet, describing its origins from ARPANET and how it functions as a network of interconnected computer networks that allows users to access data remotely. It discusses that the Internet relies on protocols like TCP/IP to allow different systems to communicate and that no single organization owns or governs the Internet, with responsibilities divided among groups that set standards, discuss technical issues, and provide registration services. It also outlines some basic requirements to connect to the Internet like a modem, ISP, and special programs to control communication of data over hardware components.
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A computer network connects computers that communicate over transmission lines. There are three main types of networks: local area networks (LANs) that connect computers in a single location, wide area networks (WANs) that connect computers across different geographic sites, and the Internet which is a global network of networks. LANs connect computers within half a mile using switches, cables, and network interface cards. WANs connect computers at physically separate sites using technologies like leased lines, public switched networks, and virtual private networks. When choosing a network, considerations include setup, operational, and maintenance costs as well as performance factors and growth potential.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and the Internet. It defines a computer network as a collection of connected computing devices that share resources. The main advantages are sharing devices and files, communication capabilities, and centralized data backup. Challenges include high setup costs and risk of viruses or hacking. It describes common network models like client-server, and different types of networks by transmission range. The Internet is defined as a global network of networks using TCP/IP that links billions of devices worldwide. Key components that enable the Internet include backbone networks, ISPs, packet switching, and TCP and IP protocols.
E business webinternet slides world wide web / protocolsAsjadAli34
The document discusses different types of Internet connections. It describes dial-up, DSL, wireless, cable, satellite, and cellular/broadband connections. For each type, it provides details on the technology used, typical speeds, and how the connection is established between the user and Internet service provider. The document also defines several Internet protocols used for tasks like email, file transfer, and accessing web pages.
This document provides an overview of networking fundamentals. It defines a computer network and describes how networks allow users to communicate by transmitting data over connecting cables. The document then discusses key network concepts like file and print sharing, email services, directory services, and the internet. It also covers network administration, transmission types, common network types (LANs and WANs), network interface cards, IP addressing, topologies and physical components like cabling. Finally, it provides details on Ethernet and Token Ring network architectures.
Chapter 4Networks for EfficientOperations andSustainabilit.docxchristinemaritza
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 4 of a textbook on networks for efficient operations and sustainability. It discusses various topics including data networks, IP addresses, APIs, wireless networks and mobile infrastructure. Some of the main points covered include definitions of bandwidth and protocols, an overview of TCP/IP and network speeds, a comparison of 3G and 4G mobile networks, and descriptions of technologies like WiFi, WiMAX, Bluetooth and factors to consider when selecting a mobile network.
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It begins by discussing how computer networks have changed daily life through services like watching cable TV, using ATMs, emailing, and more. A network is defined as two or more connected autonomous computers. The goals of networking are sharing resources, improved communication, and reduced communication costs. Networks have senders, receivers, messages, transmission mediums, and protocols. Early networks included ARPANET and NSFNET. The internet evolved from these and allows globally connected services. Network topologies like star, bus, and types of devices like hubs, switches, and routers are also summarized.
Securing BGP: Operational Strategies and Best Practices for Network Defenders...APNIC
Md. Zobair Khan,
Network Analyst and Technical Trainer at APNIC, presented 'Securing BGP: Operational Strategies and Best Practices for Network Defenders' at the Phoenix Summit held in Dhaka, Bangladesh from 23 to 24 May 2024.
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Honeypots Unveiled: Proactive Defense Tactics for Cyber Security, Phoenix Sum...APNIC
Adli Wahid, Senior Internet Security Specialist at APNIC, delivered a presentation titled 'Honeypots Unveiled: Proactive Defense Tactics for Cyber Security' at the Phoenix Summit held in Dhaka, Bangladesh from 23 to 24 May 2024.
Integrating Physical and Cybersecurity to Lower Risks in Healthcare!Alec Kassir cozmozone
The contemporary hospital setting is witnessing a growing convergence between physical security and cybersecurity. Because of advancements in technology and the rise in cyberattacks, healthcare facilities face unique challenges.
HijackLoader Evolution: Interactive Process HollowingDonato Onofri
CrowdStrike researchers have identified a HijackLoader (aka IDAT Loader) sample that employs sophisticated evasion techniques to enhance the complexity of the threat. HijackLoader, an increasingly popular tool among adversaries for deploying additional payloads and tooling, continues to evolve as its developers experiment and enhance its capabilities.
In their analysis of a recent HijackLoader sample, CrowdStrike researchers discovered new techniques designed to increase the defense evasion capabilities of the loader. The malware developer used a standard process hollowing technique coupled with an additional trigger that was activated by the parent process writing to a pipe. This new approach, called "Interactive Process Hollowing", has the potential to make defense evasion stealthier.
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BVOC (106) OFFICE AUTOMATION AND INTERNET
UNIT -1
DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term telecommunication means communication at a distance. The word data refers to
information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the
data. Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.
COMPONENT OF COMMUNICATION
ANALOG AND DIGITAL
Data can be analog or digital. The term analog data refers to information that is continuous;
digital data refers to information that has discrete states. Analog data take on continuous
values. Digital data take on discrete values.
DATA TRANSMISSION MODES
The transmission of binary data across a link can be accomplished in either parallel or serial
mode. In parallel mode, multiple bits are sent with each clock tick. In serial mode, 1 bit is
sent with each clock tick. While there is only one way to send parallel data, there are two
subclasses of serial transmission: asynchronous, synchronous
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Parallel transmission
Serial transmission
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Asynchronous transmission
Synchronous transmission
Digital and Analog Transmission
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Bit rate is the number of bits per second. Baud rate is the number of signal elements per
second. In the analog transmission of digital data, the baud rate is less than
or equal to the bit rate.
Data Transmission Media
Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit from one device to another,
include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.
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Coaxial cable
Fiber Optic Cable
Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor. This
type of communication is often referred to as wireless communication.
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Radio waves are used for multicast communications, such as radio and television, and
paging systems
Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as cellular telephones, satellite
networks, and wireless LANs.
Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication in a closed area using
line-of-sight propagation.
Propagation methods
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Data Transmission Speed
Data transfer rate is the average number of bits (bitrate), characters or symbols (baud rate), or
blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission system. Most
commonly, measurements of data transfer rate are reported in multiples of unit bits per
second (bit/s) or occasionally in bytes per second (B/s). The data rates of modern residential
high-speed Internet connections are most commonly expressed in multiples of bits per
second, such as megabits per second (Mbit/s).
Data transfer speed on the other hand is expressed in bits. In bit rates the abbreviations are
as follows:
• 1 kbps = 1,000 bits per second
• 1 Mbps = 1,000,000 bits per second.
• 1 Gbps = 1,000,000,000 bits per second.
kbps (kilobits/sec) means thousands of bits per second
mbps or Mbps (megabits/sec) means millions of bits per second
gbps or Gbps (gigabits/sec) means billions of bits per second (where "billion"=
1,000,000,000.00")
tbps (terabits/sec) means trillions of bits per second (as in "terabit router" or "terabit
speeds")
pbps (petabits/sec) means quadrillions of bits per second.
Examples:
• "Gigabit Ethernet [1000Base-T] is capabile of speeds up to 1000 mbps (mega-bits per
second), or 1 gbps."
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LAN connecting 12 computers.
12. LEARNING MATERIAL by (
Network made of four WANs and
CLIENT AND SERVER
Client-Server: One the remote process acts as Client and requests some resource from
another application process acting as Server.
distributed application structure that partitions
resource or service, called servers, and service requesters, called
model, any process can act as Server or Client. This not the machine or size of the machine or
its computing power which makes it server but it is the feature of serving request that makes
it server. Examples of computer applications that use the client
are Email, network printing, and the
INTRANET
An intranet is a private network, accessible only to an organization's staff.
range of information and services from the organization's internal IT systems are available
that would not be available to the public from the
• Intranet is system in which multiple PCs are connected to each other.
LEARNING MATERIAL by (profsan07@gmail.com ) SANDEEP KUMAR SHARMA
Network made of four WANs and two LANs
One the remote process acts as Client and requests some resource from
another application process acting as Server. The client–server model
distributed application structure that partitions tasks or workloads between the providers of a
resource or service, called servers, and service requesters, called clients.
model, any process can act as Server or Client. This not the machine or size of the machine or
hich makes it server but it is the feature of serving request that makes
Examples of computer applications that use the client
, and the World Wide Web.
network, accessible only to an organization's staff.
range of information and services from the organization's internal IT systems are available
that would not be available to the public from the Internet.
Intranet is system in which multiple PCs are connected to each other.
12
) SANDEEP KUMAR SHARMA
One the remote process acts as Client and requests some resource from
of computing is a
tasks or workloads between the providers of a
clients. In client-server
model, any process can act as Server or Client. This not the machine or size of the machine or
hich makes it server but it is the feature of serving request that makes
Examples of computer applications that use the client–server model
network, accessible only to an organization's staff. Generally a wide
range of information and services from the organization's internal IT systems are available
Intranet is system in which multiple PCs are connected to each other.
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• PCs in intranet are not available to the world outside the intranet.
• Usually each company or organization has their own Intranet network and
members/employees of that company can access the computers in their intranet.
• Each computer in Intranet is also identified by an IP Address which is unique among
the computers in that Intranet.
Similarities in Internet and Intranet
• Intranet uses the internet protocols such as TCP/IP and FTP.
• Intranet sites are accessible via web browser in similar way as websites in internet.
But only members of Intranet network can access intranet hosted sites.
• In Intranet, own instant messengers can be used as similar to yahoo messenger/ Gtalk
over the internet.
Differences in Internet and Intranet
• Internet is general to PCs all over the world whereas Intranet is specific to few PCs.
• Internet has wider access and provides a better access to websites to large population
whereas Intranet is restricted.
• Internet is not as safe as Intranet as Intranet can be safely privatized as per the need.
INTERNET & HOW THE INTERNET WORKS
The Internet has had a profound effect on the world of computers. The Internet, as it is known
today, was born in 1983 when ARPANET was split into two interconnected networks:
ARPANET and MILNET. The size of the Internet doubled when NSFnet joined the Internet
in 1986.The Internet has proven to be a reliable means of transmitting data.
The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses,
government offices, educational institutions, and individuals. Data is transferred over the
Internet using servers, which are computers that manage network resources and provide
centralized storage areas, and clients, which are computers that can access the contents of the
storage areas. The data travels over communications lines. Each computer or device on a
communications line has a numeric address called an IP (Internet protocol) address, the text
version of which is called a domain name. Every time you specify a domain name,
a DNS (domain name system) server translates the domain name into its associated IP
address, so data can route to the correct computer.
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• hosted.
• Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.
WAYS TO ACCESS THE INTERNET
You can access the Internet through an Internet service provider, an online service provider,
or a wireless service provider. An Internet service provider (ISP) provides temporary
Internet connections to individuals and companies. An online service provider (OSP) also
supplies Internet access, in addition to a variety of special content and services. A wireless
service provider (WSP) provides wireless Internet access to users with wireless modems or
Web-enabled handheld computers or devices.
Employees and students often connect to the Internet through a business or school network
that connects to a service provider. For home or small business users, dial-up access provides
an easy and inexpensive way to connect to the Internet. With dial-up access, you use a
computer, a modem, and a regular telephone line to dial into an ISP or OSP. Some home and
small business users opt for newer, high-speed technologies. DSL (digital subscriber line)
provides high-speed connections over a regular copper telephone line. A cable
modem provides high-speed Internet connections through a cable television network.
World Wide Web
The World Wide Web is a popular segment of the Internet that contains billions of documents
called Web pages. These documents can contain text, graphics, sound, video, and built-in
connections, or links, to other Web pages stored on computers throughout the world.
• Tim Berners-Lee, CERN (Switzerland)
• First web server and client, 1990
• Established a common language for sharing information on computers
• Lots of previous attempts (Gopher, WAIS, Archie, Xanadu, etc.)
The World Wide Web is
a system of Internet servers that supportspecially formatted documents. The documents are
formatted in a markup language called HTML (HyperText Markup Language) that supports
links to other documents, as well as graphics, audio, and video files. This means you can
jump from one document to another simply by clicking on hot spots
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Domain name system (DNS)
An Internet address has four fields with numbers that are separated by periods or dots. This
type of address is known as an IP address. Rather than have the user remember long strings of
numbers, the Domain Name System (DNS) was developed to translate the numerical
addresses into words. For example, the address fcit.usf.edu is really 131.247.120.10.
Each part of a domain name contains certain information. The first field is the host name,
identifying a single computer or organization. The last field is the top-level domain,
describing the type of organization and occasionally country of origin associated with the
address.
Top-level domain names include:
.com Commercial
.edu Educational
.gov US Government
.int Organization
.mil US Military
.net Networking Providers
.org Non-profit Organization
The IP Address
The Internet Protocol moves data between hosts in the form of datagram. Each datagram is
delivered to the address contained in the Destination Address of the datagram's header. The
Destination Address is a standard 32-bit IP address that contains sufficient information to
uniquely identify a network and a specific host on that network.
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An IP address contains a network part and a host part, but the format of these parts is not the
same in every IP address. The number of address bits used to identify the network, and the
number used to identify the host, varies according to the prefix length of the address. We
begin with a discussion of traditional IP address classes.
• Less than 128, the address is class A; the first byte is the network number, and the
next three bytes are the host address.
• From 128 to 191, the address is class B; the first two bytes identify the network, and
the last two bytes identify the host.
• From 192 to 223, the address is class C; the first three bytes are the network address,
and the last byte is the host number.
• From 224 to 239, D the address is multicast. There is no network part. The entire
address identifies a specific multicast group.
• Class E Greater than 239, the address is reserved. We can ignore reserved addresses.
WEB BROWSERS
A web browser, or 'browser' for short, is computer software application that allows a person
to view the internet. The browser operates at the application layer of the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model.
Popular Web Browsers and How They Work:
The most popular web browsers that are used today are Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome,
Microsoft Internet Explorer, Apple Safari and the Opera browser. These browsers are free
and available for download and use. Web browsers allow users to view resources that are
stored on a server. For example, if you were to visit www.google.com, you are actually
viewing a file that is displayed using the web browser. This file is drafted using the hyper text
markup language or HTML for short. These files, or web pages as they're commonly known,
are pulled from the web server and then translated by the web browser for the user to view. If
you do not have a web browser and attempt to view the HTML file, you will see numerous
amounts of code lines that may not make sense to the average user. The browser will translate
those code lines that makes it easily readable for the user.
Browsers are not just good at viewing web pages, they can also be used to download and
upload files as well. Browsers can facilitate the file transfer protocol, or FTP for short. FTPs
allow users to upload or download files to web servers using a browser
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UNIT -2
ISO-OSI SEVEN LAYRED MODEL
TCP/IP (INTERNET MODEL)
Uniform Resource Locators (URL)
A URL contains information on how and where to access a document. How to access a
document is often reflected by the name of the scheme that is part of the URL, such as http,
ftp, or telnet. Where a document is located is often embedded in a URL by means of the DNS
name of the server to which an access request can be sent, although an IP address can also be
used. The number of the port on which the server will be listening for such requests is also
part of the URL; when left out, a default port is used. Finally, a URL also contains the name
of the document to be looked up by that server, leading to the general structures shown in
Fig.
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A variety of services are used widely on the Internet, including e-mail, FTP, newsgroups and
message boards, mailing lists, chat rooms, and instant messaging. E-mail (electronic mail) is
the transmission of messages and files via a computer network. You use an e-mail
program to create, send, receive, forward, store, print, and delete messages. To receive
messages, you need an e-mail address, which is a combination of a username and a domain
name that identifies a user.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is an Internet standard that allows you to upload and download
files with other computers on the Internet. FTP is a client-server protocol that relies on two
communications channels between client and server: a command channel for controlling the
conversation and a data channel for transmitting file content. Clients initiate conversations
with servers by requesting to download a file. Using FTP, a client can upload, download,
delete, and rename, move and copy files on a server. A user typically needs to log on to the
FTP server,
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An FTP server is a computer that allows you to use FTP to upload files to, and download
files from, an FTP site. With anonymous FTP, anyone can transfer some, if not all,
available files. A newsgroup is an online area in which users conduct written discussions
about a particular subject. The computer that stores and distributes newsgroup messages is
called a news server. You use a program called a newsreader to access a newsgroup, read
previously entered messages (called articles), and add (post) messages of your own
FTP (File-Transfer-Protocol) is a way for you to copy files from one computer to another
over a network such as the internet. This is usually done for copying files from your PC to a
server for publishing websites. Some people use this as a method for distributing software
from a server.
The way to connect your PC to an FTP server is to go to a command prompt and take a
known FTP address and type:
ftp someservername
example:ftp wuarchive.wustl.edu
After typing that in at a command prompt, you will be asked for a username and password.
For the example above, you can use the username: anonymous and just hit the enter-key for
the password.
TELNET
(TELecommunication NETwork) is a network protocol used on the Internet or local area
network (LAN) connections. It was developed in 1969 beginning with RFC 15 and
standardized as IETF STD 8, one of the first Internet standards.
Telnet provides access to a command-line interface on a remote host via a virtual terminal
connection which consists of an 8-bit byte oriented data connection over the Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP).
The network terminal protocol (TELNET) allows a user to log in on any other computer on
the network. We can start a remote session by specifying a computer to connect to. From that
time until we finish the session, anything we type is sent to the other computer.
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The Telnet program runs on the computer and connects your PC to a server on the network.
We can then enter commands through the Telnet program and they will be executed as if we
were entering them directly on the server console. This enables us to control the server and
communicate with other servers on the network. To start a Telnet session, we must log in to a
server by entering a valid username and password. Telnet is a common way to remotely
control Web servers.
Chat
A chat is real-time (meaning everyone involved in the chat is online at the same time) typed
conversation that takes place on a computer. A location on an Internet server that permits
users to chat is called a chat room. Some chat rooms support voice chats and video chats,
where you can hear or see others and they can hear or see you as you chat. A chat client is a
program on your computer that allows you to connect to a chat server and start a chat
session.
Instant messaging (IM) is a real-time Internet communications service that notifies you
when one or more people are online and then allows you to exchange messages or join a
private chat room.
Chat vs. IM
The terms chat and IM are sometimes used interchangeably. However, they can have
slightly different meanings:
• Chat often occurs in a virtual chat room, which can include many different
people who may or may not know each other. Many chat rooms focus on a
particular topicor interest.
• IM usually includes a list of your contacts, called a Buddy List or Friend
List, which allows you to see who is online. IM is especially suited for one-on-
one communication, but it's possible to send messages to multiple people at
once. IM is technically a kind of chat, and some IM services use the term
"chat" instead.
• Here are numerous chat and IM programs you can download,
including Skype, ICQ, AOL Instant Messenger(AIM), and Yahoo!
Messenger (all of these can also perform voice and video chat). In addition,
there are manybrowser-based services that don't require downloading. For
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example, Facebook and Gmail allow you to chat with your contacts whenever
you're signed in.
• If you have a smartphone or mobile device, it's possible to use chat or IM when
you're away from your computer. Popular mobile chat services
include IMO and eBuddy.
E-mail
Electronic mail, most commonly referred to as email, E-mail since around 1993, is a method
of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Email operates
across the Internet or other computer networks. Today’s email systems are based on a store-
and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the
users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need connect only
briefly, typically to a mail server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages.
An Internet email message consists of three components, the message envelope, the message
header, and the message body. The message header contains control information, including,
minimally, an originator's email address and one or more recipient addresses. Usually
descriptive information is also added, such as a subject header field and a message
submission date/time stamp.
1- Transfer of textual messages, through which documents from any program can be sent,
except the executive programs (extension: .exe)
2-structure of the e-mail address: user name, @ symbol and a domain name (name of the
computer on the Internet where mail will be delivered to the recipient),
for example- ivana.majic@gmail.com, c3po@vip.hr
3-e-mail advantages: fast (instant) delivery, low cost, flexibility of using mail account on
websites.
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol).
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a technology that allows you to make voice calls using
a broadband Internet connection instead of a regular (or analog) phone line. Some VoIP
services may only allow you to call other people using the same service, but others may allow
you to call anyone who has a telephone number - including local, long distance, mobile, and
international numbers. VoIP services convert your voice into a digital signal that travels over
the Internet.
If you are calling a regular phone number, the signal is converted to a regular telephone
signal before it reaches the destination. VoIP can allow you to make a call directly from a
computer, a special VoIP phone, or a traditional phone connected to a special adapter.
Voice over Internet Protocol is a category of hardware and software that enables people to
use the Internet as the transmission medium for telephone calls by sending voice data in
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packets using IP . VoIP includes:
call.
VoIP can turn a standard Internet connection into a way to place
practical upshot of this is that by using some of the free VoIP
make Internet phone calls, you're bypassing the phone com
example are TINGO,VIBER,SKYPE etc.
The interesting thing about VoIP is that there is not just one way to place a call. There are
three different "flavors" of VoIP service in common use today:
• ATA -- The simplest and most common way is through the use of a device called an ATA
(analog telephone adaptor).
• IP Phones -- These specialized phones look just like normal phones with a handset,
and buttons. Wi-Fi phones allow subscribing callers to make VoIP calls from any
spot.
• Computer-to-computer -- This is certainly the easiest way to use VoIP
ISP (Internet Service Provider
An ISP, or Internet Service Provider
and businesses for a monthly or yearly fee. In addition to internet connection, ISPs may also
provide related services like web site hosting and development, email hosting, domain name
registration etc. Different ISPs, and sometimes even the same one, offer different types of
internet connections - dialup, cable and DSL broadband. Hardware such as dialup modem or
a wireless modem and router are usually provided by the company. When you register with
an ISP for its services, an account is created and you are provided with the login details
username and password. You connect to the internet via your account and this way the
company keeps a watch on your online activities.
Short for Internet Service Provider,
including personal and business access to the Internet. For a monthly fee, the service provider
usually provides a software package, username, password and access phone number.
Equipped with a modem, you can then log on to the Internet and browse the World Wide
Web and USENET, and send and receive e
the broadband modem hardware or pay a monthly fee for this equipment that is added to your
ISP account billing.
LEARNING MATERIAL by (profsan07@gmail.com ) SANDEEP KUMAR SHARMA
. VoIP includes: Caller ID, Call waiting, Call transfer, Repeat
VoIP can turn a standard Internet connection into a way to place free phone calls
practical upshot of this is that by using some of the free VoIP software that is available to
make Internet phone calls, you're bypassing the phone company (and its charges) entirely.
example are TINGO,VIBER,SKYPE etc.
The interesting thing about VoIP is that there is not just one way to place a call. There are
ifferent "flavors" of VoIP service in common use today:
The simplest and most common way is through the use of a device called an ATA
These specialized phones look just like normal phones with a handset,
allow subscribing callers to make VoIP calls from any
This is certainly the easiest way to use VoIP.
Internet Service Provider)
Internet Service Provider, is a company that offers internet access to individuals
and businesses for a monthly or yearly fee. In addition to internet connection, ISPs may also
provide related services like web site hosting and development, email hosting, domain name
fferent ISPs, and sometimes even the same one, offer different types of
dialup, cable and DSL broadband. Hardware such as dialup modem or
a wireless modem and router are usually provided by the company. When you register with
for its services, an account is created and you are provided with the login details
username and password. You connect to the internet via your account and this way the
company keeps a watch on your online activities.
Short for Internet Service Provider, it refers to a company that provides Internet services,
including personal and business access to the Internet. For a monthly fee, the service provider
usually provides a software package, username, password and access phone number.
you can then log on to the Internet and browse the World Wide
Web and USENET, and send and receive e-mail. For broadband access you typically receive
the broadband modem hardware or pay a monthly fee for this equipment that is added to your
22
) SANDEEP KUMAR SHARMA
transfer, Repeat dial, Return
free phone calls. The
software that is available to
pany (and its charges) entirely.
The interesting thing about VoIP is that there is not just one way to place a call. There are
The simplest and most common way is through the use of a device called an ATA
These specialized phones look just like normal phones with a handset, cradle
allow subscribing callers to make VoIP calls from any Wi-Fi hot
company that offers internet access to individuals
and businesses for a monthly or yearly fee. In addition to internet connection, ISPs may also
provide related services like web site hosting and development, email hosting, domain name
fferent ISPs, and sometimes even the same one, offer different types of
dialup, cable and DSL broadband. Hardware such as dialup modem or
a wireless modem and router are usually provided by the company. When you register with
for its services, an account is created and you are provided with the login details –
username and password. You connect to the internet via your account and this way the
it refers to a company that provides Internet services,
including personal and business access to the Internet. For a monthly fee, the service provider
usually provides a software package, username, password and access phone number.
you can then log on to the Internet and browse the World Wide
mail. For broadband access you typically receive
the broadband modem hardware or pay a monthly fee for this equipment that is added to your
23. 23
LEARNING MATERIAL by (profsan07@gmail.com ) SANDEEP KUMAR SHARMA
FOR EXMPLE ISP : Access Smart,Tata Communications,Bharti Airtel,Bharat Sanchar
Nigam,Reliance Communications,Vodafone
Live Telecast on Internet
It is the telecast of a live event, with video and audio. Some people use the term live telecast
because it looks so much like television and in fact it is very similar. For a live telecast we
use one, two or multiple cameras to telecast a live event. This event may be a meeting,
speech, talk show, and company event, analyst event fashion show the list goes on and on. If
we were broadcasting this on TV it would look exactly the same, but a live telecast is now
broadcast on the web.
As internet broadcasting continues to grow more and more internet broadcasters are
interested in broadcasting their content live. Broadcasting live allows you to connect with
your viewership in real time, along with creating a live interactive community that is based
around your show.
Ustream is a live streaming service that allows you to simply broadcast to the world via a
webcam or streaming software like Wire cast or Vidblaster.
Bambuser is an interactive live video broadcasting service, for streaming live video from
mobile phones and webcams to the internet.
With Google Hangouts on air you can broadcast live to your YouTube page, have up to 10
guests and use plug-in to allow you to add lower thirds and control the camera switching.
Justin.tv allows anyone to broadcast video online. Justin.tv user accounts are called
"channels", and users are encouraged to broadcast a wide variety of content.