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1. BUSINESS ANALYTICS
PROJECT EXAMPLE
MODELLING AND DATA
ANALYSIS IN BUSINESS

2. In modern business conditions, information is the foundation of successful
business. Timely and quality information enables managers to make valid
decisions. In the last decades, information has become the equal sixth
organizational resource along with five traditional, human, financial, material,
managerial and technological. The importance of information continues to
grow, its importance is growing in uncertain terms of the business environment.
By timely gathering, organizing and managing information and data, managers
create the basis for making legitimate decisions and thus ensure survival in a
turbulent environment. Contemporary organizations therefore express the need
for an information system that will enable the collection, organization, modeling
and analysis of data in the creation of timely relevant complete and accurate
information.
In a technical sense, data organization is defined as a physical and spatial
distribution of data in memory that can be sequential, index-sequential and
direct. Data organization is a process by which data and information system
information is brought to a certain order in order to be able to process (better),
find, accept, memorize, update, disseminate and present to the appropriate
users. Basic forms of organization data are files and databases. Data is a
formalized sign of facts, terms and commands, suitable for communication,
interpretation and analog or digital processing. Data can be any form in which
an event, observation, or fact is physically recorded, a form that can convey
information. From the point of view of computer data processing, there is a set
of characters that present the information and can be processed or produced by
a computer. Data can be presented in the form of values, numbers, symbols or
symbols that represent the information, and are lowered according to the given
rules. The entity is the object of observation that is collected, sorted, stored and
processed, in one word, organize the data to extract information from them.
Entities are usually presented in the form of a table (e.g. a table of companies,
employees, goods). Entities have a variety of attributes, interesting to us, both
for observation and for use (for example, an enterprise may have the following
characteristics: code, name, address, activity, revenue, expense, balance etc.). A
file is an organized data set that is processed as a whole. In a technical sense, the
file is a set of interconnected records in the computer memory (or any data
storage medium). Files are shared between executable files, configuration files,
system files, and data files.
BUSINESS ANALYTICS PROJECT EXAMPLE

3. A data set is also used for the data file and data bank. The file consists of a large
number of slogans of the same type, logically linked to a particular criterion. For
example, the term employee may represent a file of records describing the
characteristics of the entity of an employee of an enterprise. File dimensions
determine the number of tracks in it. A record of data is a set of adjacent data
that is processed as a whole and is a constituent element of a file. The synonyms
for the data slog are the record and the data block. From the entities' point of
view, data records are records of an entity, which, by the content of individual
items, determines the characteristics and contains the values of an entity's
characteristics. For example, in the table that represents the enterprise entity,
each company is represented by one record, which consists of a field. The
attribute is a description of the entity that serves to determine, identify, classify,
quantify, or express the entity status (table).
The field is the smallest unit that operates in the database and most often
denotes the form in which the entered data is entered or stored. The field is
limited by the number of placemarks, and the field type is determined by the
type of characters that will be stored there (for example, "integers" for letter
numbers, characters for letters, and character sequences). The field represents
the section of a certain column (s) and the line (s) in the table. For example, in the
company table, the feature cross section and the code of the enterprise code
define the field in which the value of the attributes is entered. A database is a set
of configured, logically linked records, or files that contain tracks with
interconnected data, and users can use them for different purposes. The
database is based on an organized set of data stored in a computer that can be
automatically searched. The database also contains auxiliary files, among which
the most important files with indexes (keys) that automate maintenance and
search. The database is conceived as a collection of records, in a computer
stored in a systematic manner, so that a computer program can be contacted
when answering the problem. Each record for better return and sorting is
usually recognized as a set of elements (facts) of data. Cases returned in response
to questionnaires become information that can be used to make decisions that
would otherwise be much more difficult or impossible to create. The computer
program used to manage and examine the database is called - the database
management system (SUBP). Database system properties and design are
included in the study of information science.
BUSINESS ANALYTICS PROJECT EXAMPLE

4. In the roughest lines, the database represents a set of files, organized so as to be
uniform (unified) with respect to the structure, and associated so as to include
minimal redundancy of data and allow users access to data with minimal
restrictions. Thus, the concept of database evolves from the data file concept, i.e.
represents its upgrading. Uniformity of the database structure is achieved by
applying a harmonized (compatible) data model, which is used to structure the
files that make up the database. From the point of view of three basic types of
logic data models, it is possible to develop three basic database types: 1)
hierarchical databases, 2) network databases and 3) relational databases. Mostly
use relational databases today. There are software for creating, maintaining, and
using databases, and most commonly used databases are Access (with a version
of Windows operating system), Dbase 3+ and Clipper (for older computers using
MS DOS) and some more.
The data model is a symbolic representation of logical, temporal-logical and
hierarchical relationships between people, things and events in some system, as
expressed by their manifestations. Data modeling is the process of creating a
specific data model and is performed during the process of information system
development. The data model is an abstract data representation. It describes
data sets and their mutual connections. It is a structured set of information that
describes the state of the object system, that is, its information system. Data
modeling is a process that begins by identifying and analyzing user information
requests, and completes by building a stable but adaptable database. Depending
on the needs that occur in each stage of the information system development,
there are three types of data model differentiated: 1) conceptual data models
reflect the way in which future information system users understand events in
the system, and then data that arise from such events. 2) logical data models are
created and used by IT specialists (designers) as the basis for the design and
development of information systems. 3) physical data models represent the way
the machine (electronic computer) "sees" data stored in its memory. When
modeling data in an information system, it is necessary to establish business
system objects, to define the attributes whose values are to be noted, and to
establish the interconnection of objects. The description of objects, their
attributes and relationships is referred to as the conceptual description of the
data. In accordance with the conceptual description, the distribution of data in
files or tables should be determined.
BUSINESS ANALYTICS PROJECT EXAMPLE

5. The description of such a layout is called a logical description of the data. The
final step is to determine where the data will be on the physical medium and
how to access them. Such a description is called a physical description of the
data.
REFERENCES
Blaha, M. R., & Premerlani, W. (1998). Object-Oriented Modeling and Design for
Database Applications, USA: Prentice Hall.
Cohen, L., & Holliday, M. (1996). Practical Statistics for Students: An Introductory
Text. London: SAGE
Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. Los Angeles: SAGE.
BUSINESS ANALYTICS PROJECT EXAMPLE