Building bye-laws establish rules and regulations for building construction to ensure safety, orderliness, and efficient use of space. They specify requirements for plot and building size, floor area ratios, open spaces, height limits, and more. Bye-laws help ensure proper light, ventilation, drainage, and fire safety. They are applicable to new construction as well as renovations and require compliance for development approvals.
Building bye-laws serve as essential legal instruments employed to govern and...sruthigoud6
uilding bye-laws, also known as building codes or regulations, are a set of rules and guidelines established by local, regional, or national authorities to govern the construction, renovation, and maintenance of buildings. These bye-laws are essential for ensuring the safety, structural integrity, and functionality of structures and promoting the well-being of occupants and the environment. However, the specifics of building bye-laws can vary significantly from one jurisdiction to another, reflecting local conditions, cultural preferences, and technological advancements.
Building bye-laws serve as essential legal instruments employed to govern and control various aspects of construction, including parameters such as building coverage, height, the extent of construction, and architectural designs. These regulations play a crucial role in steering and managing the development of a region in an organised and sustainable manner.
In addition to these primary functions, building bye-laws encompass a broader set of responsibilities, such as promoting safety, ensuring adherence to environmental standards, facilitating urban planning, and harmonising with the cultural and historical context of the area. These multifaceted regulations thus serve as a cornerstone in the responsible and well-balanced growth of a locality.
The various aspects of Building Bye-laws are:
Set-back or Building Line: Building bye-laws dictate the minimum open space required in front of buildings facing a road, known as the set-back or building line. This regulation aims to maintain street aesthetics, prevent overcrowding, and enhance safety by improving visibility. Set-back areas can also be repurposed as parking spaces or green areas.
Floor Space Index (FAR) or Floor Area Ratio: FAR, expressed as the ratio of a building's total floor area to the land area it occupies, is used to control the intensity of development. It's a tool for regulating population density. For instance, a FAR of 1.5 means the total floor area is 1.5 times the land area.
Built-up Area: The built-up area is the plot area minus the space allocated for open areas. Building codes specify the maximum permissible built-up area based on the plot size to prevent overdevelopment.
Size of Rooms: Building bye-laws stipulate minimum room sizes to ensure adequate space for health and proper ventilation. Different types of rooms have specific size requirements, promoting comfortable living conditions.
Height of Buildings: The height of buildings is determined based on street width, to maintain urban aesthetics and safety. Narrower streets have lower height allowances.
Lighting and Ventilation: Building codes mandate the provision of windows and ventilators to ensure sufficient room lighting and ventilation. The minimum opening areas are stipulated for different climate conditions.
Water Supply and Sanitary Provisions: Building codes set standards for water supply and sanitation facilities, such as taps, sinks, water
Building bye-laws serve as essential legal instruments employed to govern and...sruthigoud6
uilding bye-laws, also known as building codes or regulations, are a set of rules and guidelines established by local, regional, or national authorities to govern the construction, renovation, and maintenance of buildings. These bye-laws are essential for ensuring the safety, structural integrity, and functionality of structures and promoting the well-being of occupants and the environment. However, the specifics of building bye-laws can vary significantly from one jurisdiction to another, reflecting local conditions, cultural preferences, and technological advancements.
Building bye-laws serve as essential legal instruments employed to govern and control various aspects of construction, including parameters such as building coverage, height, the extent of construction, and architectural designs. These regulations play a crucial role in steering and managing the development of a region in an organised and sustainable manner.
In addition to these primary functions, building bye-laws encompass a broader set of responsibilities, such as promoting safety, ensuring adherence to environmental standards, facilitating urban planning, and harmonising with the cultural and historical context of the area. These multifaceted regulations thus serve as a cornerstone in the responsible and well-balanced growth of a locality.
The various aspects of Building Bye-laws are:
Set-back or Building Line: Building bye-laws dictate the minimum open space required in front of buildings facing a road, known as the set-back or building line. This regulation aims to maintain street aesthetics, prevent overcrowding, and enhance safety by improving visibility. Set-back areas can also be repurposed as parking spaces or green areas.
Floor Space Index (FAR) or Floor Area Ratio: FAR, expressed as the ratio of a building's total floor area to the land area it occupies, is used to control the intensity of development. It's a tool for regulating population density. For instance, a FAR of 1.5 means the total floor area is 1.5 times the land area.
Built-up Area: The built-up area is the plot area minus the space allocated for open areas. Building codes specify the maximum permissible built-up area based on the plot size to prevent overdevelopment.
Size of Rooms: Building bye-laws stipulate minimum room sizes to ensure adequate space for health and proper ventilation. Different types of rooms have specific size requirements, promoting comfortable living conditions.
Height of Buildings: The height of buildings is determined based on street width, to maintain urban aesthetics and safety. Narrower streets have lower height allowances.
Lighting and Ventilation: Building codes mandate the provision of windows and ventilators to ensure sufficient room lighting and ventilation. The minimum opening areas are stipulated for different climate conditions.
Water Supply and Sanitary Provisions: Building codes set standards for water supply and sanitation facilities, such as taps, sinks, water
Major kind of byelaws according to the project are listed. 1. General Building Byelaws 2. Residential Building Byelaws 3. Commercial Building Byelaws 4. Industrial Building Byelaws
Introduction
Types
Building Rules & Regulations
Orientation
External Circulation
External Elements
Grouping
Internal Circulation
Space Analysis
Building Services
LIBRARY STUDY OF GROUP HOUSING BY 3RD YEAR STUDENTS OF BACHELORS OF ARCHITECTURE - INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AFFILIATED WITH I.K. GUJRAL PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY.
General Requirments Of Fire Resisting Building.pptxAfroz Saiyad
A fire-resistant building is one that is designed and constructed to withstand the effects of fire and prevent its spread. It incorporates various fire-resistant materials, systems, and features to ensure the safety of occupants and minimize damage in the event of a fire. Some specific requirements for fire resistance in buildings are include in this presentation.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Major kind of byelaws according to the project are listed. 1. General Building Byelaws 2. Residential Building Byelaws 3. Commercial Building Byelaws 4. Industrial Building Byelaws
Introduction
Types
Building Rules & Regulations
Orientation
External Circulation
External Elements
Grouping
Internal Circulation
Space Analysis
Building Services
LIBRARY STUDY OF GROUP HOUSING BY 3RD YEAR STUDENTS OF BACHELORS OF ARCHITECTURE - INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AFFILIATED WITH I.K. GUJRAL PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY.
General Requirments Of Fire Resisting Building.pptxAfroz Saiyad
A fire-resistant building is one that is designed and constructed to withstand the effects of fire and prevent its spread. It incorporates various fire-resistant materials, systems, and features to ensure the safety of occupants and minimize damage in the event of a fire. Some specific requirements for fire resistance in buildings are include in this presentation.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
3. What is building by laws?
• The rules and regulation framed by town planning authorities
covering the requirements of building, ensuring safety of the public
through open spaces, minimum size of rooms and height and area
limitation, are known as building bye-laws.
• Rules and regulations which largely regulate the building activity
should be formulated to get disciplined growth of building and the
better planned development of towns and cities.
4. Objective of building bye-laws
• pre-planning of building activity.
• allow orderly growth and prevent haphazard development.
• Provisions of by-laws usually afford safety against fire, noise, health
hazard and structure failure.
• Provide proper utilization of space to achieved maximum efficiency in
planning.
• They provide health, safety and comfort to the people who live in
building.
• Due to these bye-laws, each building will have proper approaches,
light, air and ventilation.
5. Scope of building bye-laws
• Aspects of different type of building in building bye-laws:
1. Building frontage line
2. Minimum plot size
3. Built up area of building
4. Height of building
5. Provision of safety, water supply, drainage, proper light and
ventilation
6. Requirement for off street parking space
7. Size of structural element
6. Applicability of building bye-laws
• New construction
• Additional and alternations to a building
• Changing of occupancy of building (residential education etc.)
• Development of land is undertaken
• In demolition
7. Different types of area
• Built up area
• Plinth area
• Floor area
• Carpet area
• Super built up area
8. Built up area
• “The area covered by the building immediately above the plinth level”
• It is also known as covered area.
Details to be included Details not to be included
Basement Steps
Building Structure Otta
Ramps Kundi
Swimming pool Soak pit
Reservoir Fountain
Chimney Manhole
Water purification plant Water tank
9. Plinth area
• Means the built-up covered area measured at the floor level of the
basement or of any storey.
Area to be included in plinth area Area not to be included in plinth area
Area of walls at floor level excluding
plinth offset, external area of projecting
cladding.
Additional floor to accommodate seats in
theatre, assembly hall, or auditorium
Cover of stair Balcony
Barsati Curvature provided to improve
appearance
Machine room Platform without cover terrace above
floor
Porch without cantilever Dome, tower at terrace, spiral stairs
10.
11. Carpet area
• “it is net usable area within building”.
• Means the net area within a unit of a building excluding walls or
columns, service areas such as washrooms, kitchen and pantry, semi-
open spaces such as veranda or balcony, and corridors or passages.
12. Floor area
• “It is usable area on each floor”
• It including,
• Porch
• Each flat area in single floor for apartment
• Stairs
• Corridor
• door swing place
14. Permissible Set Back Distance
Width of road Permissible set back
Up to 12 m 1.5
>12 m 2.0
Road width <3 m and length < 30 m No set- back
15. Advantage of set-back
• Better condition of air, light and ventilation.
• At corners it improve visibility and safety from traffic.
• Space for parking.
• Protection of building from street nuisance like noise.
• Reduce the danger of fire from neighbor house.
• It provide privacy in building.
16. Building & control line
• The line up to which the plinth of the building adjoining a street or
road or on future street may lawfully extend is know as building line.
• Building such as cinemas, factories, commercial center which attract
large number of vehicle should be set-back distance apart from the
building line.
• The line up to which such building can be constructed is known as
control line.
17.
18.
19. Light plan
• The angle of light plan is 450 or 63.500. So the angle of 63.500 set Back
becomes necessary when the total height of the building exceeds
twice the width of road or street.
20. Floor space index
𝐹𝑆𝐼 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
Zone Permissible
FSI
Remark
Residential(scheme area) 1 Max at G.F 0.4
Residential(city area) 4 Width of road more than 12m
Residential(city area) 3 Width of road less than 12m
Industrial (scheme area) 1.5 Maximum allowed on G.F 1.0
Commercial (scheme area) 1.33 Maximum allowed on G.F 0.4
23. Principles underlying building bye-laws
• Classifying the building with unit as a family and mentioning the
requirement.
• Classify rooms according use and then specifying minimum standard of
each room with respect to size, height, floor area, ventilation and light.
• Specify height of compound wall and location of gate in wall.
• Controlling projection in marginal space.
• Insisting on suitable FSI or FAR.
• Specify suitable arrangements with respect to drainage and water supply.
• Specify set-backs, light plan and margin.
• Specify minimum size of plots, their dimension and figure.
24. Building Bye-laws For Residential Area
• Size of plots
• Area limitation
• Margin
• Height of the building
• Plinth height
• Minimum area of rooms
• Basement
• Compound wall
• Projection margin
• Parapet wall
• Mezzanine floor
• staircase
25. 1.Size of plots:
TYPE OF DEVELOPMENT PLOT SIZE FRONTAGE
Detached Building >250 m2 Above 12 m
Semi-detached building 125-250 m2 8-12 m
Row type building 50-125 m2 4.5 to 8 m
26.
27. 2. Area limitation
• The limitation of area and height of the building of diff. type of
construction and occupancy class is achieved by satisfying floor area ratio.
• The FAR is specified taking into account the following aspect:
1. Occupancy class
2. Type of construction
3. Width of street frontage the building and the traffic load.
4. Parking facilities
5. Local fire fighting facilities
6. Water supply and drainage.
28. • Built up area:
The FSI shall be 1.0 with maximum utilization up to 0.4 on ground floor.
Sr.No. Area of plot Maximum permissible covered area
1. <200 m2 66.67% of the plot area on ground floor and first floor.
Nothing on second floor exceeding 25 % of the ground
floor.
2. 201-500 m2 50 % of the plot area or 133 m2 which ever is more.
3. 501-1000 m2 40 % of the plot area or 250 m2 which ever is more.
4. >1000 m2 33.33 % of the plot area or 400 m2 which ever is more.
29. Margin
• The open spaces insides and around the building particularly
residential type have to provide to carter for the lighting and
ventilation requirement.
1. Front open space
2. Rear open space
3. Side open space
30. For building upto 300m2 plot area
Sr. No. Plot area (m2) Front open space Rear open space Sides open space
1. Up to 50 0.75 - -
2. 51 to 75 1.0 1.0 0.5
3. 76 to 100 1.25 1.00 0.5
4. 101 to 150 2.0 2.0 1.25
5. 151 to 200 2.0 2.0 1.25
6. 201 to 300 3.0 2.0 1.50
31. For building above 300m2 plot area and height upto 13 m
1. Minimum front set back
2. Minimum rear set back is 3 m
3. Minimum side backs
Width of road in m Minimum set back in m
Up to 12 3
12 to 18 4
Above 18 4.5
Plot area Minimum set back
301 to 670 1.5 m or 0.25 of the height
of the building on each side
Above 670 3 m on both side or 0.25 of
height of the building which
is higher
32. Height Of The Building
• Height of building according to width of street:
1. The maximum height of the building shall not exceed 1.5 times the
width of road.
2. For building in vicinity of aerodromes, the maximum height of the
building is fixed in consultation with civil aviation authorities.
• The height shall not included if building is erected one-third of roof
area, including:
1. Roof tank and its support
2. Ventilating, lift room
3. Roof structure other than pent-house
33. Plinth height
• The height of the plinth shall not be less than 450 mm ground level.
• Minimum height of 600 mm is the best from drainage or other
consideration.
• It is minimum 900 mm in water logged soils.
34. Minimum Size Of Diff. Rooms
No. Name of room Minimum area Minimum size of side Height Other
requirement
1. Habitable room
-bed room
-living room
-study room
9.5 m2 2.4 m Not less then
2.75 m from
surface of floor to
lowest point of
ceiling
As per need
2. Kitchen 5 m2 1.8 m Not less than
2.75 m
As per need
3. Bath rooms and
water closets
1.8 m2 If bath and water closet
are combined, its floor
area shall not less than
2.8 m2 with minimum
width 1.2 m
Not less than 2.1
m
As per need
35. No. Name of room Minimum area Minimum size of
side
Height Other requirement
4. Store room 3 m2 ----- Not less than 2.2 m -----
5. Garage 12.5 m2 3m x 6m Not less than 2.4 m -----
6. Stair case The minimum width
of stair is 0.9 m.
Clear head room
shall be 2.2 m
• Minimum width
of tread without
nosing 250 mm
in residential.
• The maximum
height of rise
shall be 190 mm
for residential
building.
36.
37. Basement/Cellar
• The basement shall not be used for residential purpose.
• The basement to be constructed within the prescribed set back and
building lines and subject to maximum on entrance floor may be put
to only the following use:
• Storage of household
• Strongrooms, bank cellars
• Parking places
• Air conditioning equipment and other machine
38. Requirement of basement
• The height of basement from the floor to the underside of the
roofslab or ceiling shall not be less than 2.4 m.
• The maximum height of the ceiling of any basement shall be 0.9 m
and maximum 1.2 m above the average surrounding ground level.
• Adequate arrangement shall be made such that surface drainage does
not enter the basement.
• The walls and floor of the basement shall be watertight.
• The access to the basement shall be separate from the main and
alternative staircase providing access and exit from higher floor.
39. Compound Wall
• Except with the special permission of the maximum height of
compound wall shall be 1.5 m above center line of front street.
• It is permitted 2.4 m when the top of 0.9 m is open type construction
• In corner plot it is restricted to 0.75 m for a length of 10 m on side
and front intersection.
• The balance height of 0.75 m may be made up through railing and of
design to be approved by the authority.
41. Mezzanine Floor
• Minimum height of mezzanine floor shall be 2.2 m.
• The minimum size of the mezzanine floor, if it is to be used as a living
room shall not less than 9.5 m2
• The aggregate area of such mezzanine floor in a building shall in no
case exceed 1/3 the plinth area of the building.