Building Technology I

Lim Zia Huei 0321031
Lee Zi Ying 0320435
Lee Ning 0320125
Ong Shi Hui 0320303
Chong Jia Yi 0320869
Ee Yun Shan 0319990
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Project 01: Industrialized Building System
Tutor: Mr Rizal

1. Introduction
2. Drawings
2.1. Architectural plan
2.2. Roof plan
2.3. Structural plan
2.4. Elevations
2.5. Sections
2.6. Axonometric drawing
2.7. Sectional perspective
2.8. Details drawing
2.8.1. Foundation/ footing
2.8.2. Column and beam
2.8.3. Hollow core slab details
2.8.4. Staircase
2.8.5. Toilet pod
2.8.6. Roof
2.9. Components schedule
3. IBS systems
3.1. Precast system
3.2. Formwork system
3.3. Steel framing system
4. Sequence of construction
5. IBS score calculation
6. Conclusion
7. References
Content:

As the development of Malaysia improved, the economic growth has created a higher demand in
construction activities especially housing industry. Hence, modern technologies or new ideas are
introduced to cope with high consumer’s needs. One of the new technologies introduced was the
Industrialised Building System or IBS system.
Industrialised Building System (IBS) in Malaysia is defined as a construction technique which the
manufacturing of the structural components happen in a factory or supervised environment, both off site
or on the site, then transported, placed and assembled into construction works. The concept of the IBS is
based on buildability, economy and standardization of components. The government has made it
compulsory for all government projects to contain 70% of IBS system in the construction work. In
Malaysia, there are 6 main IBS which are
1. Precast System
2. Formwork System
3. Steel Framing System
4. Block Work System
5. Prefabricated Timber Framing
6. Innovative System
Base on these few types of IBS system, we will design a 3-storey apartment block in this group
assignment and document our understanding in this report.
1. Introduction

2. Compilation of drawings
2.2. Architectural plan
2.3. Roof plan
2.4. Structural plan
2.5. Elevations
2.6. Sections
2.7. Axonometric drawing
2.8. Sectional perspective
2.9. Details drawing
2.9.1. Foundation/ footing-jy
2.9.2. Column to column (par)
2.9.3. Column to beam (par)
2.9.4. Hollow core slab details (par)
2.9.5. Staircase-jy
2.9.6. Toilet pod-par
2.9.7. Roof -jy
2.10. Components schedules
2.10.1 Beam and Column
2.10.2 Door
2.10.3. WIndow

2.9 Components Schedules
2.9.1 Beam and Column legend
Scale 1:200

Scale 1:200
2.9.1 Door and window legend

Precast concrete system is the system which the construction product was produced in a
controlled environment and standardized, and then was transported to the site for
assembly. These structural components are manufactured by industrial methods
according in mass production to build a large number of buildings in more efficient way
either in time or cost.
3.1.1. Feature
The main features of this construction system are:
1. The division and specialization of the human workforce.
2. The use of tools, machinery, and other equipment, usually automated, in the
production of standard, interchangeable parts and products.
3. Requires interaction between the design phase and production planning in order to
speed up the construction process which is to design buildings with a regular
configuration plan and elevation.
4. More economical
5. Faster and less affected by adverse weather conditions compared to site-cast
concrete.
6. Controlled environment casting allows increased efficiency, high quality control and
greater control on finishes.
3.1.2. Open Prefabrication System
The system is based on the use of the basic structural elements to form whole or part of
a building. There are two categories of ab systems depending on the extent of
prefabrication used in the construction. However the system that we used are full prefab
open system. In this system, almost all the structural components are prefabricated.
Diagram 3.1.1 Industrialized Building System
3.1 Precast Concrete System
3. IBS system

3.1.3 Elements of Precast Concrete System
A) Hollow Core Panels
A wall panel is defined as a single piece of material in this case is concrete usually flat and cut into a rectangular shape. A prefabricated wall panel is a panel
fabricated at an offsite location.
The type of panels that are used are hollow core panels. Hollow core panels are named after its circular voids or cores which run throughout the slab in them that
reduce weight and cost, and also may be utilized for electrical or mechanical runs. Hollow core can be installed either horizontally or vertically to provide an
effective wall cladding system, often used with steel structures.
The units have a smooth finish and maximum capacity of 2.3 kn/sqm over a 16m span. They are available in standard 1200mm widths and in depths of 150, 200,
250, 300 and 400 mm. In our case, we used 200mm for external walls and 150 mm for internal walls. They can be used effectively in all types of building providing
a fast and cost-effective structure. This helps keep the construction process on track and adds another layer of efficiency to the project. Walls can be classified as
infill or cantilever. Infill walls rely on connecting composite action with the frame which is beam and column while cantilever walls or boxes act as deep beams to
which the frame is attached. The other benefits of hollow core panels are:
1. Quick and efficient in constructing walls
2. Complete geometric flexibility
3. Wide range of architectural finishes
Diagram 3.1.3.2. Section of hollow core panel.Figure 3.1.3.1. Example of hollow core panels on site.

B) Hollow Core Slab
Precast concrete slab is a horizontal member, a large, thick, flat piece of stone or concrete which
is rectangular in shape. It is used for floor and roof deck. Similar to the wall, hollow core slab is
used as flooring in our building.
Hollow core slab is known as a voided slab and these voids add structural stability, reduce
weight and therefore, reduce cost. The result is sound proof, fire rated, low maintenance system
and shallow depths. Hence, it is a precast slab of prestressed concrete typically used in the
construction of floors in multistory apartment buildings. The precast concrete slab has tubular
voids extending the full length of the slab. The slabs are 200mm in thickness and 1200mm in
width. The reinforcing steel wire rope provides resistance to bending moment from loads. Slabs
in prestressed concrete are usually produced in lengths of up to 200 meters. Hollow core can
spans up to 16.5 m which minimizes column requirements and aid design flexibility. Lower cost,
lower weight, fast assembly.
Factory production decreases dependency on weather conditions and increases programmed
planning reliability.
Eliminates the requirement for costly excavation for ground floors, removes the need for
provision/ compaction of infill material and provides an immediate dry working platform
It is not necessary to provide joints in the precast construction.
Diagram 3.1.3.6. Dimensions of Hollow core slab.Diagram 3.1.3.4. The voids as the services systems..
Figure 3.1.3.5. Hollow core slab

D) Precast Concrete Beams
Beams are used as ledges for other forms of precast flooring to sit
on. They are usually manufactured to suit each particular situation.
Beams can be either reinforced or prestressed, however, in our case,
reinforced concrete beams are used.
Rectangular beams are used and these beams get their name from
the end profile. These beams are usually used to span clear sections.
C) Precast Concrete Columns
Precast concrete columns are designed in a modular form in order to be made into different heights. Generally, the widths will be 12”, 18” and 24” and 12” was used in
this case as the building is just a small apartment. Columns are not structural, but can be used as such only after a structural engineer has adapted them to a
building. Precast columns are available as single storey corbel column or multi storey corbel column. Rectangular single storey corbel columns are used for the site.
Figure 3.1.3.11. Precast Reinforced concrete beamDiagram 3.1.3.10. Precast Reinforced concrete
beam
Diagram 3.1.3.9. Column to footing and Column to
beam connections
Figure 3.1.3.8. Assembly of single storey corbel
columns on site.
Diagram 3.1.3.7. Types of precast concrete
columns.

F) Toilet Block
Boxtype construction system are used to construct the toilet pod. In this system, the toilet blocks are prefabricated and erected at site. This system derives its stability
and stiffness from the box unit which are formed by the four adjacent walls. Walls are jointed to make rigid connections among themselves. The box unit rests on the
plinth foundation which is precast type.
E) Precast Staircase
Concrete precast stairs are manufactured from bespoke
moulds and can be produced as straight flights with separate
or attached landings. There are many advantages with the use
of precast stairs, over in-situ stairs. For example:
1. High quality, factory produced products
2. Fast and easy installation
3. No propping or expensive, time-consuming formwork
4. Immediate access for follow-on trades
5. Inherent sound and fire resistance
Diagram 3.1.3.12. The way of precast concrete
flight assembly on site.
Figure 3.1.3.13. Process of installation of precast
concrete stairs.
Figure 3.1.3.15. The interior of the toilet block.Diagram 3.1.3.14. Different types of units of toilet blocks

3.1.4. Frame System
Precast frames are usually constructed using either linear elements or spatial beam-column sub assemblages. The use of linear elements generally means placing
the connecting faces at the beam-column junctions. The beams can be seated on corbels at the columns, for ease of construction and to help the shear transfer
from the beam to the column. The beam-column joints accomplished in this way are hinged. However, rigid beam-column connections are used in some cases, when
the continuity of longitudinal reinforcement through the beam-column joint needs to be ensured. The components of a precast reinforced concrete. The components
of the system are shown below.
Diagram 3.1.3.16. Components of precast concrete
frame system.
Figure 3.1.3.17. Components are usually linear
elements.
Figure 3.1.3.18. The beams are seated on corbels
of the pillars.
Figure 3.1.3.19. Joints are filled with concrete on
site.

3.1.5. Manufacturing of Precast Concrete Structural Elements
A) Precast Concrete Process
1.Production of reinforced cages and main connections
Specialist workshops are standby in the precast factory for the
manufacture and maintenance of moulds, and for the production of
jig-built reinforcing cages and connections.
2. Assembly of
moulds
The reinforced cage
is positioned in the
partly assembled
mould, then the
remaining mould
section is completed.
4. Assembly of moulds
Compaction of concrete
using poker vibrator
Concrete is placed and
compacted using
high-frequency external
vibrators or pokers to
ensure that optimum
density is obtained and
that specified strengths
are achieved.
3. Mix being
poured
Place carefully
specified
concrete into the
mould. Many
precast works
now employ
computer
controlled
batching plants.

5. Precast concrete being
moved to the storage
area
The precast units are
moved to the storage
area once an appropriate
strength has been
reached. Units are usually
handled within hours of
casting as part of the
rapid production cycle.
Economies of production
are achieved through the
repetitive and automated
process.
6. Storage of
high-quality units in
works area
The finished precast
components are
stacked on clean
battens or plastic pads
positioned to suit the
design of the
component. Care is
taken to keep the stacks
vertical and to ensure
that battens are placed
directly above one
another within the stack.
8. Erection at site
The components are
erected straight from
the lorry. This leads to
faster erection times
with reduced on-site
activity.
7. Transport to site
The components are delivered to site in a predetermined sequence to
ensure that hardened concrete are ready for instant erection.

B) Manufacturing of Hollow Core Planks
1. Bed preparation
Precast elements are manufactured in casting
beds, 800 ft or more in length.
2. Running of Strands
High-strength steel strands are strung across the
bed.
3. Tensioning Strands
The strands are tensioned.
4. Insecting the core
Low-slump concrete for hollow core slabs is being
formed over tensioned strands using an extrusion
process.
5. Pouring
Concrete is placed.
6. Casting and curing
Conventional reinforcing, weld plates, blockouts,
lifting loops, and other embedded items are
added as needed.

7. Cutting notches, adding weld plates and core
fill.
8. Inspection 9. Cutting
Once the concrete has cured to sufficient strength,
the castings are cut into sections of desired length
10. Loading and final inspection
Individual sections are lifted from the casting bed
and stockpiled to await shipping to the
construction site.
11. Out for delivery
Precast concrete elements are shipped to the
construction site by truck.
12. Installation
The planks are erected on site by crane.

1.The land where toilet block is
to be fitted is levelled and
compacted.The pocket and
hole for air vent pipe between
2 panels are cut as per
dimension of ceramic toilet
pan.
C) Manufacturing of Toilet pod
2. All the other necessary
arrangements are made
before Toilet blocks floor, wall
and roof is being assembled
or constructed.
3. Mark out the center line of
different walls and door of
toilet in reference with toilet
pan before positioning the 1st
panel for installation
4. Prior to surface grouting the
joints the surface receiving the
grout is washed thoroughly,
the grout is mixed and applied
properly. Apply surface grout
on the bottom and on one
face of panel to be erected
vertically.
5. The 2nd panels are moved
right angle to 1st panel as
above. Crow bar, Sprite liquid
level and timber wedges are
used to align the wall panel
with each other.
6. Similarly, fix all the
remaining panels to make
walls of toilet block. Cavity
Anchors “L” can be use to for
further locking and holding at
the corners of walls at top and
bottom.
7. Make use of Cavity Anchors
“U” in shape for further locking
and holding of panels.
Services like electrical wiring,
plumbing and other services
etc. can be concealed within
the core of the Hollow core
wall panel after installation of
walls.
8. Top roof panel is placed on
the wall by interlocking them
in tongue and groove and
fiberglass mesh is placed on
the jointing area and
cementations jointing
compound to seal the gap if
any.
9. Now fill cement mortar in
the gaps at top and bottom of
each panel. Check all the walls
and then plaster and level it
with skim coat of Birla white
putty cement.
10. The toilet block is ready to
transport to site and install.

Formwork is the use of support structures and moulds to create structures out of concrete which is poured into the moulds. Formwork can be made using moulds out of
steel, wood, aluminium and prefabricated forms.
3.2.1. Jumping formwork system ( Lift Shaft )
3.2.2. Feature
• Assembly easily
• Minimizes labor time and has a better productivity rate
• The fully enclosed platform system offers plenty of space for fast, safe working.
• Stripped formwork can be clean and reused
• Transportation is convenient
• High-quality surface finishes can be achieved
• Minimize the usage of scaffolding and temp work platform.
• Increase construction speed is obtained by allowing the vertical and horizontal parts of a building to be built concurrently
• It does not need additional supports to the formwork (it is supported by the walls just poured)
• It can be used during almost all type of weather
Climbing formwork is a special type of formwork for large vertical concrete structures. Climbing
formworks will represent an effective solution for structures that require seamless walls, or their
form is very repetitive. There are several types of climbing formwork, depending on the type of
building being built. They can move on their own, using hydraulic or electric jacks, commonly known
as ‘self –climbing formwork’, or they can be relocated with cranes and other equipment.
The lift shaft formwork is used for installing and stripping internal planking in lift shafts with no need
to dismantle the individual components. It allows to remove the planking set easily from the lift shaft
and move it with the crane to any construction site area.
Diagram 3.2.1.1. Jumping Formwork System
3.2 Formwork System

3.2.3. Components of Climbing Formworks
Climbing formworks shall be assembled or might be rented along with the following components:
Platforms- A raised level surface for workers
Hydraulic system- enables large sets of formwork to be lifted simultaneously without needing a crane
Climbing rail- To allows hydraulic climbing without detaching the structure from the wall
Pull-push prop- to align and support wall formwork.
Formwork- To mould the concrete
Diagram 3.2.3.1. Section of Jumping Formwork
System
Diagram 3.2.3.2. Jumping Formwork System

Steel framing system is used extensively in the fast-track construction of skyscrapers. Apart from that, it is extensively
used for light steel trusses consisting of cost-effective profiled cold formed channels and steel portal frame systems
as alternatives to the heavier traditional hot-rolled sections.
3.2.1 Feature
• They are super-quick to build at site, as it is prefabricated at the factory.
• They are lightweight material. They are saving the foundation required and easily for on-site handling
• They are flexible, which makes them very good at resisting dynamic (changing) forces such as wind or
earthquake forces.
• A wide range of ready-made structural sections are available
• They can be made to take any kind of shape, and clad with any type of material
• They are durable and low in maintenance.
• They are recyclable.
Diagram 3.2.2.1. Component of mono truss
Heel
Bottom ChordOverhang
Web
Peak
King post
Top Chord
3.2 Steel Framing System
3.2.2 Mono truss
Mono trusses are used primarily against an existing wall or building. It
used where the roof is required to slope only in one direction. Also in pairs
with their high ends abutting on extremely long spans with a support
underneath the high end.
3.2.3 Steel purlin
Steel purlin is a horizontal structural member in a roof. It supports the loads from
the roof deck and are supported by the trusses.
Purlin
Truss
Figure 3.2.3.1. Steel Purlin Diagram 3.2.3.2 Example of steel roofing
structure

Steel roof deck- It is a cold formed corrugated steel sheet supported by
gable frame. It used to support insulating membrane of a roof.
Gypsum overlay board- To distribute the loads over a wider area thereby
reducing the potential for such damage.
Vapour retarder- To retard the migration of water vapor.
Layered insulation- To minimise the heat gain from outside.
Asphaltic Overlap Board- To prevent the insulation from affecting the
performance of the roof membrane.
Base Membrane- To prevent the transmission of water and to keep the
structure they are protecting dry.
3.2.4 Layers of roofing
3.2.5 Fabrication process
1. Cutting
There have a few tools to cut the steel of truss such as plasma cutters, lasers, and waterjets. Saws create straight cuts, while lasers and plasmas are reserved for more
complex shapes and curves. The hole punches by high-pressure notches.
2. Forming
To form trusses, both press baking and rolling techniques are used. These allows for an enormous range of metal thickness, sizes and shapes for versatile applications.
Standard trusses use a series of triangle. Truss type is built according to its purpose.
3. Assembly
This is the final process to weld pieces together, bring to the final product together to serve as a truss. Experienced truss fabricator can create optimal trusses that are
lightweight without compromising structural stability. They must also meet stringent building compliance codes.
Diagram 3.2.4.1 .The layers and component of roofing

Diagram 4.2.1 Connection of ground
floor beam with the footings
Diagram 4.2.2 Piling
Diagram 4.2.3 Pile cap Diagram 4.2.4 Beam and footing
placement
Diagram 4.2.5 Cast in duct in precast
ground beam
Diagram 4.2.6 Grouting of ground
beam and footing
4. Sequence of Construction
4.1. Excavation
Excavation need as the footing and the foundation should be installed on undisturbed soil.
4.2. Foundation and installation of ground beam
The foundation method using in this project is precast concrete foundation. It is pre-engineered
systems manufactured in a controlled environment; therefore code submissions are performance
based. Before start building foundation, soil type and bearing capacity needed to be determined to
ensure that a precast concrete foundation system can safely support all calculated loads.
The precast footings and ground beam are casting in factory conditions to tight tolerances. The
manufacturing facilities accredited to ISO 9001, 14001 and OHAS 18001 (Occupational Health &
Safety Management System)
Installation process:
1) Piling
The piling operation commences and pile positions need to be monitored. Their positions are
affect the design of ground beams as it manufactured to accommodate installed positions.
Pile cap are cast-in-situ with a rebar to connect the column.
2) Beam and footing placement
Each beam is uniquely marked for quick identification so that they can be rapidly offloaded
and placed onto the cast-in-situ pile cap.
3) Drainage and ducting
Using precast beam that can eliminate substructure block work and accommodate drainage
and service requirements via cast in ducts.
4) Grouting
Cast in grout tubes and joints are filled using high-strength non-shrink grout and the
installation is complete.

4.3. Floor slabs
Handling of the slab
The floor slab will be precast and deliver to the site by using truck and lorry.
Installation details
HCS slabs are installed on a leveling neoprene strip, fastened to the bearing structure. Prior to
installation the slabs on wall slabs, the smoothness of the bearing surface should be checked.
To level a resting surface, plastic or metal (50mm x 75 mm) leveling plates-spacers of thickness
from 1 to 20 mm should be used. The overall height of the leveling plates should be not less than
15 mm so that the concrete may run under the resting part of the slab.
One should pay attention to the fact that the leveling plates should be placed under vertical
walls of the floor slab.
The installers direct the hoisted floor slab into the proper position – directly above the bearing
surface and unhook the safety chains. After the banksman has commanded, the item shall be
lowered into the planned position. Prior to unhooking the slab from the crane, its lateral position
is verified and also the length of the bearing surface. The minimum length of the bearing
surface of a floor slab shall be as follows: on masonry – 10 cm. on concrete or metal -8 cm.
Step-by-step instruction:
1. Lifting and placing the hollow core slab (Diagram 4.3.1)
2. Hollow core slab are set on the bearing pad on precast beam
3. Steel reinforcing bars are inserted into the slab keyways to span the joint
4. The gap between the slab are grouted with cement
5. The slab therefore topped with several inches of cement and covered with tiles (Diagram 4.3.4)
Diagram 4.3.2 Neoprene strip
beneath the slab
Bearing surface min. 8cm
Diagram 4.3.3 MInimum length of
bearing surface between beam and
slab
Diagram 4.3.4 Cross sectional detail of the slab to show the
connection between slab
Diagram 4.3.1. Showing the
handling of the hollow core slab
using metal hanging rope

Concreting of Junctions and Joints
The installation joints that are between the slabs and
also the ends of slabs should be filled with fine
aggregate concrete, the strength class of which when
compressing shall be C20 (Mpa), still C25, C30 (Mpa) are
recommended. The maximum diameter of fillers being
used shall be 8 mm. The concrete shall be compacted
using an internal vibrator (head diameter 20 mm). Prior
to concreting of joints and anchor ties, one should make
sure that there is no rubbish or extraneous matter in the
joints.
Finishing and opening of the slab
Diagrams 4.3.8
1) Notches out of ends of corner
of slab
2) Steel hanger brackets to form
large openings
3) Partial width units to permit
modular bays or large
openings
4) Cantilever unit with solid ends
Diagram 4.3.5 Void between slabs are grouted to allow
other component such as wall to sit on it
Diagram 4.3.6 The connection between slab on beam
Diagram 4.3.7 Opening
and cutting of the slab

4.4 Installation of lift shaft formwork
1) Install Shaft formwork 2) Install latch box 3) Install tie rod 4) Install out-side shaft
5) Clamp reinforce 6) Pouring Concrete, and wait 7) Detach the formwork from the wall
by twisting the strip-ping spindle
anti-clockwise
8) Uninstall the clamp/ fastener

9) Strip the outside shaft formwork
after the concrete completely cured.
10) Uninstall the tie-pod 11) Lift the inside shaft by tower crane,
and assemble the inside shaft
12) Drop the internal shaft into the
latch installed before
13) Adjust the level of platform by using
the guideline at the side of the interior
shaft
14) Repeat the process started from
step 3-6 until built up into desired floor
level. The continues, which is normally
three to five days. Faster times can be
achieved but it will need a really
specialized and trained crew.

4.5 Installation of precast column
The columns shall be unloaded from the transportation vehicle using double-branch strops,
with the lifting capacity of which corresponds to the weight of the column. It needed to be
stored on a smooth firm base, putting supporting members in 2 resting points under the
lifting eyes.
Installation procedure: column to footing
1. Marking axis on the footing and check whether the anchor bolts are precisely
concreted. Then, the nuts shall be screwed on the anchor bolts and washers placed on
footing.
2. Column raising into planned vertical position (Diagram 4.5.1 )
3. The gap between the top of the footing and the column left about 50 mm ±10 mm
4. The columns shall be put on the bolts and erected on the washers. The column should
be leveled by the lower nuts and adjusted according to the axis of the building. Then
secured it by putting the upper washers and tightening the nuts. (Diagram 4.5.4 )
5. The column-footing junction assembly shall be hermetically sealed using formworks.
Concreting shall be carried out via pumping the concrete mix using an agitator-pump
through the openings at the column sides.
Diagram 4.5.1 The correct
way to handle the precast
concrete column
Diagram 4.5.2 Setting the
column vertically
Diagram 4.5.3 Bolt and nut
connection between the column
and footing
Diagram 4.5.4 The
connection between stump
and column

4.6 Installation of precast hollow core wall
Storage of the material
should be near the site and
protected
Showing two different methods to handling wall panels Setting out the wall position
and secure 2x2 timber at wall
edge to guide wall
Applying a layer of
cement
Putting up second panel
of wall slab
Fitting two slabs by its
tongue and groove
Grouting of the wall panels at its connection to slabs, and between wall panels. Wood wedges are using to secure the position of the walls
before grouting.
Grilling holes on the wall to connect wire through
the wall
Finishing the wallThe cross section of
clothes

4.7 Installation of floor beam
1. Prior to installation of the beams, the resting locations should be
cleaned off and altitudes of column consoles checked.
2. Beam elevated from the ground with selected lifting chains of
proper lifting capacity and length. The beam must be hanging in a
horizontal position. (Diagram 4.7.1 )
3. After the item has been elevated into the proper height, one should
turn the item via help of ropes in a way allowing hole occurrence
above the column bolts. Carefully lowering the item, the installers
that stand on installation areas shall adjust the item so that it will
evenly prop on consoles at equal distances from the columns
(about 2 cm)
4. Prior to installation of floors, the column bolts that tighten beams
should be grouted with concrete. (Diagram 4.7.4)
Diagram 4.7.2 Temporary support of beam
Diagram 4.7.1 The hanging of beam must be in horizontal
position without exceeding 30 mm at one side
Diagram 4.7.3 Connection between the column and beam
Diagram 4.7.4 Beam to column detail drawings

4.8 Installation of toilet pod
1. The toilet pods are constructed offsite and
pressure and electrically tested
2. It is fully fitted and tiled before sending to site
3. The pod are hoisted into the structure by crane
4. The pod are set at the screed level
5. Level are checked with a datum applied in the
factory
6. Mechanical and partition wall have been and
the pod was slide into its final location and
making the mechanical connection
7. The area above the bathroom are framed to
the ceiling to integrate the pod fully with the
building
8. The exterior of the pod receives the same
finishes as the rest of the room to blend
seamlessly
Diagram 4.8.1 The toilet pod are transport to the building
by using crane
Diagram 4.8.2 The piping and the electrical wires at the
side of the toilet pod
Diagram 4.8.3 The designing of the hot and cold water
piping as well as sewage piping in the toilet pod Diagram 4.8.4 The precast toilet pod are
slot into the structure wall

4.9 Repetition of the process until the third floor
4.10 Installation of precast staircase
1) Precast concrete stairs are flown into place and landed on temporary support frames.
2) The unit is released from the crane hook immediately and eased into exact position by
adjusting screw-jacks in the frame members.
3) Lifting hardware fits into the top of two temporary support frames.
4) The frames fit close to the stair riser to allow maximum foot space on the tread .
5) Assemble the landing of the staircase with the floor slab (Diagram 4.10.3 )
Diagram 4.10.3 . The temporary support frame on the
precast concrete stairs
Diagram 4.10.2 . The details of the
connection between the supporting
frame and the precast stairs
Diagram 4.10.1. Lifting precast stairs
by carne

Connection detail of precast staircase
Detail 1: Connection between the stairs and
the landing
Detail 2&3: Connection between the landing
and the wall
Detail 4& 4a: Connection between the stairs and the floor slab
Diagram 4. 10.4 Exploded axonometric detail
of the staircase
Diagram 4. 10.5 Connection between landing
and stair

4.11 Installation of roof truss
1. Using a crane to transport trusses to its place. It should be slung
from the top chord panel points to avoid damage.
2. Slings positioned at equal distances from the truss or wall centreline.
The slings should be distanced about one-third to one-half the
length apart. The angle between sling legs should not exceed 60
degrees at any time. (Diagram 4.11.3 )
3. A spreader bar or strong back is used to avoid warping and damage
to the truss as the roof span more than 9000 mm.
4. Referring to the roof framing layout, mark out truss positions on the
top plate.
5. Installing the gable end truss
6. Use hex head tek screws through the fixing bracket at each heel
connection into the side of the top plates once the gable truss is in
position.
7. Temporarily brace the gable truss plumb and straight.
8. As per Steps 4 and 5 install the next truss in its set-out position and
temporarily brace the truss.
9. With the flush end towards apex, install purlins. Purlin will sit on top
of the gable truss and butt into the face of the first standard truss.
10. Using 12-14x20mm tek screws fix purlin to the lip of first standard
truss.
11. Using two 12-14x20mm tek screws, fix purlins down to gable truss.
12. Install trapezoidal liner sheet and vapour control layer, then fixing its
position by using aluminium ST clip.
13. Fastening standing seam sheet
Diagram 4.11.1 The appropriate way
to handle roof truss
Diagram 4.11.2 Bolt and nut
connection between the steel
roof deck and the roof structure
Diagram 4.11.3 Connection
between roof truss and
concrete structure

Diagram 3.11. 4 The roof truss fasteners
details and specifications
Diagram 4.11.4 The roof truss to roof slab
connection

4.12 Sequence of Construction of Our Model

IBS Score Calculation
1. Construction Area
a. Construction area ground floor : 224.16 m2
b. Construction area 1st floor : 224.16 m2
c. Construction area 2nd floor : 224.16 m2
d. Construction area roof area : 288.92 m2
Total Construction Area : 961.4 m2
2. Structural Systems
a. Beams : Precast Concrete Beams
b. Columns : Precast Concrete Columns
c. Floor Slab : Hollow Core Slabs
d. Roof Truss : Steel Frame Roof Truss
3. Wall System
a. Precast concrete panel (Internal wall and External wall)
b. In-situ concrete with reusable system formwork (Elevator shaft)
5. IBS Score Calculation

ELEMENTS AREA (m2) or LENGTH(m) IBS FACTOR COVERAGE IBS SCORE
Part 1 : Structure Elements
Precast beams + Precast
columns + Hollow core slab
Ground floor area : 224.16 m2
224.16m2
1.0 (224.16 / 961.4) = 0.23 0.23 x 1.0 x 50= 11.5
1st floor area : 224.16 m2
224.16m2
1.0 (224.16 / 961.4) = 0.23 0.23 x 1.0 x 50= 11.5
2nd floor area : 224.16 m2
224.16m2
1.0 (224.16 / 961.4) = 0.23 0.23 x 1.0 x 50= 11.5
Roof Truss using Steel Frame
Roof Truss area : 288.92 m2
288.92m2
1.0 (288.92 / 961.4) = 0.30 0.30 x 1.0 x 50= 15
Total Part 1 961.4m2
- 1.00 49.5
Part 2 : Wall System
Precast concrete panel 104.350m 1.0 104.35/ 113.35= 0.92 0.92 x 1.0 x 20= 18.4
In-situ concrete with reusable
system formwork
9m 0.5 9/ 113.35= 0.08 0.08 x 0.5 x 20= 0.8
Total Part 2 113.35m 1.0 18.4 + 0.8= 19.2
Part 3: Other simplified
construction solutions
i) 100% columns sizes follow
MS 1064 Part 10: 2001
- - - 4
ii) Repetition of floor to floor
height
- - - 2
iii) Horizontal repetition of
structural floor layout
- - - 2
iv) Vertical repetition of
structural floor layout
- - - 2
Total Part 3 - - - 10
78.7

In a nutshell, constructing a building with IBS can speed up the construction period. If the building is designated to use IBS in the
construction, most of the materials can be saved to the lowest wastage through a good IBS design. Before deciding the use of IBS
in the construction, the architect should consider the standardized structural members used to make use of them fully in the
construction. Besides, the consideration of transporting the materials should also take place before the construction starts, as
storage is a critical problem in the construction site as well.
There are always problems during the erection on site, the connection between the structural members, openings which needs
extrusion of holes on the precast concrete, and the minor variance in real world construction with the digital which may lead to the
gap between the structural members or the structural members could not fit in. That is why skilled labours are needed or required
in the IBS construction.
Lastly, construction using IBS is more durable and requires lower maintenance compared to the Cast-in situ construction system.
However, one must have a well thoroughly plan before the implementation of IBS in the construction, otherwise it will be a disaster
to the construction team, as many on site construction problems will arise and need to be encountered.
6. Conclusion

7. References
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http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1983-41952012000300005
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