Building system design topics.pptx

BUILDING SYSTEM
DESIGN
ENGR. RARL, CE

THE BUILDING SITE
In planning the design and construction of a building, we
should carefully consider the environmental forces which
the physical context for the building-its site-presents. A
site’s geographic location, topography, plant materials,
climate, and orientation to the sun and prevailing winds all
influence decisions at a very early stage in the design
process.
3

THE BUILDING SITE
E N V I R O N M E N T A L F A C T O R S
GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS:
• SOIL - the soil affects the type and size of a buildings foundation
system, the drainage of ground and surface water, the types of plant
material able to grow on a site.
• TOPOGRAPHY – Land forms and ground slopes affect the buildings
foundation type, the building form and its relationship to the ground
plane, site drainage, the site’s micro-climate: wind, temperature, solar
radiation.
• VEGETATION - The types and location of plant materials affect the
definition or visual screening of exterior spaces.
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THE BUILDING SITE
CLIMATIC FACTORS:
• THE SUN - The sun is the source of solar radiation (heat gain), natural
light.
• The prevalence direction, and velocity of wind – affects the air
infiltration into a building (potential heat loss), the ventilation of
interior spaces and outdoor courts, the lateral load on a structure
• PRECIPITATION –The roof form, its construction, and the resulting
gravity load o a structure, the presence and drainage of water on a site,
the choice of building materials
• TEMPERATURE – Air temperature and thermal comfort are affected by
all of the above climatic factors.
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THE BUILDING SITE
CLIMATIC FACTORS:
• VIEWS – The consideration of desirable and undesirable views will help
determine the building form and orientation, the buildings fenestration
(door and window openings), the plant materials used in landscaping
the site
• SOUND – The level, quality and source of sounds affect: the
distribution and orientation of the building mass, the choice of the
building materials and their assembly.
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REGULATORY FACTORS
ZONING
Zoning ordinances govern the use and
bulk of buildings and structures within
municipality or land use district. These
ordinances typically regulate:
• The types of activities which may
occur on a given piece of land
• How much of the land can be
covered by a building
• How far a building must be set back
from each of the property lines
• The total floor area that can be
constructed
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• The type of occupancy a building
houses
• The fire-resistance rating of its
structure and construction
• The allowable height from the
neighboring structures
Add a Footer 8
BUILDING CODE

SOILS
Practically all buildings rely on soil for their ultimate support. The integrity
of a building structure therefore depends ultimately on the type of sol
underlying the foundation and the soil’s strength under loading.
There are two broad classes of soils – coarse-grained and fine-grained
soils. Coarse-grained soils include gravels and sands which consist of
relatively large particles. The individual particles of fine-grained soils are
much smaller and often cannot be seen by the eye. The soil underlying a
building site may actually consist of superimposed layers, each of which
contains a mix of soil types.
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SOIL CLASSIFICATION
On slopping sites and during excavation of a flit site, a soils potential for
lateral displacement should be considered. The natural angle repose for
dry, granular soils tend to be shallower that for more cohesive soils live
compacted clay.
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TOPOGRAPHY AND BUILDING FORM
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TOPOGRAPHY AND BUILDING FORM
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SUN
A building’s location, orientation and form should take advantage of the
sun’s thermal, hygienic, and psychological benefits. The sun’s radiation,
however, may not always be beneficial, depending on the building site’s
climate. In determining a building’s form and orientation, the objective
should be to maintain a balance between under heated periods when a
solar radiation is beneficial.
15

SOLAR SHADING DEVICES
Shading devices shield a building’s exterior surfaces and interior spaces
from solar radiation. Their effectiveness depends on their form and
orientation relative to the sun’s angle. Exterior shading devices are more
efficient than those located within a building’s spaces since they intercept
the sun’s radiation before it can reach the buildings surfaces
16

WINDS
Wind prevalence, velocity, temperature, and direction are important site
considerations in all climatic regions. In evaluating the wind’s potential
effect on a building, its seasonal and daily variations should be carefully
considered.
Natural ventilation in buildings is generated by differences in air pressure
as well as temperature. The resulting air flow patterns are affected more
by building geometry that by air speed.
• Position of outlet has little effect on air flow pattern, but should be
high to let rising warm air escape.
• Outlet should be as lar or larger than inlet or maximum air flow
• Interior partitions and large furnishings may adversely alter flow
patterns
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WINDS
Wind creates pressure on the windward side of a building and suction on
its other three sides. Wind also produces suction on flat roofs, and even
on the windward side of roofs with itch less than 7:12
Lee ward - being in or facing the direction toward which the wind is
blowing.
Wind ward - being in or facing the direction from which the wind is
blowing.
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ZONING ORDINANCES
Within a municipality or land-use district, zoning ordinances are generally
intended to manage growth, regulate land-use patterns, control building
density, direct development to areas with adequate services and
amenities, protect environmentally sensitive areas, and conserve open
space.
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PAVING
Paving provide a wearing surface for pedestrian or vehicular traffic on site. It is
a composite structure whose thickness and construction are directly related to
the type and intensity of traffic and loads to be carried, and the bearing
capacity and permeability of the subgrade.
1. The subgrade – which must ultimately carry the pavement load, should be
undisturbed soil or compacted fill, since it also receives moisture from
infiltration, it should be sloped to drain.
2. The base – is a foundation of well-graded aggregate that transfers the
pavement load to the subgrade. It also prevents the upward migration of
capillary water.
3. The pavement – receives the traffic wear, protects the base, and transfers
its load to a base structure. There are two types of pavement: Flexible and
Rigid pavement.
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• Pavement color and texture are important aesthetic considerations
which also affect the pavement’s absorption or reflection of heat and
light
• Provide traction for ramps and pavements in areas subject to icy
conditions
• Avoid surface irregularities for wheelchair traffic
• Provide tactile warning strips for the visually impaired at grade changes
and hazardous vehicular areas
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RETAINING WALLS
Retaining Walls are used to create relatively level areas and to allow
changes in elevation which cannot be accomplished by grading within the
horizontal dimensions of a site. They must be constructed to resist the
thrust of the soil being retained. This thrust can cause a retaining wall to
fall in three ways.
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ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
Architectural drawings make up the graphic language of building, design
and construction. In the design process, drawings are used to visualize
possibilities, study alternatives, and present design ideas about the form
and spaces of a building. Construction drawings consists primarily of plan
section and elevation views which are orthographic projections onto a
perpendicular drawing surface.
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Is a view looking down at a building from above, illustrating its location
and orientation on a plot of land and providing information about the
site’s topography, landscaping, utilities and site work.
S I T E P L A N
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Are horizontal views of a buildings exterior, usually taken from a point of
view perpendicular to the principal vertical surfaces. They illustrate the
size, shape, and materials of the exterior surfaces as the size proportion
and nature o the doors and windows openings within them.
B U I L D I N G E L E V A T I O N S
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Are horizontal views of a buildings exterior, usually taken from a point of
view perpendicular to the principal vertical surfaces. They illustrate the
size, shape, and materials of the exterior surfaces as the size proportion
and nature o the doors and windows openings within them.
P A R A L I N E V I E W S / O R T H O G R A P H I C
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Is a horizontal view after vertical plane is cut through a building and the
front portion is removed. It reveals the vertical and, in one direction, the
horizontal dimensions of the buildings spaces. While it illustrates primarily
the thickness and construction of floors, roofs and walls, it may also
include exterior and interior elevations seen beyond the plane of cut.
B U I L D I N G S E C T I O N
34

BUILDING ELEMENTS
A building can generally be broken down into the following physical
systems:
• Structural System
• Exterior Envelope
• Interior Subdivisions of Space
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LOADS ON BUILDINGS
In enclosing space of habitation, a building’s structure must be able to
support two types of loads – static and dynamic.
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LOADS ON BUILDINGS
STATIC LOADS are assumed to be constant in nature and are of two kinds:
• DEAD LOADS - are relatively fixed and include the weight of the
building structure itself as well as the weights of any permanent
elements within the building, such as mechanical equipment's.
• LIVE LOADS – are movable loads which may not be present all of the
time. They include the weights of a buildings occupants and
furnishings, as well as snow loads on roofs.
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STRUCTURAL FORCES
In the structural analysis of buildings ,we are concerned with the
magnitude, direction, and point of application of forces, and their
resolution to produce a state of equilibrium. Three conditions are
necessary for a structural system to be in equilibrium:
1. The sum (Σ) of all vertical forces = 0
2. Σ of all horizontal forces = 0
3. Σ of all moments of all forces about any point = 0
Therefore, as each structural element is loaded, its supporting elements
must react with equal but opposite forces.
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STRUCTURAL FORCES
Forces can be assumed to be applied in a uniformly distributed manner, as
in the case of a live load on a floor or a wind load on a wall. A force can be
also a concentrated load, as when a beam bears on a post or a column
bears on its footing.
Forces may be parallel and collinear, as when a column supports a vertical
load from above. They can also be parallel but not meet, as when a beam
supports a load at its mid span. These parallel, non-concurrent forces will
tend to a cause of a rigid structural element to bend and deflect, which
must be resisted by material’s internal strength.
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STRUCTURAL FORCES
Any force will tend to cause a body to move in the direction of its line of
action. The force can also cause the body to rotate if it does not pass
through the body’s center of gravity. The rotational effect of a force is
called a moment. For each moment created by the forces acting on a
structural element there must be an equal but opposite resisting moment.
A number of concurrent forces, acting through a common point can be
resolved into a single resultant which is equivalent to a several forces. In a
similar manner, an inclined force can be resolved into vertical and
horizontal components.
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BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
A beam transfers its load laterally along its length to its supports. Due to
the non-concurrent forces, a beam is subject to bending. This results in a
combination of compressive and tensile stresses which are greatest along
the beam’s top and bottom edges. In bending, a beam also becomes
subject to horizontal and vertical shear stresses.
B E A M S
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As a general rule, the strength of a beam will increase according to the
square of its increase in depth, while its stiffness will increase according to
the cube of its increase in depth.
Similarly, if a beam’s length is doubled the bending stress will double and
it will be able to carry only half of its original load. Its deflection under
loading will also increase according to the cube of its increase in length.
B E A M S
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TRUSS
A truss consists of short, straight, rigid members assembled into a
triangulated pattern. This triangulation is what a truss as a whole is
subject to bending, the individual members are subject only to
compression or tension.
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A planar structural element, such as reinforced concrete slab, can span
horizontally and transfer its load to its supports by bending.
ONE WAY SLAB – Act as a wide, flat beam spanning between two
supports.
TWO-WAY SLAB – supported along four sides, is more versatile since it
provides more paths along which stresses may travel to the supporting
elements.
P L A N A R S T R U C T U R A L E L E M E N T
44

LATERAL STABILITY
A buildings structural elements must be configured to form a stable structure under
any possible load conditions. Therefore while a structural system is designed
primarily to carry vertical gravity loads, it must also withstand lateral wind or
earthquake forces.
Three basic mechanisms for ensuring lateral stability.
1. Diagonal Bracing – (timber or steel) Bracing a frame with diagonal members
2. Rigid Frame – (steel or reinforced concrete developing a frame with rigid joints
capable of resisting changes in angular relationships
3. Shear Wall – (wood, concrete, or masonry) Using rigid planar element capable
of resisting shape changes
45

JOINTS AND CONNECTIONS
Structural elements can be joined to each in three ways. Butt joints allow
one of the elements to be continuous and usually require a third
mediating element to make the connection. Overlapping joints allow all
the connected elements to be continuous across the joint, the structural
elements can also be molded or shaped to form the connection.
The connectors used to join the structural elements can be in the form of
a point, line or surface. While line and surface types of connectors resists
rotation, point connectors do not unless distributed across a large surface
area
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FOUNDATION SYSTEMS
The foundation system is that part of a building’s substructure which
transmits the building’s loads down to the supporting soil. These loads
include the dead load of the building’s weight and the live load of its
occupants and contents.
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• A foundation system typically consists of columns, piers or walls which
rest on footings. These footings are the widened parts of the
foundation which directly on the soil. They are spread in order to
distribute their loads over a wide enough area that the soils bearing
capacity is not exceeded.
T Y P E S O F F O U N D A T I O N S Y S T E M S
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IMPLEMENTING RULES AND
REGULATIONS OF THE NATIONAL
BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
(PD 1096)
Includes
• NBCDO MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. 1, s. 2004
• SCHEDULE OF FEES & OTHER CHARGES
• NBCDO MEMORANDUM CIRULAR NO. 2004-2
• NBC FORMS
• LEGAL OPINIONS
• P.D. 1096 (National Building Code)
• R.A 544 (Civil Engineering Law)
• R.A. 9266 (New Architecture Act of 2004)
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RULE – 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS
• These Rules shall be known and cited as the “Revised Implementing
Rules and Regulations of the National Building Code of the
Philippines (P.D. 1096)” and shall be referred to as the “IRR”.
S e c t i o n 1 0 1 . T i t l e
51

SECTION 102. DECLARATION OF
POLICY
• It is hereby declared to be the policy of the State to safeguard life,
health, property, and public welfare, consistent with the principles of
sound environmental management and control; and to this end, make
it the purpose of the Code to provide for all buildings and structures, a
framework of minimum standards and requirements to regulate and
control their location, site, design, quality of materials, construction,
use, occupancy, and maintenance.
52

SECTION 103. SCOPE AND
APPLICATION
• 1. The scope of this IRR shall cover the following disciplines:
architectural, civil/structural, electrical, mechanical, sanitary,
plumbing, and electronics. This shall also apply to the design, location,
siting, construction, alteration, repair, conversion, use, occupancy,
maintenance, moving, demolition of, and addition to public and private
buildings and structures, except traditional indigenous family dwellings,
and those covered by Batas Pambansa Bilang 220 otherwise known as
the “Economic and Socialized Housing Projects”.
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2. Existing buildings or structures without appropriate building
permits/certificates of occupancy may be legalized and issued the
necessary permits and certificates, provided, they are made to conform to
these rules and regulations. However, they shall be subject to the
imposition of penalties, surcharges, fines and other appropriate
measures.
3. The applicable and consistent provisions of the allied professional
codes and other government agency codes as approved by the DPWH
Secretary shall serve as the referral codes of PD 1096 and this IRR.
54

SECTION 104. GENERAL BUILDING
REQUIREMENTS
1. All buildings or structures as well as accessory facilities thereto shall
conform in all respects to the principles of safe construction and must be
suited to the purpose for which they are designed.
2. Buildings or structures intended to be used for the manufacture and/or
production of any kind of article or product shall observe adequate
environmental safeguards.
3. Buildings or structures and all parts thereof as well as all facilities found
therein shall be maintained in safe, sanitary and good working condition.
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SECTION 105. SITE REQUIREMENTS
• The land or site upon which will be constructed any building or
structure, or any ancillary or auxiliary facility thereto, shall be sanitary,
hygienic or safe. In case of sites or buildings intended for use as human
habitation or abode, the same shall be at a safe distance, as
determined by competent authorities, from streams or bodies of water
and/or sources of air considered to be polluted; from a volcano or
volcanic site and/or any other building considered to be a potential
source of fire or explosion.
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SECTION 106. DEFINITIONS
1. For purposes of this IRR, the following definitions shall apply:
• ADDITION – Any new construction which increases the height and/or
floor area of existing buildings/structures.
• AGENCY OF THE GOVERNMENT – Refers to any of the various units of
the government including a department, bureau, office,
instrumentality, or government owned or controlled corporation.
• ALTERATION – Works in buildings/structures involving changes in the
materials used, partitioning, location/size of openings, structural parts,
existing utilities and equipment but does not increase the building
height and/or floor area.
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• APPLICATION FORMS – A preformatted prescribed application form duly
accomplished and notarized by the respective design professional with validation
matrices related to other building rules and regulations.
• APPLICANT/PERMITTEE – Any person, firm, partnership, corporation, head of
government or private institution, organization of any character applying for the
issuance of permits and certificates.
• BUILDING OFFICAL – the Executive Officer of the OBO appointed by the
Secretary.
• BUILDING PERMIT – A document issued by the Building Official (BO) to an
owner/applicant to proceed with the construction, installation, addition,
alteration, renovation, conversion, repair, moving, demolition or other work
activity of a specific project/building/structure or portions thereof after the
accompanying principal plans, specifications and other pertinent documents with
the duly notarized application are found satisfactory and substantially
conforming with the National Building Code of the Philippines (the Code) and its
Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR).
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• CODE – PD 1096, otherwise known as the National Building Code of the
Philippines.
• CONSTRUCTION – All on-site work done in the site preparation, excavation,
foundation, assembly of all the components and installation of utilities,
machineries and equipment of buildings/structures.
• CONVERSION – A change in the use or occupancy of buildings/structures or
any portion/s thereof, which has different requirements.
• DEMOLITION – The systematic dismantling or destruction of a
building/structure, in whole or in part.
• DEPARTMENT – The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH).
• EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR – The Executive Officer or Head of the NBCDO.
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• MOVING – The transfer of buildings/structures or portion/s thereof from original
location or position to another, either within the same lot or to a different one.
• OFFICE OF THE BUILDING OFFICIAL (OBO) – The Office authorized to enforce the
provisions of the Code and its IRR in the field as well as the enforcement of
orders and decisions made pursuant thereto.
• REFERRAL CODES – The applicable provisions of the various agency and technical
professional codes that are supplementary to the Code.
• RENOVATION – Any physical change made on buildings/structures to increase
the value, quality, and/or to improve the aesthetic.
• REPAIR – Remedial work done on any damaged or deteriorated portion/s of
building/structure to restore to its original condition.
• SECRETARY – Head or Chief Executive Officer of DPWH.
• STAFF – The personnel of the National Building Code Development Office
(NBCDO).
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SECTION 201. RESPONSIBILITY FOR
ADMINISTRATION AND
ENFORCEMENT
• The administration and enforcement of the provisions of the Code and this
IRR, including the imposition of penalties for administrative violations
thereof, is hereby vested in the Secretary.
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SECTION 202. TECHNICAL STAFF
• The National Building Code Development Office (NBCDO) created through
DPWH Department Order, shall serve as the technical staff of the Secretary.
The functions thereof are as follows:
1. Assist the Secretary in the administration and enforcement of the
provisions of the Code and its IRR.
2. Review, evaluate and take final action on various technical and legal
problems forwarded to the Office of the Secretary.
3. Conduct seminar/workshops on the Code, its IRR, and Batas Pambansa
Blg. 344 (Accessibility Law).
4. Undertake such other duties and tasks as may be assigned by the
Secretary from time to time.
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SECTION 203. GENERAL POWERS
AND FUNCTIONS OF THE SECRETARY
1. Formulate policies, plans, standards and guidelines on building design,
construction, use, occupancy and maintenance, in accordance with the Code.
2. Issue and promulgate additional rules and regulations in the form of
Memorandum Circulars to implement the provisions of the Code and ensure
compliance with policies, plans, standards and guidelines and issue office
guidelines or Memorandum Circulars to guide the actions of the Building
Official in the performance of his duties and responsibilities.
3. Exercise appellate jurisdiction over the decisions and orders of the
Building Official. The order or decision of the Secretary shall be final and
executory subject only to review by the Office of the President of the Republic.
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4. Evaluate, review, approve and/or take final action on changes and/or
amendments to existing Referral Codes as well as on the incorporation of other
referral codes, which are not yet expressly made supplementary to the Code
and its IRR.
5. Prescribe and impose the amount of fees and other charges as may be
deemed necessary that the Building Official shall collect in connection with the
performance of regulatory functions.
6. Appoint a Building Official, separate and distinct from the Office of the
City/Municipal Engineers in all Cities and Municipalities.
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SECTION 208. FEES
1. The Secretary, thru Memorandum Circulars, shall prescribe the rates of
fees and formulate guidelines in the imposition and collection of fees.
2. Subject to existing budgetary, accounting and auditing rules and
regulations, the Building Official shall retain not more than 20% of the
income/collection derived from permit fees and other charges for the
operating expenses of his office. The remainder of 100% shall accrue to the
general fund of the respective city/municipality.
3. Every Building Official shall keep a permanent record and accurate
account of all fees and other charges fixed and authorized to be collected and
received.
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SECTION 209. EXEMPTION
• Public buildings and traditional indigenous family dwellings shall be exempt
from payment of building permit fees.
• As used in the Code, the term “traditional indigenous family dwelling”
means a dwelling intended for the use and occupancy by the family of the
owner only and constructed of native materials such as bamboo, nipa, logs,
or lumber, the total cost of which does not exceed fifteen thousand pesos
(P15,000.00).
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SECTION 212. ADMINISTRATIVE
FINES
a. The Secretary or his duly authorized representative may prescribe and
impose fines not exceeding ten thousand pesos (P10, 000.00) in the following
cases, subject to the terms and procedures as hereunder provided:
i. Erecting, constructing, altering, repairing, moving, converting, installing
or demolishing a private or public building/structure if without
building/demolition permit.
ii. Making any alteration, addition, conversion or repair in any
building/structure/ appurtenances thereto constructed or installed before the
adoption of the Code, whether public or private, without a permit.
I m p o s i t i o n o f A d m i n i s t r a t i v e
F i n e s
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• iii. Unauthorized change, modification or alteration during the construction in the duly
submitted plans and specifications on which the building permit is based.
iv. Non-compliance with the work stoppage order or notice and/or orders to effect
necessary correction in plans and specifications found defective.
v. Non-compliance with order to demolish building/structure declared to be nuisance,
ruinous or dangerous.
vi. Use or occupancy of a building/structure without Certificate of Occupancy/Use even
if constructed under a valid building permit.
• vii. Change in the existing use or occupancy classification of a building/structure or
portion thereof without the corresponding Certificate of Change of Use.
• viii. Failure to post or display the certificate of occupancy/use/operation in a
conspicuous place on the premises of the building/structure/appurtenances.
• ix. Change in the type of construction of any building/structure without an
amendatory permit.
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a. In the determination of the amount of fines to be imposed, violations shall be
classified as follows:
i. Light Violations
(a) Failure to post Certificate of Occupancy/Use/Operation.
(b) Failure to post Building Permit construction information sign.
(c) Failure to provide or install appropriate safety measures for the protection of
workers, inspectors, visitors, immediate neighbors and pedestrians.
ii. Less Grave Violations
(a) Non-compliance with the work stoppage order for the alteration/addition/
conversion/repairwithout permit.
(b) Use or occupancy of building/structure without appropriate Certificate of
Occupancy/Use/Operation.
D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f A m o u n t o f F i n e s
69

iii. Grave Violations
(a) Unauthorized change, modification or alteration during construction in
the duly submitted plans and specifications on which the building permit is
based.
(b) Unauthorized change in type of construction from more fire-resistive to
less fire resistive.
(c) Non-compliance with order to abate or demolish.
(d) Non-compliance with work stoppage order for construction/demolition
without permit.
(e) Change in the existing use or occupancy without Certificate of Change of
Occupancy/Use/Operation.
(f) Excavations left open without any work being done in the site for more
than one hundred twenty (120) days.
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SECTION 214. DANGEROUS AND
RUINOUS BUILDINGS OR
STRUCTURES
• Dangerous buildings are those which are herein declared as such or are
structurally unsafe or not provided with safe egress, or which constitute
a fire hazard, or are otherwise dangerous to human life, or which in
relation to existing use, constitute a hazard to safety or health or public
welfare because of inadequate maintenance, dilapidation,
obsolescence, or abandonment; or which otherwise contribute to the
pollution of the site or the community to an intolerable degree
71

SECTION 215. ABATEMENT OF
DANGEROUS BUILDINGS
• 1. Structural Hazards
a. Whenever any building/structure or portion thereof has been damaged by fire,
earthquake, wind, flood, or by any other cause to such an extent that the structural
strength or stability thereof is materially less than it was before the catastrophe and
is less than the minimum requirements of the National Structural Code of the
Philippines (NSCP) for new buildings of similar structure, purpose or location.
b. Whenever any portion or member or appurtenances thereof is likely to fall, or
to become detached or dislodged or to collapse and thereby injure persons or
damage property.
c. Whenever any portion of a building/structure or any member, appurtenance or
ornamentation on the exterior thereof is not of sufficient strength or stability, or is
not anchored, attached or fastened in place so as to be capable of resisting a wind
pressure of one-half of that specified in the NSCP for such type of buildings.
72

DANGEROUS BUILDINGS
• d. Whenever any portion thereof has been wrecked, warped, buckled or settled to
such an extent that the walls or other structural portions have materially less
resistance to wind or earthquake than is required in the case of similar new
construction.
e. Whenever the building/structure or any portion thereof, because of: (1) dilapidation,
deterioration or decay; (2) faulty construction; (3) the removal, movement or instability of
any portion of the ground necessary for the purpose of supporting such building; (4) the
deterioration, decay or inadequacy of its foundation; or (5) any other cause, is likely to
partially or totally collapse.
f. Whenever the exterior walls or other vertical structural member lean or buckle to
such an extent that a plumb line passing through the center of gravity does not fall inside
the middle one-third of the base.
g. Whenever the building/structure, exclusive of the foundation, shows 33% or more
damage or deterioration of its supporting member or members, or 50% damage or
deterioration of its non supporting members, enclosing or outside walls or coverings.
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DANGEROUS BUILDINGS
h. Whenever the building/structure has been so damaged by fire, wind,
earthquake or flood, or has become so dilapidated or deteriorated as to become: (1)
an attractive nuisance to public; (2) a harbor for vagrants, criminals or immoral
persons; or (3) a resort for purposes of committing unlawful or immoral acts.
i. Whenever the building/structure which, whether or not erected in accordance
with all applicable laws or ordinances, has in any non-supporting part, member or
portion, less than 50% or in any supporting part, member or portion less than 66%
of the: (1) strength; (2) fire-resisting qualities or characteristics; (3) weather-
resisting qualities or characteristics required by law in the case of a newly
constructed building of like area, height and occupancy in the same location.
j. Whenever any portion of a building/structure remains on the site after its
demolition or whenever any building/structure or portion thereof is abandoned for
a period in excess of twelve (12) months so as to make it a nuisance or hazard to the
public.
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DANGEROUS BUILDINGS
2. Fire Hazards
• a. Any building/structure or portion thereof, device, apparatus, equipment
material, or vegetation which may cause fire or explosion, or provide a ready fuel
or augment the speed and intensity of fire or explosion arising from any cause.
b. All buildings/structures or portions thereof not provided with the required fire-
resistive or fire protective construction or fire-extinguishing system or equipment.
c. Whenever any door, aisle, passageway, stairway, or other means of exit is not
of sufficient width or size, or is not so arranged as to provide safe and adequate
means of exit in case of fire and panic.
d. Whenever any building/structure, because of obsolescence, dilapidated
condition, deterioration, damaged, inadequate exits, lack of sufficient fire-resistive
construction, hazardous electric wiring, gas connections or heating apparatus, or
other cause, in violation of the Fire Code of the Philippines (PD 1185).
75

DANGEROUS BUILDINGS
3. Unsafe Electrical Wiring
a. All wiring systems or installations which do not conform to the rules and regulations embodied in
the latest Philippine Electrical Code.
b. Inadequately maintained or improperly used electrical wirings, outlets, devices and/or equipment.
4. Unsafe Mechanical Installation
a. Mechanical systems or installations which do not conform to the rules and regulations embodied in
the Philippine Mechanical Code.
b. Inadequately maintained or improperly used mechanical outlets, devices and/or equipment.
c. Lack of or improper operation of required ventilating equipment or air-conditioning systems.
d. Improperly installed or lack of protection and safety provisions on steam, gas and fuel supply lines.
76

DANGEROUS BUILDINGS
5. Inadequate Sanitation/Plumbing and Health Facilities
a. All sanitation and plumbing systems or installations which do not conform to the rules and regulations
embodied in the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines and the Revised National Plumbing Code.
b. Inadequately maintained or improperly used sanitation and plumbing facilities.
c. Infestation of insects, vermin or rodents and lack of adequate control for the same.
d. Lack of adequate garbage and rubbish storage and removal or disposal facilities.
e. Source of pollution.
6. Architectural Deficiency
a. All buildings/structures or portion thereof used or occupied for purposes other than their intended uses.
b. Improper/Unauthorized Occupancy/Location.
c. Insufficient amount of natural light and ventilation due to inadequate open spaces such as courts and yards as
required.
d. Inadequate sizes of rooms and space dimensions and window openings.
e. Dilapidated, blighted and other unpresentable buildings/structures against generally accepted aesthetic
standards.
77

RULE III - PERMITS AND INSPECTION
• 1. No person, firm or corporation, including any agency or instrumentality of
the government shall construct, alter, repair, convert, use, occupy, move,
demolish and add any building/structure or any portion thereof or cause the
same to be done, without first obtaining a building permit therefor from the
Building Official assigned in the place where the subject building/structure is
located or to be done. The prescribed application for building permit form
(NBC Form B-01) shall be used by all applicants.
• 2. Permits supplementary to a Building Permit shall be applied for and
issued by the Building Official. These include Ancillary and the Accessory
Permits.
78

• a. Ancillary Permits
The Ancillary Permits duly signed and sealed by the corresponding professionals and
the plans and specifications shall be submitted together with the duly notarized
application for Building Permit. The Building Permit is null and void if not accompanied by
the Ancillary Permits. The prescribed Ancillary and other Accessory Permits/forms shall
likewise be used whenever applicable. The Ancillary Permits are the following:
• i. Architectural Permit
• ii. Civil/Structural Permit
• iii. Electrical Permit
• iv. Mechanical Permit
• v. Sanitary Permit
• vi. Plumbing Permit
• vii. Electronics Permit
79

• b. Accessory Permits
• i. Accessory Permits are issued by the Building Official for accessory parts of the
project with very special functions or use which are indicated in the plans and
specifications that accompany the building permit application. These may include,
among others: bank and records vaults; swimming pools; firewalls separate from the
building/structure; towers; silos; smokestacks; chimneys; commercial/industrial fixed
ovens; industrial kilns/furnaces; water/waste treatment tanks, septic vaults; concrete
and steel tanks; booths, kiosks and stages; and tombs, mausoleums and niches.
• ii. Accessory Permits are issued by the Building Official for activities being undertaken
prior to or during the processing of the building permit. The coverage is spelled out in
the accessory permit form including the expiry period. These shall be signed by the
concerned owner/applicant and by the concerned professionals. These permits
include, among others, ground preparation and excavation, encroachment of
foundation to public area, fencing, for fence not exceeding 1.80 meters high, sidewalk
construction, temporary sidewalk enclosure and occupancy, erection of scaffolding,
erecting, repair, removal of sign; and demolition.
80

• 3. Exemption From Building Permits
• A building permit shall not be required for the following minor constructions and repairs,
provided these shall not violate any provision of the Code and this IRR.
• a. Minor Constructions
• i. Sheds, outhouses, greenhouses, children’s playhouses, aviaries, poultry houses and the
• like, not exceeding 6.00 sq. meters in total area, provided they are completely detached
from any other building and are intended only for the private use of the owner.
• ii. Addition of open terraces or patios resting directly on the ground, not exceeding 20.00 sq.
meters in total floor area, exclusively for the private use of the owner.
• iii. Installation of window grilles.
• iv. Garden pools for the habitation of water plants and/or aquarium fish not exceeding 500
millimeters in depth and exclusively for private use.
81

• v. Garden masonry walls other than party walls not exceeding 1.20 meters in height,
footpaths, residential garden walks and/or driveways.
• b. Repair Works
• i. Repair works not affecting or involving any structural member, such as replacement of
deteriorated roofing sheets or tiles, gutters, downspouts, fascia, ceilings and/or sidings.
• ii. Repair and/or replacement of non load-bearing partition walls.
• iii. Repair and/or replacement of any interior portion or a house not involving addition or
alteration.
• iv. Repair and/or replacement work of doors and windows.
• v. Repair and/or replacement work of flooring.
• vi. Repair of perimeter fence and walls.
• vii. Repair and/or replacement of plumbing fixtures, fittings or pipings, such as toilet bowls,
sinks, lavatories, urinals, bidets, pipes, faucets, valves for single detached dwellings and
duplexes.
82

SECTION 302. APPLICATION FOR
PERMITS
1. Any person desiring to obtain a building permit and any ancillary/accessory
permit/s together with a Building Permit shall file application/s therefor on the
prescribed application forms.
2. Together with the accomplished prescribed application form/s, the following shall
be submitted to the OBO:
a. In case the applicant is the registered owner of the lot:
• i. Certified true copy of OCT/TCT, on file with the Registry of Deeds,
• ii. Tax Declaration, and
• iii. Current Real Property Tax Receipt.
b. In case the applicant is not the registered owner of the lot, in addition to the
above; duly notarized copy of the Contract of Lease, or Deed of Absolute Sale.
83

SECTION 302. APPLICATION FOR
PERMITS
3. Five (5) sets of survey plans, design plans, specifications and other documents
prepared, signed and sealed over the printed names of the duly licensed and
registered professionals (Figs. III.1. and III.2.):
a. Geodetic Engineer, in case of lot survey plans;
b. Architect, in case of architectural documents; in case of architectural
interior/interior design documents, either an architect or interior designer may sign;
c. Civil Engineer, in case of civil/structural documents;
d. Professional Electrical Engineer, in case of electrical documents;
e. Professional Mechanical Engineer, in case of mechanical documents;
f. Sanitary Engineer, in case of sanitary documents;
g. Master Plumber, in case of plumbing documents;
h. Electronics Engineer, in case of electronics documents.
84

a. Architectural Plans/Drawings
i. Vicinity Map/Location Plan within a 2.00 kilometer radius for commercial,
industrial, and institutional complex and within a half-kilometer radius for
residential buildings, at any convenient scale showing prominent landmarks or
major thoroughfares for easy reference.
ii. Site Development Plan showing technical description, boundaries,
orientation and position of proposed building/structure in relation to the lot,
existing or proposed access road and driveways and existing public
utilities/services. Existing buildings within and adjoining the lot shall be
hatched and distances between the proposed and existing buildings shall be
indicated.
A r c h i t e c t u r a l D o c u m e n t s
85

iii. Perspective drawn at a convenient scale and taken from a vantage point (bird’s
eye view or eye level).
iv. Floor Plans drawn to scale of not less than 1:100 showing: gridlines, complete
identification of rooms or functional spaces.
v. Elevations, at least four (4), same scale as floor plans showing: gridlines; natural
ground to finish grade elevations; floor to floor heights; door and window marks,
type of material and exterior finishes; adjoining existing structure/s, if any, shown in
single hatched lines.
vi. Sections, at least two (2), showing: gridlines; natural ground and finish levels;
outline of cut and visible structural parts; doors and windows properly labeled
reflecting the direction of opening; partitions; built-in cabinets, etc.; identification of
rooms and functional spaces cut by section lines.
vii. Reflected ceiling plan showing: design, location, finishes and specifications of
materials, lighting fixtures, diffusers, decorations, air conditioning exhaust and
return grills, sprinkler nozzles, if any, at scale of at least 1:100.
86

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