Architecture

1. HILL ARCHITECTURE
ASSIGNMENT - 1
Submitted to – Ar. Shikha Aggarwal
Submitted by – Shivani Sharma (2022473)
- Kumari Diksha (2022466)
- B.Arch (5th sem)

2. INTRODUCTION
• Site –Himachal Pradesh
• Himachals :
is situated in the western Himalayas
falls under cold humid and temperate humid climate

3. ISSUES
 Hill Architecture has its very unique features and the issues or concerns
that should be taken care of in hill architecture are as follows:-
 Geological
 Climatological
 Geographical
 Natural Hazard
 Socio-cultural
 OBJECTIVES –
 To understand the various concerns that affects the building
 Optimizing their effects on the building

4.  SCOPE
- Limited within the literature reviews
- Climatological factors - rainfall, snowfall and wind flow
- Geological factors such as –landslide andearthquake
 LIMITATIONS –
- Geographical factors - avalanche and water-logging
- Socio-cultural factors

5. RAINFALL SNOWFALL LANDSLIDE EARTHQUAKE DA
YLIGHT WIN
D
FLO
W
FOUNDA
TION
D.P
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STRUCT.SYS.
BUILDING
ORIENTATI
ON
WINDOWS
ROOF
W
ALLS
BUIL
TFORM
The circles shows which all concerns are affecting which all building components
CONCERNS AFFECTING BUILDING COMPONENTS

6. QUERIES WHILE CONSTRUCTING ON HILLS
 What are the various concerns that are to be taken care of?
 How these concerns affect the building?
 How to reduce the ill effects caused by those concerns?
 What are the conclusions that we infer from studying?

7. DETAILS
 INVENTORY OF BUILDINGCOMPONENTS –
 Dissertation deals with :
o Various concerns that affect a building
o Slope Stabilization methods
o Foundation types
o Retaining walls
o Roofing types
o Roofing structures
o Fenestration types

8. CONCERNS AFFECTING BUILDING –
 GEOLOGICAL FACTORS
Slope Gradient
Slope Stability
Water Logging
 CLIMATOLOGICAL FACTORS
Rainfall
Snowfall
 NATURALHAZARD FACTORS
Earthquake
Landslides
Avalanche
 BUILDINGFEATURES DEPENDING ON
CLIMATE
Fenestrations
Roofing

9. EARTHQUAKE -
9
Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes,
principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings and other
rigid structures. The severity of the local effects depends on the complex
combination of the earthquake magnitude, the distance from the epicenter, and
the local geological and geo-morphological conditions.
GENERAL PLANNING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS TO REDUCE THE
EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKES –
• symmetry
• regularity
• separation of blocks
• simplicity
• enclosed area

11. LANDSLIDES :
11
Landslides occur when the stability of a slope changes from a stable to an
unstable condition.
1. Insertion of reinforcement elements in the ground –
This category of work uses large diameter wells supported by one or more
crowns of consolidated and possibly reinforced earth columns :
- anchors
- networks of micropiles
- soil nailing
- geogrids for reinforced ground
- cellular faces
2.Geometry Modification
3. Draining Techniques

12. SNOW-FALL :
Several factors affect the amount of snow
that can build up on a roof. Theyinclude:
• Roof pitch (snow is less likely to slide
off flatter roofs--3/12 pitch or less)
•Drifting (wind blowing snow around
other buildings and trees can create
huge snowdrifts and uneven snow loads)
•Lean-to or other low roofs that receive
snow or ice sliding off roofs above them
• Shinglesor other roof decks which do
not shed snow as easily as metal roofs
•Roof valleys or other roof areas which
collect a lot of snow.
12

13. SLOPE STABILIZATION METHODS –
The principal categories of stabilization methods are:
1) Alteration of slope geometry
2) Improvement of soil strength
3) Provision of force systems to resist instability
Category 1 –
Techniques can involves :
• Re-grading - is the process of raising and/or lowering the levels of land
• Toe weighting (e.g. berm)
• Digging out.
Category 2 –
Includes soil improvement through grouting, shallow and deep drainage
schemes and the use of vegetation
Category 3 –
Systems include the use of piles, piers and retainingwalls.

14. FOUNDATION TYPES –
1. Fill and Cut-Fill
2. Solid Filling
3. Stepped Foundation

15. RETATININGWALL –
- Structures designed to restrain soil to unnatural slopes
- Used to bound soils between two different elevations
- Often in areas of terrain possessing undesirable slopes
- Or in areas where the landscape needs to be shaped
15

16. FENESTRATIONTYPES –
1. Dormer window
-A structural element of a building that
protrudes from the plane of a sloping roof
surface.
-Like skylights, dormer windows are a source
of light and ventilation for top floors
-Unlike skylights (which are parallel to the roof
surface) they also increase the amount of
headroom in the room and allow for more
usable space.
2. Skylight
- A flat or slope window used for daylighting,
built into a roof structure that is out of reach
16

17. 3. Bay window
- A multi-panel window, with at least three
panels set at different angles to create a
protrusion from the wall line
17
4.Oriel
–A form of bay window most often seen in
Tudor-style houses and monasteries which
projects from the wall and does not extend
to the ground.

18. ROOF TYPES –
1. Gable
- A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall
between the edges of a sloping roof.
2. Mansard
- with the pitch divided into a shallow slope above a
steeper slope, the steep slope may be curved
3. Hip
- A hip roof is a type of roof where all sides slope
downwards to the walls, usually with a fairly gentle
slope.
18

19. ROOF STRUCTURES –
1. COUPLE ROOF :
- pairs of rafters are attached on opposite sides
of a ridge and the feet are fixed to the wall plate.
-no tie between the feet, allowing the rafters to
spread under load.
-restricted to small span gable roofs, which may
be simply coupled.
1. COUPLE CLOSE :
-same as the coupled roof except there is a tie,
such as a ceiling joist, placed between the feet
of the rafters
-This method is used for most roof construction,
especially for gables with a wide span.
19

20. 3. COLLAR TIE:
- Gable or double-pitch roof rafters are
often reinforced by horizontal members
called collar ties. In a finished attic, the
ties may also function as ceiling joists.
20

21. INFERENCE :
21
Firstly, the geological concern namely the slope gradient is needed to be
stabilized.
Secondly, the climatological concerns namely rainfall and snowfall is needed
to be optimized so that it causes the least possible harm to the building
structure.
Thirdly, the natural hazard concerns namely landslide and earthquake could
be dealt with by making some civil and architectural changes in thebuilding.
A sloping site is both a problem and a gift. PROBLEM: it adds complexity and,
therefore, cost to the project. GIFT: when we have finished, we will have a
much more interesting building. If we optimize all the concerns than we will
surely make use of the slope to give an aesthetically beautiful and a
functional building.

22. REFERENCES –
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• BOOKS
1. Himalayan Architecture - by Ronald M.Bernier
2. Ernest and Peter Neufert –Architects Data
• WEBSITES
1. 1. http://himachal.nic.in/tcp/
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh
3.http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/681/vernacular-architecture-of-
himachal-pradesh-india
4.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormer
5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_resistant_structures
6.http://www.nicee.org/iaee/E_Chapter3.pdf
7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide
8.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide_mitigation
9.http://www.bis.org.in/other/quake.htm
10.http://mikestrade.sydneyinstitute.wikispaces.net/file/view/Basic+Roof+Part
+1+pages+1+-+26.pdf

23. THANKYOU