Alcohol, Methanol, Ethanol

1. Alternative Fuels .
 Estimates of petroleum reserve
 Need for alternative fuel
 Alcohols
 LPG
 Hydrogen
 CNG
 LNG
 Vegetable oils
 Biogas

2. Alternative Fuels
.
 The global energy are
unsustainable.
 The situation is the worst in the
transport sector.
 Which is almost totally
dependent on crude oil.
 The demand for energy in
transportation is growing.
 For sure, in a medium- and long-
term perspective our world of
transportation will be going to
major changes concerning energy
sources.

3. Alternative Fuels
 Neither IEA nor EIA predicts a
direct shortage of energy by 2030.
(International energy agency and
environmental impact assessment)
 Both organizations predict that
the price of energy will go up.
 The IEA & WEO 2006 states:
(international energy agency & world
economic outlook
 The world is facing twin energy-
that of environmental harm
caused by consuming too much of
it.

4. Alternative Fuels
.
Oil
 Sufficiency of oil reserves is called peak
of oil.
 Which refers to the year of maximum
production for conventional oil, after
production decreases .
 Robert L . Hirsch (2006 ) points out that
when oil production is peaking and no
new technology is available, this results
 Rise in prices
 Development of shortages
 Maybe long -lasting .
 Unemployment,
 Recession of economy and
 High interest rates .

5. Alternative Fuels
World natural gas reserves
Located mainly in
 Russia
 Iran
 Qatar
 World natural gas reserves
2007:
 181,532 billion cubic meters

6. Alternative Fuels
Coal and nuclear energy
 For economic and energy supply
safety reasons:
 Use of coal and nuclear with
large-scale electricity and CHP
production.
 Despite problems associated
with both these energy sources.

7. Alternative Fuels
Nuclear problem
 Produces radioactive waste
 Impact on the environment
Coal problem
 Air pollution
 Greenhouse gas emissions

8. Alternative Fuels
Coal
 Most abundant fossil in world
reserves around (1 trillion tons)
 The largest found in the U.S,
Russia, china, India and
Australia (EIA IEO 2007).
 Coal resources are estimated to
last over 100 years at current
demand.
 But, if utilization strongly the
reserve life of coal begins to
drop dramatically.

9. Alternative Fuels
Energy
 Prime mover for economic growth
of any country.
 Vital to the sustenance of modern
economy.
Future economic growth depends on
 Availability of energy affordability
 Accessibility
 Environmentally friendly

10. Alternative Fuels
.
Energy
 Major sources of energy in the world
Fossil fuels
 Petroleum oil
 Coal
 Natural gas
Renewable energy
 Hydro
 Wind
 Solar
 Geothermal
 Marine energy
 Combustible wastes
 Nuclear energy

11. Alternative Fuels
Energy
 The primary energy converted
into secondary energy.
 Coal and crude oil are converted
into electricity and steam.
 Combustible wastes like animal
products, biomass, and
industrial wastes.

12. Energy
.
Petroleum
 Most important and abundantly available
energy source,
 Largely consumed in the world.
 The price of crude oil is very volatile and
supply is driven by market price.
 While developed industrialized countries
consume around 43 million barrels daily on an
average,
 Developing countries consume only 22 million
barrels per day (mbd).
Coal
 Second most abundant source of energy in the
world mainly used in power generation.
Natural gas
 Highest rates of growth in recent years. The
end-user made it a popular choice for power
generation projects

13. Energy
.
Hydro electricity
 Major use of sources of energy around the
globe.
 Renewable sources of energy are gaining
popularity.
 Renewables 6% of energy in us in 2005
o Half was biomass
o Wood
o Wood waste
o Black liquor from pulp mills were the largest
biomass sources.
o Waste (municipal solid waste, landfill gas,
sludge waste, tires, agricultural byproducts)
 (EERE 2006)

14. Energy
ExxonMobil shows
 Annual growth in primary energy from 2005
to 2030 will be 1.3%,
 Nuclear energy, natural gas and renewable
energy growing more than average.
 Biomass for stationary applications
 Biofuels for transport
The strongest growth expected from
o Wind energy
o Solar energy
o Biofuels

15. Energy Security
.
 80% of the world’s population is in the
developing countries
 their energy consumption is 40% of the
total energy consumption.
 high living standards in the developed
countries are high-energy consumption
levels.
 petroleum resources are available only
in Middle East countries (about 63%)
 Countries having insufficient oil
resources and depending upon the
import may seriously affect its
economic development and
sovereignty in international political
relations.

16. We’ll meet with part 2
.
.