NGN is a packet-based network able to provide Telecommunication Services to users and able to make use of multiple broadband, QoS-enabled transport technologies and in which service-related functions are independent of the underlying transport-related technologies. It enables unfettered access for users to networks and to competing service providers and services of their choice. It supports generalized mobility which will allow consistent and ubiquitous provision of services to users.
LTE Basic Parameters, Data Rates, Duplexing & Accessing, Modulation, Coding & MIMO, Explanation of different nodes and Advantage & Disadvantages of different nodes.
LTE Basic Parameters, Data Rates, Duplexing & Accessing, Modulation, Coding & MIMO, Explanation of different nodes and Advantage & Disadvantages of different nodes.
Describes key network elements and interfaces of LTE architecture. The steps of LTE/EPC Attach procedure are also illustrated.
Video at: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgQvzsPaZX_bimBc5Wu4m6-cVD4bZDav9
Next Generation Network Architecture, by Sunny Yeung.
A presentation given at APRICOT 2016’s Opening Ceremony and APRICOT Plenary 1 session on 22 February 2016.
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
Tutorial about MPLS Implementation with Cisco Router, this first of two chapter discuss about What is MPLS, Network Design, P, PE, and CE Router Description, Case Study of IP MPLS Implementation, IP and OSPF Routing Configuration
Describes key network elements and interfaces of LTE architecture. The steps of LTE/EPC Attach procedure are also illustrated.
Video at: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgQvzsPaZX_bimBc5Wu4m6-cVD4bZDav9
Next Generation Network Architecture, by Sunny Yeung.
A presentation given at APRICOT 2016’s Opening Ceremony and APRICOT Plenary 1 session on 22 February 2016.
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
Tutorial about MPLS Implementation with Cisco Router, this first of two chapter discuss about What is MPLS, Network Design, P, PE, and CE Router Description, Case Study of IP MPLS Implementation, IP and OSPF Routing Configuration
Call for Papers - International Journal of Next-Generation Networks (IJNGN) josephjonse
Next Generation Network (NGN) transports all information and services such as voice, data and media by encapsulating these into packets. Limitations of Internet era can be overcome by Next-generation network protocols and their advanced features and technologies. Research and development on Next-Generation Network (NGNs) have been carried out over the last few years. The International Journal of Next- Generation Network (NGN) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that focuses on architectural changes in telecommunication core and access networks. The Journal aims to present the latest developments and technical solutions in the areas of NGN system, multimedia services, and its related deployment, performance, security and mobility. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced NGN concepts and establish new collaborations in these areas. Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the field of next Generation Network
MEF's inter-domain orchestration delivering dynamic third networks [presente...OPNFV
Shi Fan, China Telecom
Enterprise customers want on-demand connectivity and cloud services with assured performance and global reach. To deliver that cost-effectively, network operators are transitioning to more automated, virtualized, and interconnected networks powered by LSO (Lifecycle Services Orchestration), SDN, and NFV. Many of the world’s leading service providers are embracing the LSO framework and development of standardized, open APIs to enable end-to-end service orchestration across multiple interconnected provider networks and across various technology domains within a single provider network (e.g., packet WAN, NFV, SD-WAN, and optical transport).
The term 'orchestration' is used widely in a variety of contexts. This presentation will present MEF's view of the orchestration of dynamic services and service components across all internal and external domains from one or more providers. Lifecycle Service Orchestration supports the full lifecycle, and not just the configuration and activation phases of the service lifecycle. This presentation will also help put other form of orchestration in context.
Internet Engineering Task Force contribute to the engineering and evolution of Internet technologies
forum for the betterment of future protocols, standards and products
basic technical standards for Internet protocols are set and maintained standardize all the protocol layers in between, from IP itself up to general applications like email and HTTP.
This is the report part 2 of presentation. It talks about the basic functional architecture, 5G architecture, 5G network layers and the hardware & software components of 5G.
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09666155510, 09849539085 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.com-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
Mobility Management For Next Generation NetworksGreen Packet
Increasingly, operators worldwide will be faced with a similar challenge of managing data congestion over multiple access networks. With networks evolving into LTE, operators would need to carefully assess the technology fit into integrating complementary nature of multiple access networks into an all-IP flat architecture. An all IP flat architecture helps to tie heterogeneous access networks that devices can attach to access end-user services. Communication devices today are able to connect with more than one type of wireless technologies to the “web of things”. An end-user will connect to a Wi-Fi hotspot, if within range. When moving away from range, the communication link is handover to for example, UMTS. The motivation of inter-working lies in marrying the diverse strengths of each communication technology. High-bandwidth data communication inherent in WLAN lacks mobility. Conversely, cellular technologies such as UMTS succeed in highly mobile environments, but limited in bandwidth. Although cellular networks are evolving from today’s 3G to LTE that brings promise of capacity leaps (by nearly 4 times), the overall data growth projection will outpace LTE deployments and fill up very quickly.
The immediate need to curtail congested network and effectively manage mobility is imminent to accommodate the data traffic on their networks. The impact of inter-mobility between inter access technology together with various types of mobility support including 3GPP legacy network and non 3GPP is necessary to provide a target low-latency, higher data-rate, all-IP core network capable of supporting real-time packet services. Some of the available IP mobility protocols lack sufficient control to the network to optimize the handover process and do not handle well with slow connection setups of some wireless technologies. This paper highlights the potential approaches of bringing together mobility technologies that are available and how these approaches contribute to resolve operator concerns in deployment of services and combating congestion, access technology integration and evolution to LTE from legacy 3GPP networks.
Call Admission Control (CAC) with Load Balancing Approach for the WLAN NetworksIJARIIT
The cell migrations take place between the different network operators, and require the significant information exchange between the operators to handle the migratory users. The new user registration requires the pre-shared information from the user’s equipment, which signifies the user recognition before registering the new user over the network. In this thesis, the proposed model has been aimed at the development of the new call admission control mechanism with the sub-channel assignment. The very basic utilization of the proposed model is to increase the number of the users over the given cell units, which is realized by using the sub-channel assignment to the users of the network. The proposed model is aimed at solving the issue by assigning the dual sub channels over the single communication channel. Also the proposed model is aimed at handling the minimum resource users by incorporating the load balancing approach over the given network segment. The load balancing approach shares the load of the overloaded cell with the cell with lowest resource utilization. The proposed model performance has been evaluated in the various scenarios and over all of the BTS nodes. The proposed model results have been obtained in the form of the resource utilization, network load, transmission delay, consumed bandwidth and data loss. The proposed model has shown the efficiency obtained by using the proposed call admission control (CAC) along with the new load balancing mechanism. The proposed model has shown the robustness of the proposed model in handling the cell overloading factors.
This is the second part of my 5G project which consists of the architecture structure of 5G. What all it consists of, what all technologies it uses, what all layers it contain etc.
We are looking at the future of technology that has the structure of Nanocore, beneficial for future applications.
Enhancing qo s and qoe in ims enabled next generation networksgraphhoc
Managing network complexity, accommodating greater numbers of subscribers, improving coverage to support data services (e.g. email, video, and music downloads), keeping up to speed with fast-changing technology, and driving maximum value from existing networks – all while reducing CapEX and OpEX and ensuring Quality of Service (QoS) for the network and Quality of Experience (QoE) for the user. These are just some of the pressing business issues faced by mobileservice providers, summarized by the demand to “achieve more, for less.” The ultimate goal of optimization techniques at the network and application layer is to ensure End-user perceived QoS. The next generation networks (NGN), a composite environment of proven telecommunications and Internet-oriented mechanisms have become generally recognized as the telecommunications environment of the future. However, the nature of the NGN environment presents several complex issues regarding quality assurance that have not existed in the legacy environments (e.g., multi-network, multi-vendor, and multi-operator IP-based telecommunications environment, distributed intelligence, third-party provisioning, fixed-wireless and mobile access, etc.). In this Research Paper, a service aware policy-based approach to NGN quality assurance is presented, taking into account both perceptual quality of experience and technologydependant quality of service issues. The respective procedures, entities, mechanisms, and profiles are discussed. The purpose of the presented approach is in research, development, and discussion of pursuing the end-to-end controllability of the quality of the multimedia NGN-based communications in an environment that is best effort in its nature and promotes end user’s access agnosticism, service agility, and global mobility
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
1. NGN
Next Generation Network
Concepts
Havar Bathaee
University of Tehran
December 7, 2014
2. Agenda
Introduction
NGN Definition
NGN Standardization
NGN Conceptual Model
Convergence Towards NGN
NGN Softswitch-Base Architecture
NGN Configuration and Topology
Conclusion
Havar Bathaee, NGN, Next Generation Network Concepts, University of Tehran
3. Introduction
PSTN
NGN
All-IP Network
INTERNET MOBILE
Others…
Today, telephony, the Internet, and the cellular mobile
networks continue to be different domains, each has its own
protocols and services.
Havar Bathaee, NGN, Next Generation Network Concepts, University of Tehran
4. Introduction
General Idea
Packets
Voice
Data
Multimedia
Havar Bathaee, NGN, Next Generation Network Concepts, University of Tehran
6. NGN Definition
NGN is a packet-based network able to provide
Telecommunication Services to users and able to make use of
multiple broadband, QoS-enabled transport technologies and in
which service-related functions are independent of the
underlying transport-related technologies. It enables unfettered
access for users to networks and to competing service providers
and services of their choice. It supports generalized mobility
which will allow consistent and ubiquitous provision of services to
users.
Havar Bathaee, NGN, Next Generation Network Concepts, University of Tehran
7. NGN Definition
Characteristics
Unified Global Networking Platform
Packet-Based Network
Provides Telecommunication Services to Users
QoS-enabled Transport Technologies
(Delay, Throughput, and Reliability)
Services are Independent of Transport Technologies
Unfettered Access for Users to Networks and Services
Generalized Mobility Which Allow Consistent and
Ubiquitous Provision of Services to Users
Havar Bathaee, NGN, Next Generation Network Concepts, University of Tehran
8. NGN Standardization
Key Players
3GPP
ITU-T
ITU Telecommunication
Standardization Sector
ITU-T
NGN-GSI
ATIS
NGN FG ETSI
TISPAN
ATIS
Alliance for Telecom.
Industry
ETSI
European Telecom.
Standards Institute
3GPP
3rd Generation Partnership
Project
Havar Bathaee, NGN, Next Generation Network Concepts, University of Tehran
9. NGN Standardization
Key Players (continued)
Havar Bathaee, NGN, Next Generation Network Concepts, University of Tehran
10. NGN Standardization
Problems
Within the NGN concepts the standardization institutions are still
working on the following issues and problems:
• Existing networks migration towards NGN
• Development in the field of access technologies
• Connection of other networks to IP networks
• Provision of services and development of new ones
• Interworking in the area of addressing
• Interworking of signaling systems
• Roaming a mobility
Havar Bathaee, NGN, Next Generation Network Concepts, University of Tehran
11. NGN Conceptual Model
NGN applications and
services, application
server, features server,
media server
MGC, Softswitch, Call
Agent, Gatekeeper
Transmission Packet
network, VOIP, Media
gateways, Signalling
gateway, Core Packet
network
Fixed, Data, Cable,
Wireless fixed, Mobile,
Satellite
Access to
NGN
Havar Bathaee, NGN, Next Generation Network Concepts, University of Tehran
12. NGN Conceptual Model
Management layer
In the NGN it is required that the network control is not determined
only by the terminal equipment applications, but that the network
intelligence may carry out control over the network at all levels.
Management layer tasks:
Resource management (capacity, ports, and physical elements)
and QoS in access to the network and the transport network
Various media processing, encoding, data transfer (information
flows)
Management of calls and connection. Management and
interworking of all elements of the reference architecture
Service control
Havar Bathaee, NGN, Next Generation Network Concepts, University of Tehran
13. Convergence towards NGN
Today’s network is divided into:
• Public Switched Telephone Network
• Packet Switched Networks (LAN, WAN,…)
• Cellular Mobile Networks
Convergence is the process of interconnection of traditional switched
circuit networks (PSTN and Mobile Networks) and packet-base
networks that use IP (Internet Protocol).
Havar Bathaee, NGN, Next Generation Network Concepts, University of Tehran
14. Convergence towards NGN
Evolutional scenarios
Migration scenarios of different types of networks platforms are
based on the idea to integrate TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
and IP (Internet Protocol) platforms into one converged NGN
platform (from the point of network infrastructure, as well as
services).
TDM
IP
NGN
Havar Bathaee, NGN, Next Generation Network Concepts, University of Tehran
15. Convergence towards NGN
Evolutional scenarios (continued)
PSTN & Intelligent
Networks
Internet & Data
Networks
Cable Networks
Wireless & Mobile
Networks
Internet
Telephony
Hybrid
Networks
VoIP
Networks
VoCATV
GSM GPRS UMTS
NGN
Havar Bathaee, NGN, Next Generation Network Concepts, University of Tehran
16. Convergence towards NGN
From Vertical Silos to Horizontal NGN Architecture
Application
Service
Control
Transport
Access
End Points
Mobile Networks
PSTN/ISDN
Data/IP Networks
Cable/Terrestrial TV
Vertical Silo Architecture
per service
Services
Horizontal Layered
Multi-Service Architecture
Existing and Newly Emerging
Services
Services & Network Control
(QoS, Security, IP Mobility)
Multi-Service IP Backbone
Wireless
Access
Wireline
Access
Services
Havar Bathaee, NGN, Next Generation Network Concepts, University of Tehran
17. Convergence towards NGN
Comparing the Features of PSTN/IN, Internet, and NGN
PSTN/IN Internet NGN
Multimedia Services NO YES YES
QoS support YES NO YES
Network Intelligence YES NO YES
Intelligent Terminal Equipment NO YES YES
Integrated Supervision & Control YES NO YES
Reliability High Low High
Service Creation Complex ad-hoc Systematic
Simplicity of Services use Medium High High
Modularity Low Medium High
Time of Service Introduction Long Short Short
Openness of Architecture Small High High
Havar Bathaee, NGN, Next Generation Network Concepts, University of Tehran
18. NGN Softswitch-Base Architecture
Media
Application Server
Access
Network
PSTN /
IN
RTP
RTCP
VoIP
IP / MPLS
MGCP
H.323
SIP
Media
Gateway
Controller
TDM RTP/RTCP
Trunking
Gateway
(MGW)
Access
Gateway
Server
SIG
T
M
Signaling
Gateway
SIP
SIP
MGCP
H.248
MGCP
H.323
SIP
MGCP
H.248
Media Gateway Controller
SIP-T, BICC
AG
Havar Bathaee, NGN, Next Generation Network Concepts, University of Tehran
19. NGN Softswitch-Base Architecture
Components
M
Media Gateway
Call Agent Softswitch
Controller
Generally serves as components for controlling of communication
relations of users and other network components; provides call
routing, network signaling, billing, and other logical functions.
Havar Bathaee, NGN, Next Generation Network Concepts, University of Tehran
20. NGN Softswitch-Base Architecture
Components
T
Media Gateway
Trunking gateways: interface between the PSTN/PLMN and VoIP
Operate Residential within gateway: transport provide plane, traditional perform analog all function (RJ11) related interface to media
to VoIP
physical transport between different networks, media processing
functions Access gateway: (transcoding, provide echo traditional cancellation, analog or jitter PBX managing), interface to VoIP
tones
processing Signaling network: and management provide of change information of signalization transport.
systems between
PSTN/PLMN to VoIP
Havar Bathaee, NGN, Next Generation Network Concepts, University of Tehran
21. NGN Softswitch-Base Architecture
Components
Application
Server
Application server is implemented to perform functionalities specific
to certain service, perform specialized service logic call control, also
includes more functionalities in terms of user web interface, end-points
management, etc. For example it can provide specific
videoconferencing service, Call Center service or IP Centrex service.
Havar Bathaee, NGN, Next Generation Network Concepts, University of Tehran
22. NGN Softswitch-Base Architecture
Components
Media
Server
Media server provides functionalities allow interaction between
calling party and application using end-point device. It provides
Media Resource Functions (tones detection, speech synthesis and
recognition, compressions, media mixing, etc.) and Media Control
Functions that control of media functions (voice message play
management, conference bridge, fax message management, etc.)
Havar Bathaee, NGN, Next Generation Network Concepts, University of Tehran
23. NGN Configuration and Topology
INNI: Internal Network-Network Interface
NNI: Network-Network Interface
UNI: User Network Interface
Havar Bathaee, NGN, Next Generation Network Concepts, University of Tehran
24. Conclusion
Other Architectures
• IMS and entities (P-CSCF, I-CSCF,…)
• TISPAN NGN
• GSM
• …
NGN Protocols
• SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)
• SDP (Session Description Protocol)
• RTP (Real Time Transport Protocol)
• ...
NGN Standards
Services and QoS
Havar Bathaee, NGN, Next Generation Network Concepts, University of Tehran
its most important protocols, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP),
One network transports all type of data and provide services (voice, data, all sorts of media) by encapsulating these into packets using TCP/IP.
NGNs are commonly built around the Internet Protocol (IP), and therefore the term all IP is also sometimes used to describe the transformation toward NGN.
The realization of the idea for NGN has started in 2003 (Figure 3.3). In each standards body
has been organized a standard group dedicated to NGN.
The ITU-T has started its work on NGN in 2003 by creating the so-called Joint Rapporteur
Group on Next Generation Network (JRG-NGN), which targeted to study several main subjects
such as: NGN requirements, the general reference model, NGN functional requirements
and functional architecture, and evolution to NGN (from existing telecommunication networks
at that time). This group delivered two fundamental NGN recommendations:
• General overview of NGN (Y.2001 [2]);
• General principles and general reference model for NGN (Y.2011 [3]).
The JRG-NGNwas formed from experts of ITU-T Study Group 13 (SG13), which is targeted
to future networks, including cloud computing, mobile, and NGN.
In 2004 the ITU-T Focus Group on Next Generation Network (FG-NGN) was established,
which lasted for 1.5 years (until November 2005). Its main targetwas to accelerate the activities started by the JRG-NGN. In the period 2004–2005 several key aspects regarding the NGN
were addressed by this group, such as: functional architecture and mobility, QoS, control and
signaling aspects, service and security capabilities, the migration path from PSTN/ISDN networks
to NGN, as well as future packet-based networks and their requirements. The work of
FG-NGN was published in proceedings in 2005 [3].
From 2006 the work on NGN standardization within the ITU-T was transferred to the Next
Generation Network Global Standards Initiative (NGN-GSI), which is working on detailed
standards for NGN deployment by collaboration with different ITU-T Study Groups. The
established objectives and goals of NGN-GSI were to further strengthen the leading role of
ITU-T among other standardization bodies involved with NGN, to coordinate work between
different ITU-T Study Groups working on various NGN recommendations, and to produce
global standards based on the telecommunications market needs (which are continuously
changing and often cannot be precisely predicted).
Since the start of the NGN standardization process in ITU many operators have started to
migrate to all-IP networks, including the telephony migration to VoIP with similar QoS, security,
and signaling support as in PSTN. The PSTN transition to all-IP environment was the
most important driver for NGN from the start, thus NGN release 1 was mainly focused to
VoIP. However, since the realization of NGN is an evolutionary process and different operators
and administrations will start it at different times, there is a need to have different approaches
for building a NGN or transition from PSTN and PLMN (which both have high investments,
either is equipment or other resources such as frequency bands for mobile networks) toward
the NGN.
NGN Definition:
ETSI :
NGN is a concept of the defining and establishing of the networks, allowing a formal distribution of functionalities into separate layers and planes by using open interfaces, making it possible for the service providers and operators to create a platform which can be gradually developed thanks to creation, implementation and effective management of innovative services.
NGN is a packet-based network able to provide Telecommunication Services to users and able to make use of multiple broadband, QoS-enabled transport technologies and in which service-related functions are independent of the underlying transport-related technologies. It enables unfettered access for users to networks and to competing service providers and services of their choice. It supports generalized mobility which will allow consistent and ubiquitous provision of services to users.
NGN-GSI (Next Generation Networks Global Standards Initiative)
ATIS NGN force group
ETSI TISPAN: Telecom & Internet Conveged Services and protocols for advanced networks
The access layer provides the infrastructure, for example an access network
between the end user and the transport network. The access network can be both
wireless and fixed and it can be based on various transport media.
The transport layer ensures the transport between the individual nodes (points)
of the network, to which are connected access networks. It connects physical
elements deployed in the individual layers It also enables the transport of different
types of traffic, media (signaling, interactive data, real-time video, voice
communication, etc.)
The control layer includes the control of services and network elements. This
layer is responsible for set-up/establishing, control and cancelling of the
multimedia session. It ensures the control of sources as well, depending on the
service requirements. One of the fundamental NGN principles is the separation of
control logic from the switching hardware.
The service layer, which can be used to create
more complex and sophisticatoffers the basic service functionsed services and applications. It controls the progress
of the service based on its logic.
As it has already been stated, the next generation networks are a vision of
a converged network, meeting all the requirements for a converged universal
packet network of the future.
That is why it is appropriate to look into
their evolution and to outline their future trends and the open issues to be solved
as well.
VoCATV: Voice over Cable TV:
UMTS: universal mobile telecommunication system: 3rd generation. Based on GSM
Integrated Services for Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communication standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network.
Terrestrial television is a type of television broadcasting using radio signals for transmission and television antennas and tuners for reception
NGN architecture based on software switching technology (softswitch) can be
supposed as first and unique evolution step in NGN, although there are more
modern architecture available nowadays (for example see chapter IMS based
architecture).
However, it has built up philosophy of building of new NGN
networks and validated principles and features of NGN architecture and its
components towards its next evolution
This architecture was the first which
drive was significantly motivated by telecommunication vendors, naturally
reflecting on massive development of VoIP protocol family and by
telecommunication providers demand to implement services more modern and
more efficient way.
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a mechanism in high-performance telecommunications networks that directs data from one network node to the next based on short path labels rather than long network addresses
A registered jack (RJ) is a standardized[1][2][3] physical network interface—both jack construction and wiring pattern—for connecting telecommunications or data equipment to a service provided by a local exchange carrier or long distance carrier. The standard designs for these connectors and their wiring are named RJ11, RJ14, RJ21,RJ35, RJ45, RJ48, etc.
PBX is a system that connects telephone extensions of a company to outside public telephone network as well as to mobile networks.
Customer network: This is a network deployed at home or at enterprise, which is connected
via the UNI with NGN access network.
• Access network: This network collects the end-user traffic from customer network to the
core network in both directions. It also aggregates the traffic from different end-users to
the core network. Also, it can be divided into several domains, and in such case network
elements within a single domain are interconnected with so-called INNI (Internal Network–
Network Interface). Connections between network elements from different domains as well
as between access networks and core networks are realized via the NNI.
• Core network: This type of network provides transport of user data as well as control and
management information between different network elements (e.g., between core routers).
A core network may have several domains. Within a single domain network elements are interconnected via INNI, while NNI is used between different core network domains or
between a core network and other network (e.g., access network, transit network).