This presentation summarizes recent research on performance of Autumn King and Scarlet Royal grapevines on different rootstocks.

1. New rootstocks for table grapes
Matthew Fidelibus
UC Davis
and
Jennifer Hashim-Maquire
Formerly UCCE Viticulture Advisor

2. Acknowledgements
California Table Grape Commission
Grower Cooperators
Don Luvisi
Allison Ferry-Abee, Franka Gabler, Ashraf El Kereamy, Larry
Williams, Shinjian “George” Zhuang

3. Outline
• Potential rootstock benefits
• General characteristics of common rootstock
parent species and hybrid groups
• Site factors that influence selection
• Value of testing programs; university or on-
farm trials
• Review of California selection programs and
sample data

4. Potential benefits of rootstocks
• Resistance to nematodes and phylloxera
• Influence vine mineral nutrition and salt
tolerance
• Influence scion capacity and vigor
• Influence vine yield, fruit quality, and
maturation rate
• Tolerance to water deficit

5. Classic rootstocks
• Original purpose of rootstocks was to
overcome phylloxera
• Vitis riparia & Vitis rupestris resistant to
phylloxera, root well from dormant cuttings, &
graft well with vinifera scions
• Vitis berlandieri does better on calcareous
soils, but roots poorly, so it was crossed with
V. riparia and V. rupestris

6. Vitis berlandieri
• Variable phylloxera resistance
• Good lime tolerance
• Deep rooting provides some drought
tolerance

7. Vitis riparia
• High phylloxera resistance
• Easy to propagate
• Riparian origin and low drought resistance,
moderate salt tolerance
• Shallow roots, low vigor, early fruit maturity
• Low resistance to root knot nematode;
moderate resistance to dagger nematode

8. Vitis rupestris
• Deep roots can help protect against drought,
but not on shallow soils
• High phylloxera resistance but low nematode
resistance
• Easy to propagate

9. V. riparia x V. rupestris hybrids
• Low to moderate vigor
• Early fruit maturity
• Low drought tolerance
• Includes 101-14, Schwarzmann, 3309 C

10. V. berlandieri x V. riparia hybrids
• Moderate to high vigor
• Moderately sensitive to drought
• Includes Teleki 5C, Kober 5BB, SO4, 420A

11. V. berlandieri x V. rupestris
• Moderate to high scion vigor
• Good drought and salt tolerance
• Moderate to high nematode tolerance
• Includes 1103 P, 140 Ruggeri, 110 Richter, 99
Richter

12. Vitis candicans / mustangensis
• Resistant to phylloxera and nematodes
• Difficult to propagate

13. Vitis x. champinii
• Natural hybrid of V. candicans x V. rupestris
• Moderate phylloxera & dagger nematode
resistance, high root knot nematode resist.
• Deep roots, high vigor, high drought & salt
tolerance
• Dog Ridge & Ramsey are champinii selections;
Freedom & Harmony are complex hybrids with
champinii parentage

14. Why are new rootstocks needed?
• Few stocks currently in use: Freedom,
Harmony, & 1103P
• Freedom & Harmony >40 years old; some soil
pests have overcome resistance mechanisms
• Effective fumigants & nematicides have been
restricted or phased out
• As water becomes more limited, need for
drought & salt tolerant stocks will increase

15. California rootstock evaluation
efforts
• Hundreds of yet untested rootstock selections
from USDA and UC Davis breeding programs
• Raisin grape trial in Fresno
• Wine grape trials throughout the state
• Table grape trials in Ducor, Goshen, and Traver

17. ‘Autumn King’, Ducor, California
Rootstock Origin Parentage
‘Autumn King’ USDA, Fresno V. vinifera
Freedom USDA, Fresno V champinii x 1613C
Harmony USDA, Fresno V. champinii x 1613C
Teleki 5C Hungary V. berlandieri x V. riparia
Salt Creek (Ramsey) Texas V. candicans x. V. rupestris
1103-P Sicily, Italy V. berlandieri x V. rupestris
‘Crimson Seedless’ USDA, Fresno V. vinifera
USDA 10-17 A USDA, Fresno V. simpsoni x Edna ((V. lincecumii x V. rupestris) x V. vinifera)
RS-3 UC KAC, Parlier (V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V. rupestris)
RSD-34 UC KAC, Parlier ((V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V. rupestris)) x V.
doaniana
GRN1 UC Davis V. rupestris x M. rotundifolia hybrid
GRN2 UC Davis (V. rufotomentosa x (V. champinii Dog Ridge x Riparia Gloire)) x
Riparia Gloire
GRN3 UC Davis (V. rufotomentosa x (V. champinii Dog Ridge x Riparia Gloire)) x V.
champinii c9038 (probably V. candicans x V. monticola)
GRN4 UC Davis (V. rufotomentosa x (V. champinii Dog Ridge x Riparia Gloire)) x V.
champinii c9038 (probably V. candicans x V. monticola)
GRN-5 UC Davis (V. champinii Ramsey x Riparia Gloire) x V. champinii c9021
(probably V. candicans x V. berlandieri)

18. ‘Autumn King’, Traver, California
Rootstock Origin Parentage
‘Autumn King’ USDA, Fresno V. vinifera
Freedom USDA, Fresno V champinii x 1613C
Harmony USDA, Fresno V champinii x 1613C
Salt Creek (Ramsey) Texas V. candicans x. V. rupestris
Teleki 5C Hungary V. berlandieri x V. riparia
RS-3 KAC, Parlier (V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V. rupestris)
RS-9 KAC, Parlier (V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V. rupestris)
USDA 10-17A USDA, Fresno V. simpsonii x Edna ((V. lincecumii x V. rupestris) x V. vinifera))
RSD-34 KAC, Parlier ((V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V. rupestris)) x V.
doaniana

19. ‘Scarlet Royal’, Goshen, California
Rootstock Origin Parentage
‘Scarlet Royal’ USDA, Fresno V. vinifera
Freedom USDA, Fresno V champinii x 1613C
1103-P Sicily, Italy V. berlandieri x V. rupestris
Kober 5BB Austria V. berlandieri x V. riparia
Teleki 5C Hungary V. berlandieri x V. riparia
RS-3 KAC, Parlier (V. candicans x V. rupestris)x(V. riparia x V .rupestris)
RS-9 KAC, Parlier (V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V. rupestris)
USDA 10-23B USDA, Fresno V. doaniana
10-17A USDA, Fresno V. simpsoni x Edna ((V. lincecumii x V. rupestris) x V. vinifera))
RSD-34 KAC, Parlier ((V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V. rupestris)) x V.
doaniana

20. ‘Autumn King’, Ducor, Petiole Analysis
P (total)
K
(total)
Ca
(total)
Mg
(total)
NO3-N
Rootstock (%) (%) (%) (%) (ppm)
10-17A 0.10 de 1.98 bc 2.13 bc 0.47 def 738 cde
1103 P 0.12 cde 1.77 bcde 1.67 f 0.54 cd 777 bcd
‘Crimson’ 0.11 cde 1.70 de 1.89 de 0.51 de 439 ef
Freedom 0.11 cde 2.52 a 1.99 cd 0.75 a 1401 a
GRN1 0.17 a 1.92 bcd 1.92 de 0.60 bc 1405 a
GRN2 0.16 ab 2.32 a 2.39 a 0.44 ef 1038 b
GRN3 0.15 ab 1.71 cde 1.99 cd 0.54 cd 657 cdef
GRN4 0.13 bcd 2.48 a 2.30 ab 0.49 def 749 bcde
Harmony 0.10 de 2.02 b 1.71 f 0.48 def 389 f
Own-rooted 0.11 cde 1.60 e 2.02 cd 0.54 cd 593 def
RS3 0.15 abc 2.50 a 2.14 bc 0.64 b 697 cde
RSD34 0.09 e 1.83 bcde 2.18 bc 0.53 cd 502 def
Salt Creek 0.12 bcde 1.88 bcde 1.78 ef 0.43 f 920 bc
Teleki 5C 0.13 bcd 1.65 de 2.04 cd 0.54 cd 585 def

21. ‘Autumn King’, Ducor, Petiole Analysis
B
(total)
Zn (total) Mn (total)
Cu
(total)
Na
(total)
Cl
(IC)
Cultivar (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (%)
10-17A 76 bcd 39 abcd 127 ef 8.6 a 0.019 efg 0.34 ab
1103 P 73 cd 27 d 163 de 4.5 bc 0.014 g 0.00 f
‘Crimson’ 73 cd 40 abc 282 a 5.9 bc 0.122 a 0.38 a
Freedom 86 ab 29 bcd 227 bc 3.9 c 0.040 d 0.21 c
GRN1 72 d 31 bcd 173 de 5.4 bc 0.022 efg 0 f
GRN2 82 abcd 29 bcd 164 de 6.2 bc 0.030 de 0.30 b
GRN3 85 ab 36 abcd 157 de 4.8 bc 0.016 fg 0.09 de
GRN4 90 a 29 cd 191 cd 4.7 bc 0.024 efg 0.12 d
Harmony 80 abcd 42 ab 174 de 4.7 bc 0.071 c 0.03 f
Own-rooted 90 a 45 a 244 ab 6.8 ab 0.096 b 0.37 a
RS3 84 abc 34 abcd 172 de 5.4 bc 0.071 c 0.0 f
RSD34 78 bcd 34 abcd 161 de 4.6 bc 0.076 c 0.06 ef
Salt Creek 77 bcd 41 abc 110 f 6.8 ab 0.021 efg 0.09 de
Teleki 5C 89 a 33 abcd 199 bcd 4.8 bc 0.028 def 0.01 f

22. ‘Autumn King’, Ducor, Fruit Quality
Berry weight
Brix
pH TA
Cultivar (g) (%) (%) (g/100 ml)
10-17A 5.62 abc 15.7 d 3.85 e 0.30 bcde
1103 P 5.95 a 16.95 ab 3.89 cde 0.32 abc
‘Crimson’ 5.45 abc 16.49 bc 3.89 cde 0.30 def
Freedom 5.27 bcd 17.45 a 3.97 ab 0.31 bcd
GRN1 5.51 abc 16.04 cd 3.88 cde 0.32 abc
GRN2 5.71 abc 16.39 bc 3.91 bcde 0.33 a
GRN3 5.80 ab 16.77 ab 3.91 bcde 0.29 def
GRN4 5.60 abc 16.86 ab 3.92 bcd 0.30 cde
Harmony 5.64 abc 17.39 a 4.01 a 0.28 f
Own-rooted 4.79 d 17.04 ab 3.85 e 0.29 ef
RS3 5.54 abc 16.83 ab 3.92 bcd 0.30 bcde
RSD34 5.19 cd 17.40 a 3.92 bcd 0.28 f
Salt Creek 5.91 a 16.51 bc 3.89 cde 0.29 def
Teleki 5C 5.44 abc 17.27 a 3.92 bcd 0.32 ab

23. ‘Autumn King’, Ducor, Picking Data
Clusters pickedz
Total harvest
Cull wt/vine
Cultivar (no.)
Yield (kg/vine)
(kg)
10-17A
32 11.58 4.05
1103 P
37 14.00 3.94
‘Crimson’
43 13.22 4.53
Freedom
48 12.43 4.42
GRN1
42 11.11 4.32
GRN2
46 11.60 3.75
GRN3
17 9.19 2.88
GRN4
36 11.53 3.95
Harmony
61 15.38 5.34
Own-rooted
35 7.85 3.12
RS3
34 11.25 3.70
RSD34
28 7.54 3.06
Salt Creek
26 12.20 3.74
Teleki 5C
35 11.45 2.77

24. ‘Autumn King’, Traver, 2012
N
(total)
P
(total)
K
(total)
S
(total)
Ca
(total)
Mg
(total)
NO3-N
(total)
Cultivar (%) (%) (%) (ppm) (%) (%) (ppm)
RS-3 1.26 bc 0.51 b 4.12 b 1533 e 1.42 c 0.39 abc 889 c
RS-9 1.25 bc 0.40 de 3.41 c 2374 a 1.42 c 0.42 ab 1189 bc
Freedom 1.52 ab 0.52 b 4.46 a 1756 de 1.73 b 0.41 ab 2325 a
Own Root 1.04 c 0.36 ef 2.62 d 1553 e 1.72 b 0.38 bcd 984 c
Harmony 1.25 bc 0.44 cd 3.99 b 2081 bc 1.51 c 0.36 cde 1641 b
Ramsey 1.78 a 0.57 a 3.44 c 2142 b 1.64 b 0.35 de 2116 a
10-17A 1.05 c 0.33 f 2.77 d 1913 bcd 1.95 a 0.42 a 740 c
RSD-34 1.31 bc 0.36 ef 3.31 c 1969 bcd 1.49 c 0.33 ef 1591 b
Teleki 5C 1.15 bc 0.46 c 3.61 c 1876 cd 1.93 a 0.31 f 1456 b

25. ‘Autumn King’, Traver, 2012
B
(total)
Zn
(total)
Mn
(total)
Fe
(total)
Cu
(total)
Na
(total)
Cl
(IC)
Pruning
wt
Cultivar (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (%) (kg/vine)
RS-3 37.82 d 38.49 a 44.25 ab 39.92 ab 12.14 cd 0.03 c 0.26 c 4.80 bcd
RS-9 42.70 ab 35.05 bc 21.10 de 36.79 ab 11.70 d 0.01 ef 0.15 d 4.37 bcd
Freedom 43.98 a 25.73 d 40.59 bc 42.97 ab 9.59 f 0.02 de 0.33 b 5.33 ab
Own Root 39.71 cd 34.22 c 34.52 bcd 34.58 b 13.09 bc 0.06 a 0.45 a 5.79 a
Harmony 37.92 d 34.16 c 19.44 e 45.36 a 11.07 de 0.03 cd 0.14 d 4.06 cd
Ramsey 40.47 bcd 40.14 a 27.30 cde 42.87 ab 14.31 a 0.02 ef 0.17 d 4.40 bcd
10-17A 40.83 bc 37.63 ab 54.15 a 37.87 ab 13.48 ab 0.03 cd 0.44 a 3.87 d
RSD-34 38.12 d 26.04 d 32.40 bcde 36.14 ab 11.95 cd 0.04 b 0.29 bc 5.04 abc
Teleki 5C 39.52 cd 34.79 bc 34.10 bcd 40.13 ab 10.37 ef 0.01 f 0.13 d 4.57 bcd

26. ‘Autumn King’, Traver, Fruit Quality
Berry weight
Brix
pH TA
Cultivar
(g)
(%)
(%) (g/100 ml)
RS-3
10.54 bc
16.49 ab 3.99 b 3.51 bc
RS-9
10.38 bc
15.98 bc 3.94 cd 3.66 ab
Freedom
10.08 c
15.97 bc 4.06 a 3.77 a
Own Root
11.09 b
15.67 c 3.97 bc 3.61 abc
Harmony
10.81 bc
15.61 c 4.06 a 3.64 ab
Ramsey
11.81 a
15.45 cd 4.04 a 3.43 c
10-17A
10.49 bc
15.06 d 3.92 d 3.40 c
RSD-34
10.57 bc
16.57 a 3.97 bc 3.65 ab
Teleki 5C
11.03 b
15.84 c 3.99 b 3.58 abc

27. ‘Autumn King’,Traver
Clusters
Total harvest
Cull wt/vine
Cultivar (no.)
Yield (kg/vine)
(kg)
RS-3
75 ab 25.10 bc
2.69 abc
RS-9
70 ab 24.29 bc
2.91 ab
Freedom
63 ab 17.92 d
1.82 d
Own Root
83 a 28.66 ab
2.77 ab
Harmony
69 ab 22.34 cd
1.91 cd
Ramsey
70 ab 23.86 bc
2.12 bcd
10-17A
61 b 31.41 a
3.29 a
RSD-34
78 ab 26.38 abc
3.00 a
Teleki 5C
76 ab 24.74 bc
2.56 abcd

28. ‘Scarlet Royal’, Goshen, Petiole
Analyses
P (total)
K
(total)
Ca
(total)
Mg
(total)
NO3-N
(total)
Cultivar (%)
(%) (%) (%) (ppm)
RS-3 0.337 c 3.53 ab 1.54 e 0.46 a
290 bc
RS-9 0.326 c 3.11 d 1.69 d 0.47 a
280 bc
Freedom 0.309 cd 3.69 a 1.94 c 0.46 a
503 a
Own Root 0.303 cd 3.50 ab 1.83 c 0.36 bc
272 bcd
Teleki 5C 0.380 b 3.44 b 2.14 b 0.30 de
176 d
Kober 5BB 0.438 a 3.34 bc 2.18 b 0.33 cd
214 b
10-17A 0.271 de 3.16 cd 2.39 a 0.38 b
213 cd
1103-P 0.454 a 3.56 ab 2.21 b 0.48 a
327 b
10-23B 0.261 e 3.44 b 2.07 b 0.27 e
341 b
RSD-34 0.339 c 3.21 cd 1.44 e 0.32 de
452 a

29. ‘Scarlet Royal’, Goshen, Petiole
Analyses
B
(total) Zn (total) Mn (total)
Cu
(total)
Na
(total)
Cl
(IC)
Pruning weight
Cultivar (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (%) (kg/vine)
RS-3 38.7 c 38 b 40 c 11.62 bc 0.03 b 0.28 c 3.31 c
RS-9 45.5 b 37 bc 28 d 11.68 bc 0.01 c 0.11 d 3.28 c
Freedom 48.9 a 31 d 54 b 8.83 d 0.02 c 0.29 c 4.45 a
Own Root 40.1 c 39 b 42 c 12.64 ab 0.13 a 0.75 a 4.09 ab
Teleki 5C 45.3 b 30 d 39 c 10.11 cd 0.02 c 0.11 d 3.75 bc
Kober 5BB 43.5 b 44 a 61 ab 10.64 c 0.01 c 0.09 d 3.97 ab
10-17A 43.9 b 31 d 24 d 13.86 a 0.01 c 0.45 b 3.39 c
1103-P 48.5 a 34 c 62 a 11.12 bc 0.01 c 0.05 d 4.32 a
10-23B 40.9 c 18 e 44 c 10.34 cd 0.01 c 0.05 d 3.32 c
RSD-34 39.7 c 29 d 54 b 10.72 c 0.01 c 0.06 d 3.37 c

30. ‘Scarlet Royal’, Goshen, Fruit Quality
Berry weight Length Width Brix TA
Cultivar Lightness Chroma hue (g) (mm) (mm) (%) pH (g/100 ml)
RS-3 29.43 10.15 abc 17.97 ab 9.12 ab 28.99 ab 22.68 a 17.87 3.45 8.0 abc
RS-9 28.65 9.93 bc 14.40 ab 9.02 ab 28.92 ab 22.31 ab 18.48 3.47 7.74 abc
Freedom 28.02 10.47 ab 16.15 ab 8.15 c 28.12 bc 21.58 abc 18.54 3.50 8.13 ab
Own Root 28.86 10.86 a 17.12 ab 8.75 abc 29.10 ab 22.37 ab 17.69 3.45 8.41 a
Teleki 5C 28.08 9.63 c 13.82 b 8.64 abc 29.31 a 22.02 abc 18.49 3.46 8.35 a
Kober 5BB 28.70 10.30 abc 16.96 ab 8.62 abc 29.31 a 21.00 c 17.90 3.48 8.31 a
10-17A 29.17 10.88 a 17.17 ab 8.67 abc 29.38 a 21.85 abc 17.99 3.53 7.33 bc
1103-P 28.27 10.05 bc 14.65 ab 9.24 a 29.39 a 22.36 ab 18.24 3.47 8.33 a
10-23B 28.20 10.17 abc 15.58 ab 8.51 bc 28.74 ab 21.84 abc 18.03 3.53 7.19 c
RSD-34 28.96 10.00 bc 18.43 a 7.60 d 27.44 c 21.52 bc 17.72 3.49 8.35 a

31. ‘Scarlet Royal’, Goshen, Picking Data
Total packed wt
Cultivar (kg)
RS-3 27.7 ab
RS-9 24.9 b
Freedom 25.9 b
Own Root 28.7 ab
Teleki 5C 25.4 b
Kober 5BB 22.6 b
10-17A 23.9 b
1103-P 32.2 a
10-23B 32.9 a
RSD-34 26.3 b

32. Summary
• Rootstocks tested have consistent effects on mineral
nutrition and salt uptake
• Rootstock effects on fruit quality and yield have been
relatively small, though Freedom appears to reduce
berry size whereas Ramsey promotes it
• Pest pressure has been relatively low and variable;
differences among stocks may increase with pest
pressure

35. For a copy of this presentation
• http://slideshare.net/viticulture