Introduction to Linguistic_ General Review
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this presentation explain about what are Language and Linguistic, what are element of language, what are general linguistic. this presentation from Mr. Nando Saragih, he is a lecturer faculty of letter ion University of Papua
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Language and gender
Women and men use language differently. Women tend to use hedges, tag questions, intensifiers and polite forms more, while men swear more and are more direct. There are also differences in conversational styles, with women using more rapport talk and men using more problem-solving talk. Perceptions of language can also differ by gender, with terms like "chairman" and "fireman" seen as male-oriented. In mixed-gender classrooms, teachers may interact more with boys, who can dominate discussions, while girls receive more academically useful attention. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis also suggests that the language we use shapes our thoughts in particular ways. In conclusion, while generalizations about gender differences in
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It is my friend Bushra's slide who is topper of the batch. It is well described on differences or relationship between phonetics and phonology.
Allophone presentation
This document discusses phonology and the relationship between phonemes and allophones. It defines phonemes as the smallest units of sound that distinguish meaning, while allophones are predictable variants of phonemes that are conditioned by their context. Phonemes group sets of similar-sounding allophones. For example, [p] and [ph] in English are allophones of the same /p/ phoneme because they occur in complementary distribution and can be substituted without changing a word's meaning. Allophones are phonetic realizations of phonemes that follow language-specific rules.
Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
This document provides an introduction to linguistics, focusing on phonetics and phonology. It defines key terms including:
- Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and their production, including articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics.
- Phonology examines how sounds function and are organized in languages.
- Other terms defined include phoneme, allophone, place and manner of articulation, voiced vs voiceless sounds, syllables, phonotactics, and consonant clusters. Speech organs and their roles in sound production are also discussed.
Phonetics vs phonology
Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and their production, while phonology examines how sounds are organized and pattern in a language. Phonetics looks at the physical aspects of sounds, and phonology considers their functional relationships. Some key differences are that phonetics is described as the physics of sound, focusing on theories of production and perception. Phonology is the psychology of sound, concerned with rules governing sound combinations and distributions in a language. Both are important areas of linguistics that are closely related despite these differences.
Phone, phoneme and allophone
Phoneme consists of two parts: phon and eme. Phon refers to the shape of a sound, and phoneme is formed when eme is added to phon. A phoneme is the smallest unit in a language that can change meaning. A phoneme is a set of allophones, which are variants of the same phoneme that do not change meaning. An essential property of a phoneme is that it functions contrastively in a language.
The Sounds of Language
This document discusses phonetics, the scientific study of human speech sounds. It covers the three branches of phonetics: articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics. It also describes the classification of consonant sounds according to their voicing, place of articulation in the mouth, and manner of articulation. Vowel sounds are described based on their tongue position and lip rounding. An activity section applies this knowledge by providing consonant sounds and their phonetic transcription, voicing, place and manner of articulation.
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Language and gender
Women and men use language differently. Women tend to use hedges, tag questions, intensifiers and polite forms more, while men swear more and are more direct. There are also differences in conversational styles, with women using more rapport talk and men using more problem-solving talk. Perceptions of language can also differ by gender, with terms like "chairman" and "fireman" seen as male-oriented. In mixed-gender classrooms, teachers may interact more with boys, who can dominate discussions, while girls receive more academically useful attention. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis also suggests that the language we use shapes our thoughts in particular ways. In conclusion, while generalizations about gender differences in
Allophones
A brief discussion of Allophones. It includes examples and as well as discussion of the elements of a paper review.
Relationship between phonetics and phonology
It is my friend Bushra's slide who is topper of the batch. It is well described on differences or relationship between phonetics and phonology.
Allophone presentation
This document discusses phonology and the relationship between phonemes and allophones. It defines phonemes as the smallest units of sound that distinguish meaning, while allophones are predictable variants of phonemes that are conditioned by their context. Phonemes group sets of similar-sounding allophones. For example, [p] and [ph] in English are allophones of the same /p/ phoneme because they occur in complementary distribution and can be substituted without changing a word's meaning. Allophones are phonetic realizations of phonemes that follow language-specific rules.
Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
This document provides an introduction to linguistics, focusing on phonetics and phonology. It defines key terms including:
- Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and their production, including articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics.
- Phonology examines how sounds function and are organized in languages.
- Other terms defined include phoneme, allophone, place and manner of articulation, voiced vs voiceless sounds, syllables, phonotactics, and consonant clusters. Speech organs and their roles in sound production are also discussed.
Phonetics vs phonology
Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and their production, while phonology examines how sounds are organized and pattern in a language. Phonetics looks at the physical aspects of sounds, and phonology considers their functional relationships. Some key differences are that phonetics is described as the physics of sound, focusing on theories of production and perception. Phonology is the psychology of sound, concerned with rules governing sound combinations and distributions in a language. Both are important areas of linguistics that are closely related despite these differences.
Phone, phoneme and allophone
Phoneme consists of two parts: phon and eme. Phon refers to the shape of a sound, and phoneme is formed when eme is added to phon. A phoneme is the smallest unit in a language that can change meaning. A phoneme is a set of allophones, which are variants of the same phoneme that do not change meaning. An essential property of a phoneme is that it functions contrastively in a language.
The Sounds of Language
This document discusses phonetics, the scientific study of human speech sounds. It covers the three branches of phonetics: articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics. It also describes the classification of consonant sounds according to their voicing, place of articulation in the mouth, and manner of articulation. Vowel sounds are described based on their tongue position and lip rounding. An activity section applies this knowledge by providing consonant sounds and their phonetic transcription, voicing, place and manner of articulation.
Phonological Processes Slides
The document discusses various phonological processes that occur in the English language. It defines phonological processes as the natural changes that occur in language sounds over time. Some key phonological processes discussed include linking, where sounds are connected between words; elision, where sounds are omitted to aid pronunciation; assimilation, where speech sounds take on attributes of surrounding sounds; coalescence, where two sounds merge into one; haplology, where similar syllables are reduced; and gemination, where consonants are prolonged. Examples are provided for each process to illustrate how they affect English pronunciation. It is important for English language learners to understand these processes as they allow students to improve fluency and precision in oral production.
Applied linguistics: overview
What is Applied Linguistics? (Definitions)
Widdowson (1998, 2000, 2004, 2005)
Corder 1974
Cook (2005, 2006)
Spolsky (2005)
Development of Applied Linguistics
Applied Linguistics Domains
1-Language Policy and Planning
2-Lexicography
3-Clinical linguistics
4-Forensic Linguistics
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Phonology
Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in languages. A phonological system includes an inventory of sounds and their features, and rules for how sounds interact. Phonology studies syllable structure, stress, accent, and intonation. It analyzes the sound patterns of a particular language by determining significant sounds and how native speakers interpret them. Phonemes are the smallest units that can change meaning, like in minimal pairs. Phonology differs from phonetics in that phonology analyzes a language's sound patterns while phonetics analyzes all human sounds regardless of language.
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some persons and some concepts of linguistics straddle the whole century; Zelling Harris is one , and distinctive features are another
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The London School of Linguistics
The London School of Linguistics studies language descriptively, distinguishing structural and systemic concepts. It focuses on semantics and contributed the situational theory of meaning and prosodic analysis in phonology. The school considers the distinctive function the primary phoneme function and rejects concepts like the speech collective. Its main representatives were Henry Sweet, Daniel Jones, and J.R. Firth. Firth established the London School tradition and questioned dividing speech into segments, focusing on larger phonetic elements. He developed a contextual theory of meaning influenced by Malinowski and emphasized use in context. Firth's ideas were developed by students like M.A.K. Halliday into systemic functional grammar.
Branches of linguistics
This document outlines the main branches of linguistics, including theoretical (general) linguistics, descriptive/applied linguistics, micro linguistics, and macro linguistics. Theoretical linguistics is concerned with frameworks for describing languages, concepts and categories, and theories about universal aspects of language. Descriptive and applied linguistics describe data to confirm or refute language theories and apply concepts in areas like language teaching. Micro linguistics takes a narrow view of language structure, while macro linguistics takes a broad view relating language to other sciences and its application in daily life. Specific branches covered include phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and more.
Morpheme, morph, allomorph
Morph: A morph is simply the phonetic representation of a morpheme, how the morpheme is said.
Morpheme: Smallest meaningful unit, cannot be further divided or analyzed
Allomorph: Allomorphs are different forms of the same morpheme, or basic unit of meaning. These can be different pronunciations or different spellings.
General linguistics
General linguistics is the scientific study of human language in all its forms without restrictions. It supplies the concepts and categories used to analyze specific languages. General linguistics studies the theoretical bases of language description and the methods used to investigate linguistic phenomena. It also examines the connections between linguistics and other fields like logic, psychology, and the social influences on a language's development and structure. One feature is a dual approach using both structural analysis of a language's systems and sociolinguistic analysis of social influences.
Phonology
This document provides an overview of phonology, discussing its key concepts and units of analysis. It defines phonology as the study of sound patterns in language and identifies its three major units as segments, syllables, and features. It examines topics such as minimal pairs, contrastive sounds, allophones, and phonotactics. It also discusses language-specific variations and how sounds that contrast in one language may not in another. Overall, the document provides a concise introduction to fundamental concepts in phonological analysis.
What is applied linguistics
Applied linguistics is the branch of linguistics concerned with practical applications of language studies, such as language teaching, translation, and speech therapy. It involves solving language-related problems or addressing language-related concerns. Early applied linguistics work focused on improving foreign language teaching using a scientific approach. Over time, applied linguistics has evolved to encompass many disciplines and contexts involving language issues in fields such as law, speech pathology, and language planning. Modern applied linguists study topics like multilingualism, literacy, and language policies with the goal of providing practical insights for language users.
Semantics
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Phonology
Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in languages. It examines an inventory of sounds and rules for how they interact, and analyzes sound patterns to determine which sounds are significant for a language. Phonetics studies speech sound production, while phonology analyzes sound patterns and interpretations in a particular language. A phoneme is the smallest meaningful sound unit that distinguishes word meanings. Generative phonology assigns phonetic representations to utterances based on a speaker's internal grammar. Non-linear models like autosegmental and metrical phonology treat representations as multi-dimensional. Lexical phonology accounts for interactions of morphology and phonology in word formation through ordered levels.
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Morphophonemics is the study of variations in the form of morphemes due to phonetic factors or sound changes. When morphemes are combined, their pronunciation can change based on morphological and phonological rules. For example, in English the plural morpheme is realized as /-s/, /-z/, or /-əz/ depending on the final sound of the preceding word. These varying forms are called allomorphs and are conditioned by phonological rules at morpheme boundaries.
Introduction Linguistics
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English language and literature
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It examines the structure of language including sounds, meanings, and usage, as well as language variations. Language refers to the grammar and rules that allow humans to communicate in a way that others understand. Linguistics takes a scientific approach, studying different levels of language like phonetics, phonology, syntax and semantics. Human language is more complex than animal communication as it is reflexive, can discuss the past and future, has an infinite vocabulary, and is affected by the environment.
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This document provides an overview of the field of linguistics. It discusses what linguistics is, including definitions of language from influential linguists. It outlines some myths and fundamental views about language. The key branches of linguistics are summarized, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. It also briefly discusses the origin of language theories, macro linguistics, psycholinguistics, and sociolinguistics. The goal of linguistics is to scientifically study human language through describing language competence, acquisition, and performance.
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Phonological Processes Slides
The document discusses various phonological processes that occur in the English language. It defines phonological processes as the natural changes that occur in language sounds over time. Some key phonological processes discussed include linking, where sounds are connected between words; elision, where sounds are omitted to aid pronunciation; assimilation, where speech sounds take on attributes of surrounding sounds; coalescence, where two sounds merge into one; haplology, where similar syllables are reduced; and gemination, where consonants are prolonged. Examples are provided for each process to illustrate how they affect English pronunciation. It is important for English language learners to understand these processes as they allow students to improve fluency and precision in oral production.
Applied linguistics: overview
What is Applied Linguistics? (Definitions)
Widdowson (1998, 2000, 2004, 2005)
Corder 1974
Cook (2005, 2006)
Spolsky (2005)
Development of Applied Linguistics
Applied Linguistics Domains
1-Language Policy and Planning
2-Lexicography
3-Clinical linguistics
4-Forensic Linguistics
5-Second Language Acquisition (SLA)
6-Bilingualism
7-Discourse analysis
8-Translation and interpreting
9-Computational linguistics
10-Literacy
11-Pragmatics
Universal grammar(ug) by noam chomsky (1)
Noam Chomsky is a renowned linguist who developed the theory of Universal Grammar. He believes that children are born with an innate, natural ability to learn and understand grammar that allows them to combine words like nouns and verbs into meaningful sentences, regardless of where they are raised. Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar holds that there is grammatical information hardwired in the brain that facilitates language acquisition in children during a critical period between birth and puberty. His views diverged from behaviorists like B.F. Skinner who believed language is a result of conditioning and psychologists like Jean Piaget who linked language to cognitive development.
Phonology
Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in languages. A phonological system includes an inventory of sounds and their features, and rules for how sounds interact. Phonology studies syllable structure, stress, accent, and intonation. It analyzes the sound patterns of a particular language by determining significant sounds and how native speakers interpret them. Phonemes are the smallest units that can change meaning, like in minimal pairs. Phonology differs from phonetics in that phonology analyzes a language's sound patterns while phonetics analyzes all human sounds regardless of language.
History of linguistics - Schools of Linguistics
some persons and some concepts of linguistics straddle the whole century; Zelling Harris is one , and distinctive features are another
Branches of phonetics
There are several branches of phonetics including articulatory, acoustic, auditory, functional, general, descriptive, historical, special, comparative, practical, and theoretical phonetics. Articulatory phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced. Acoustic phonetics examines the physical properties of sounds. Auditory phonetics investigates how people perceive speech sounds. Functional and comparative phonetics analyze the linguistic and correlational aspects of sounds between languages. Practical phonetics considers how sounds relate to meaning while theoretical phonetics focuses on how phonetic units function in language.
Issues and implications of world Englishes for teachers
This document summarizes a presentation on issues and implications of World Englishes for teachers. It discusses how English became an international language, attitudes surrounding its role, and pedagogical implications for teaching English as a foreign language versus English as a second language. Key terms are defined and Kachru's 3-circle model of World English is explained. Examples of variations in lexicon, grammar and phonology in World Englishes are provided, as well as implications for English language teaching.
The London School of Linguistics
The London School of Linguistics studies language descriptively, distinguishing structural and systemic concepts. It focuses on semantics and contributed the situational theory of meaning and prosodic analysis in phonology. The school considers the distinctive function the primary phoneme function and rejects concepts like the speech collective. Its main representatives were Henry Sweet, Daniel Jones, and J.R. Firth. Firth established the London School tradition and questioned dividing speech into segments, focusing on larger phonetic elements. He developed a contextual theory of meaning influenced by Malinowski and emphasized use in context. Firth's ideas were developed by students like M.A.K. Halliday into systemic functional grammar.
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This document outlines the main branches of linguistics, including theoretical (general) linguistics, descriptive/applied linguistics, micro linguistics, and macro linguistics. Theoretical linguistics is concerned with frameworks for describing languages, concepts and categories, and theories about universal aspects of language. Descriptive and applied linguistics describe data to confirm or refute language theories and apply concepts in areas like language teaching. Micro linguistics takes a narrow view of language structure, while macro linguistics takes a broad view relating language to other sciences and its application in daily life. Specific branches covered include phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and more.
Morpheme, morph, allomorph
Morph: A morph is simply the phonetic representation of a morpheme, how the morpheme is said.
Morpheme: Smallest meaningful unit, cannot be further divided or analyzed
Allomorph: Allomorphs are different forms of the same morpheme, or basic unit of meaning. These can be different pronunciations or different spellings.
General linguistics
General linguistics is the scientific study of human language in all its forms without restrictions. It supplies the concepts and categories used to analyze specific languages. General linguistics studies the theoretical bases of language description and the methods used to investigate linguistic phenomena. It also examines the connections between linguistics and other fields like logic, psychology, and the social influences on a language's development and structure. One feature is a dual approach using both structural analysis of a language's systems and sociolinguistic analysis of social influences.
Phonology
This document provides an overview of phonology, discussing its key concepts and units of analysis. It defines phonology as the study of sound patterns in language and identifies its three major units as segments, syllables, and features. It examines topics such as minimal pairs, contrastive sounds, allophones, and phonotactics. It also discusses language-specific variations and how sounds that contrast in one language may not in another. Overall, the document provides a concise introduction to fundamental concepts in phonological analysis.
What is applied linguistics
Applied linguistics is the branch of linguistics concerned with practical applications of language studies, such as language teaching, translation, and speech therapy. It involves solving language-related problems or addressing language-related concerns. Early applied linguistics work focused on improving foreign language teaching using a scientific approach. Over time, applied linguistics has evolved to encompass many disciplines and contexts involving language issues in fields such as law, speech pathology, and language planning. Modern applied linguists study topics like multilingualism, literacy, and language policies with the goal of providing practical insights for language users.
Semantics
Semantics is the study of meanings of words, phrases and sentences. It involves analyzing conceptual meanings, which are the basic components of a word's meaning, and associative meanings, which are connotations attached to a word. Semantics also examines how words fulfill roles like agent, theme, and experiencer within sentences, and lexical relations between words such as synonyms, antonyms, and polysemy.
Words - Morphology Presentation- Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar
This document discusses the definition and classification of words. It defines words as linguistic units that can be identified by pauses in speech. Words are then classified as simple, complex, or compound. Simple words contain a single morpheme, while complex words contain two bound morphemes or a bound and free morpheme. Compound words contain two or more free morphemes that imply a grammatical relationship, such as subject-verb or adjective-noun.
Phonology
Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in languages. It examines an inventory of sounds and rules for how they interact, and analyzes sound patterns to determine which sounds are significant for a language. Phonetics studies speech sound production, while phonology analyzes sound patterns and interpretations in a particular language. A phoneme is the smallest meaningful sound unit that distinguishes word meanings. Generative phonology assigns phonetic representations to utterances based on a speaker's internal grammar. Non-linear models like autosegmental and metrical phonology treat representations as multi-dimensional. Lexical phonology accounts for interactions of morphology and phonology in word formation through ordered levels.
Explaining first language acquisition
The document summarizes theories of first language acquisition. It discusses the imitation/behaviorist theory proposed by Skinner, which views language learning as habit formation through reinforcement. It also discusses the innateness/nativist theory of Chomsky, which posits that humans are born with an innate language acquisition device. The document further examines cognitive, input, and connectionist theories and their varying perspectives on how the environment and mental faculties influence language learning.
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Morphophonemics is the study of variations in the form of morphemes due to phonetic factors or sound changes. When morphemes are combined, their pronunciation can change based on morphological and phonological rules. For example, in English the plural morpheme is realized as /-s/, /-z/, or /-əz/ depending on the final sound of the preceding word. These varying forms are called allomorphs and are conditioned by phonological rules at morpheme boundaries.
Introduction Linguistics
Linguistics is the systematic study of human language that lies at the crossroads of the humanities and social sciences. It combines intuition and scientific approaches to analyze language. Linguistics includes the study of phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. It examines the sound systems of languages, word and sentence formation, meaning, and how context impacts language use. The goal is to describe and explain patterns in language.
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Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It examines the structure of language including sounds, meanings, and usage, as well as language variations. Language refers to the grammar and rules that allow humans to communicate in a way that others understand. Linguistics takes a scientific approach, studying different levels of language like phonetics, phonology, syntax and semantics. Human language is more complex than animal communication as it is reflexive, can discuss the past and future, has an infinite vocabulary, and is affected by the environment.
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The document discusses definitions of language from various sources. It provides definitions that view language as a systemic set of arbitrary symbols used for human communication within a community or culture. The definitions also note that language symbols can be vocal or visual. The document then discusses key aspects of language, including that it is a system that allows for combining smaller units into larger ones for communication purposes. It also notes language has multiple functions like social interaction and transmitting information. The document explores theories around the origin of language and physiological adaptations that enabled language development. It discusses language as having rules and patterns at various linguistic levels. It also addresses concepts like language universals, the innateness of language, and its creative aspects. In the end, it frames
Presentation on linguistic is a science
Linguistics is defined as the scientific study of language. It examines languages objectively and empirically by observing data and formulating generalizations. As a science, linguistics follows principles such as objectivity, empiricism, rationalism, exhaustiveness, consistency, and economy. The scientific method in linguistics involves making observations, developing hypotheses, conducting experiments, analyzing results, and generating theories. Linguistics is related to both natural sciences through its study of physiology and anatomy, and social sciences through its study of behavioral and social aspects of language use.
Linguistics (Report)
LINGUISTICS:
- definition
BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS:
- PHONETICS, PHONOLOGY, MORPHOLOGY, SYNTAX, SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS
4 BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS ANTHROPOLOGY:
- DESCRIPTIVE, ETHNOLINGUISTICS, HISTORICAL, SOCIOLINGUISTICS
Licencjat Met Ling Uram
This document discusses several topics in linguistics, including:
1. The main branches of linguistics and their focuses, such as sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and computational linguistics.
2. Dichotomies that exist in dividing linguistics, such as descriptive vs. general linguistics and synchronic vs. diachronic analysis.
3. Theories about the origin of human language, including the idea that language developed from early communication systems or as a gift from gods.
Introduction to linguistic dr. Sherine Abd El-Gelil ppt
The document provides an introduction to the study of linguistics. It outlines the main topics that will be covered, which include phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and discourse analysis. It defines linguistics as the scientific study of language and notes that language has a hierarchical structure that can be analyzed at different levels, from sounds to sentences. The document discusses some key characteristics of human language, including that it is primarily used for communication, is arbitrary in nature, exhibits duality of patterning, and is culturally transmitted rather than genetically inherited. It contrasts several properties of human language with animal communication systems.
Introduction to linguistics lec 1
This document provides an introduction to the field of linguistics. It defines linguistics as the scientific study of language and discusses how it differs from traditional grammar in being descriptive rather than prescriptive. The document outlines the scope of linguistics, dividing it into micro- and macrolinguistics. Microlinguistics includes the study of phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Macrolinguistics encompasses sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics and other fields. It also discusses the usefulness of linguistics for students of language, teachers and researchers.
Introduction to linguistics lec 1
This document provides an introduction to the field of linguistics. It defines linguistics as the scientific study of language and discusses how it differs from traditional grammar in being descriptive rather than prescriptive. The document outlines the scope of linguistics, dividing it into micro- and macrolinguistics. Microlinguistics includes the study of phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Macrolinguistics encompasses sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics and other fields. It also discusses the usefulness of linguistics for students of language, teachers and researchers.
What is language
Here are some attempts to teach grammar to Eliza Doolittle from Pygmalion:
- Professor Higgins worked to correct Eliza's Cockney pronunciation and teach her to speak with Received Pronunciation. He had her practice vowel and consonant sounds.
- Vocabulary words were taught, from basic nouns and verbs to more advanced words. Eliza was drilled on definitions and proper usage.
- Sentence structure was modeled for Eliza, who was corrected when she made mistakes in word order or grammar. Complex sentences were broken down.
- Articles ("a", "an", "the") and plurals were focuses of lessons to improve Eliza's mastery of basic grammar rules.
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Introduction to Linguistic_ General Review
- 1. INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS GENERAL REVIEW Nando Saragih
- 2. In this lecture, we will understand what linguistics is and the difference between prescriptive and descriptive.
- 3. What are language and linguistics? Language is the primary communication system for the humanspecies which in ordinary circumstances it is used to convey thoughts through speech. Language is a system that allows people immense creativity. Linguistics is the scientific study of human languages (why human?)
- 4. Definition It is ‘scientific’ because linguists use scientific approaches to conduct their research on languages. It is ‘human’ because the research is about human languages, not animal or robotic
- 5. Elements of language Sound : (different with noise = a thing that can be heard).What do you think about sound in Linguistics? Morpheme: smallest meaningful unit. (1) makan-an eat-NOM “food”
- 6. Rules of language (General Linguistics) Phonology: the study of structure of sound Morphology: the study of word formation Syntax: the study of the structure of word > Sentence Semantics: the study of word meaning Pragmatics: the study of word meaning in particular context
- 8. Other Linguistic Branches Sociolinguistics: study the relation between language and society Anthropological Linguistics: study the relation between linguistics and anthropology Ecolinguistics: study the relation between language and ecology Neurolinguistics: study the relation between language and neuron Etnolinguistics: study the relation between language and culture Psycholinguistics: study of linguistic behaviour and psychological processes.