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2. Gas exchange:
• birds have lungs, which are
organs specialized for gas
exchange.
• bids have air sacs.
• Gas exchange in birds
occurs between air capillaries
and blood capillaries, rather
than in alveoli.

3. Gas exchange:
• birds lungs do not expand or contract like the lungs of mammals .
• the respiratory system of birds is more efficient than that of
mammals , tranfering more oxygen with each breath.
• when comparing birds and mammals of similar weight ,birds have a
slower respiratory rate .

4. respiratory cycle of a birds :
• dring the first inspirations ,the air travels through the nostrils,which
are located at the junction of upper beak and head .
• during the first inspiration ,air is moved from thr posterior air sacs
into the lungs.

5. respiratory cycle of a birds :
• when the birds inspire second time , the air moves to the cranial air
sacs
• on the second expiration ,the air moves out of the cranial air sacs
,through the syrinx into trachea.

6. Inhalation:
• the taking in of air rich in oxygen into body is called inhalation.
• During inhalation, air moves into the posterior air sacs and,
simultaneously, into the lungs and through the parabronchi and
into the anterior air sacs.

7. Exhalation:
• the giving out of air rich in carbon dioxide out of the body is
called exhalation.
• During exhalation, air moves out of the posterior air sacs into
and through the parabronchi and, simultaneously, out of the
anterior air sacs and out of the body via the trachea.

8. What is the breathing organ of birds?
Birds can breathe through the mouth or the nostrils (nares). Air
entering these openings passes through the pharynx & then into
the trachea.

9. Nervous system
The nervous system integrates and controls the various functions of the
body.
• volentry control
• involentry control

10. Voluntary control:
• occurs where the animal in its response to some activity or
stimulus, has a choice in what actions it may take.
• The nerves that make up this voluntary part of the nervous
system are called voluntary or somatic nerves.

11. Involuntary control:
• where the animal has no choice and the response to an activity
or event occurs without the animal having any conscious
control.
• Examples of the functioning of this part of the nervous system
are the regulation of heart beat and circulation, digestion, and
respiration. It is obvious that the animal cannot afford to have to
remember to keep its heart beating, its digestive system
functioning or even just to breath. The part of the nervous
system that regulates such important functions is called the
autonomic, or involuntary, nervous system