Bottle neck effect and founder effect
•
1 like•946 views
A sharp reduction in population size due to environmental or human factors can lead to a founder effect or bottleneck effect. When a new population is established by a small number of individuals from a larger population due to migration or other reasons, it results in increased homozygosity, reduced genetic variation, and decreased heterozygosity in the new population compared to the original population. Both founder effect and bottleneck effect have similar results such as increased similarities between individuals and harmful alleles becoming fixed in the new population.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
Notes genetic drift
This document discusses genetic drift, which is changes in allele frequencies in a population due to chance events rather than natural selection. Genetic drift is more likely to have large effects in small populations and can cause increases in neutral, beneficial, or detrimental traits randomly. Two types of genetic drift are founder effects, which occur when a new population is founded by a small number of colonists, and population bottlenecks, when a population is drastically reduced in size, such as by a natural disaster. Examples are provided of each type.
Population genetics
Population genetics is the study of genetic variation within populations over time. It examines changes in allele frequencies, genotype frequencies, and phenotype frequencies. The field originated from the synthesis of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and Mendel's laws of inheritance. According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, allele and genotype frequencies remain constant across generations in large, randomly mating populations without other evolutionary influences. Factors like mutation, migration, genetic drift, non-random mating, and natural selection can cause frequencies to change and drive evolution.
best ever ppt on speciation by Nagesh sadili
1) The document discusses speciation in insects, including different species concepts, types of speciation, and mechanisms of speciation.
2) It describes four main species concepts: typological, nominalistic, biological, and evolutionary. The biological species concept, which defines species as groups of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other such groups, is most widely accepted.
3) Speciation occurs through the evolution of reproductive barriers between populations, including prezygotic barriers like habitat isolation and postzygotic barriers such as hybrid sterility. Disruptive selection can divide populations into distinct species.
Gene flow
Mechanism of Gene Flow: Immigration and emigration, Hardy-Weinberg Theorem, Selection Pressure, Consequences of Gene Flow, Barriers to gene flow
Population genetics
Population genetics considers the distribution and change in allele frequencies in a population over generations. Genetic change occurs through mutations, gene flow between populations due to migration, genetic drift when small populations become isolated, and natural selection which influences which genotypes leave more offspring. Tracking allele frequencies in populations can provide information about evolution and disease risk.
Genetic drift
Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution that causes changes in allele frequencies in a population due to random sampling of organisms. It is common in small populations and can cause some alleles to become more common or disappear entirely over time. There are two main types of genetic drift: the bottleneck effect, which occurs when a disaster reduces population size, and the founder effect, which happens when a group founds a new population. Both types can lead to new populations becoming genetically distinct from the original population and play a role in evolution and speciation.
Population genetics
This document summarizes key concepts in population genetics and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It defines population genetics as the study of gene and genotype frequencies in populations. The Hardy-Weinberg law states that allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation to generation in random mating populations of infinite size with no evolutionary influences. Factors like selection, mutation, migration, and genetic drift can disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium over time.
Population genetic ppt
This document discusses key concepts in population genetics. It begins by defining population genetics as the study of allele frequency changes within a population over time. The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele frequencies remain constant between generations under certain conditions. Five evolutionary forces can change frequencies: mutation, migration, genetic drift, nonrandom mating, and natural selection. Natural selection acts to increase the frequency of traits that increase survival and reproduction. There are three types of natural selection: stabilizing selection eliminates extreme traits, disruptive selection eliminates intermediate traits, and directional selection eliminates a single trait. Polymorphisms within species, like shell color in grove snails, demonstrate genetic variation.
Recommended
Notes genetic drift
This document discusses genetic drift, which is changes in allele frequencies in a population due to chance events rather than natural selection. Genetic drift is more likely to have large effects in small populations and can cause increases in neutral, beneficial, or detrimental traits randomly. Two types of genetic drift are founder effects, which occur when a new population is founded by a small number of colonists, and population bottlenecks, when a population is drastically reduced in size, such as by a natural disaster. Examples are provided of each type.
Population genetics
Population genetics is the study of genetic variation within populations over time. It examines changes in allele frequencies, genotype frequencies, and phenotype frequencies. The field originated from the synthesis of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and Mendel's laws of inheritance. According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, allele and genotype frequencies remain constant across generations in large, randomly mating populations without other evolutionary influences. Factors like mutation, migration, genetic drift, non-random mating, and natural selection can cause frequencies to change and drive evolution.
best ever ppt on speciation by Nagesh sadili
1) The document discusses speciation in insects, including different species concepts, types of speciation, and mechanisms of speciation.
2) It describes four main species concepts: typological, nominalistic, biological, and evolutionary. The biological species concept, which defines species as groups of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other such groups, is most widely accepted.
3) Speciation occurs through the evolution of reproductive barriers between populations, including prezygotic barriers like habitat isolation and postzygotic barriers such as hybrid sterility. Disruptive selection can divide populations into distinct species.
Gene flow
Mechanism of Gene Flow: Immigration and emigration, Hardy-Weinberg Theorem, Selection Pressure, Consequences of Gene Flow, Barriers to gene flow
Population genetics
Population genetics considers the distribution and change in allele frequencies in a population over generations. Genetic change occurs through mutations, gene flow between populations due to migration, genetic drift when small populations become isolated, and natural selection which influences which genotypes leave more offspring. Tracking allele frequencies in populations can provide information about evolution and disease risk.
Genetic drift
Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution that causes changes in allele frequencies in a population due to random sampling of organisms. It is common in small populations and can cause some alleles to become more common or disappear entirely over time. There are two main types of genetic drift: the bottleneck effect, which occurs when a disaster reduces population size, and the founder effect, which happens when a group founds a new population. Both types can lead to new populations becoming genetically distinct from the original population and play a role in evolution and speciation.
Population genetics
This document summarizes key concepts in population genetics and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It defines population genetics as the study of gene and genotype frequencies in populations. The Hardy-Weinberg law states that allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation to generation in random mating populations of infinite size with no evolutionary influences. Factors like selection, mutation, migration, and genetic drift can disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium over time.
Population genetic ppt
This document discusses key concepts in population genetics. It begins by defining population genetics as the study of allele frequency changes within a population over time. The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele frequencies remain constant between generations under certain conditions. Five evolutionary forces can change frequencies: mutation, migration, genetic drift, nonrandom mating, and natural selection. Natural selection acts to increase the frequency of traits that increase survival and reproduction. There are three types of natural selection: stabilizing selection eliminates extreme traits, disruptive selection eliminates intermediate traits, and directional selection eliminates a single trait. Polymorphisms within species, like shell color in grove snails, demonstrate genetic variation.
Sexual selection
This document discusses evolutionary theories around sexual selection and relationships. It explains that sexual selection occurs through intrasexual competition between males to attract females, and intersexual selection where females choose their mates. Research by Buss (1989) found cross-cultural differences in mate preferences, with females prioritizing resources and males prioritizing youth and attractiveness. Studies also show females' preferences change across their menstrual cycle and they favor more masculine traits when fertile. However, critics argue these theories are reductionist and deterministic by not accounting for free will or environmental influences on relationships.
Speciation
Speciation is the splitting of one species into two distinct species. The biological species concept defines a species as a group that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring under natural conditions, while being reproductively isolated from other groups. Reproductive isolation occurs when two populations diverge genetically enough that their offspring are infertile or inviable. Allopatric speciation, where populations are isolated geographically, is the most common speciation mechanism. Over time, separated populations accumulate genetic differences due to random genetic drift and independent evolution, eventually becoming reproductively isolated.
factors affecting allele frequencies
This document discusses factors that affect genetic variation and change in populations, including evolution, natural selection, mutations, migration, and genetic drift. It provides details on each factor and how they influence allele frequencies in a gene pool over multiple generations, leading to evolution and potentially new species. Examples are given to illustrate concepts like founder effects and bottleneck effects on small populations.
Population structures
This document discusses key concepts related to population growth and dynamics. It defines what a population is and describes demography as the statistical study of populations. Population size, density, and dispersion are identified as key features of populations. Crude density and ecological density are important indexes used to describe populations. Methods for estimating population densities include mark-recapture and minimum known alive techniques. The concepts of growth rate, sources and sinks, and meta-populations are also introduced. Population dispersion patterns like regular, random, clumped and regular clumped are described. Finally, the document discusses age structure and different types of age pyramids in populations.
Molecular evolution
Molecular evolution, four class of chromosomal mutation, Negative Selection and Positive Selection, Mutations in DNA and protein, Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, Evidence supporting neutral evolution, Phylogenetic trees, Methods of Tree reconstruction
Gene pool
The gene pool refers to the total collection of genes and genetic variants within an interbreeding population. It can change over time through mechanisms like mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift in response to environmental pressures. Larger, more diverse gene pools may help populations better adapt to changing conditions, while smaller pools with less variation could hinder adaptation. Genetic variation within a population is measured by the number and frequencies of different gene alleles present.
Lethal alleles
Lethal alleles are genes that cause death or reduced viability. Some cause death early in development while others act later. Mutation of essential genes creates lethal alleles. They can be dominant or recessive. Recessive lethals only kill in the homozygous state, while dominant lethals kill in both homo- and heterozygotes. Lethal alleles were first discovered by Cuénot in mice and provided insight into Mendelian inheritance. Different types include recessive, dominant, conditional, sex-linked, and synthetic lethals. Inbreeding increases homozygosity while outbreeding increases heterozygosity and hybrid vigor. Both provide variation for natural selection to act upon.
Evolutionary forces
Evolutionary equilibrium, also known as Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, occurs when allele and genotype frequencies remain constant between generations in a population with no evolutionary forces. There are five main destabilizing forces that disrupt evolutionary equilibrium: 1) genetic drift, such as bottleneck and founder effects, which cause changes in allele frequencies by chance, 2) mutation, which introduces new alleles, 3) migration or gene flow between populations, which prevents divergence, 4) meiotic drive, where some alleles are overrepresented in gametes, and 5) natural selection, where some alleles provide a reproductive advantage. Together, these evolutionary forces ensure that Hardy Weinberg equilibrium is rarely achieved in natural populations.
Inbreeding and outbreeding
This powerpoint gives a clear picture on inbreeding and also about outbreeding of higher organisms. This also explains the advantages and disadvantages of the above said topics. the methods of inbreeding and reasons for inbreeding also given in this powerpoint.
Genetic drift & hardy weinberg equilibrium
The document discusses Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which describes populations where genotype frequencies remain stable between generations because five conditions are met: the population is very large to prevent genetic drift, there is no migration or gene flow, no new mutations, random mating occurs, and no natural selection influences survival. Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium indicate evolution is occurring due to factors like natural selection, genetic drift, or gene flow changing allele frequencies across generations.
Speciation
This document discusses speciation and the evolution of new species. It defines different types of speciation, including allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric speciation. Reproductive isolation is a key factor in speciation, with both prezygotic barriers that prevent interbreeding and postzygotic barriers affecting the viability of hybrid offspring. Speciation occurs over long periods of time through either gradual evolution or punctuated equilibrium. The document also covers taxonomy, phylogeny, cladistics, extinction, and adaptive radiation.
Mutation & genetic drift
This document discusses several evolutionary mechanisms: mutation, genetic drift, and natural selection. Mutation introduces heritable changes in DNA and is the ultimate source of genetic variation. Genetic drift is changes in allele frequencies that occur by chance, especially in small populations. It can reduce genetic variation over time. Natural selection leads to populations becoming locally adapted as individuals better suited to their environment leave more offspring.
Hardy weinberg law
Srishti Agrawal presented on the Hardy-Weinberg law to Dr. Ajay Kumar. The Hardy-Weinberg law states that allele and genotype frequencies remain constant between generations in a population if it is large, mates randomly, has no migration, mutation, or selection. The law assumes organisms are diploid, reproduce sexually, have non-overlapping generations, random mating, an infinitely large population, equal allele frequencies between sexes. Violations of random mating can change frequencies from Hardy-Weinberg proportions. Selection, genetic drift, migration, and mutation can also influence allele and genotype frequencies across generations.
05 population variation and selection
This document discusses population variation and selection. It provides an overview of key concepts:
1. Natural selection acts on individuals but only populations evolve over generations as allele frequencies change. This was shown using a population of finches where large-beaked birds survived a drought better.
2. Three mechanisms can cause changes in allele frequencies in a population: natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. Natural selection is the only mechanism that causes adaptive evolution.
3. Genetic variation within populations is required for evolution. Variation comes from new mutations and recombination during sexual reproduction. The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes populations where allele frequencies remain constant without evolutionary influences.
Isolating mechanism and speciation in time 1
This document discusses isolating mechanisms and theories of speciation. It defines isolating mechanisms as any factors that prevent interbreeding between related groups. There are two main types of mechanisms: pre-mating (preventing mating) and post-mating (preventing hybrid formation). Theories of speciation include gradualism, where new species evolve slowly over long periods, and punctuated equilibrium, where species remain largely unchanged apart from brief periods of rapid change leading to speciation. The key differences between these theories are that gradualism involves continuous small changes while punctuated equilibrium involves long periods of stasis punctuated by sudden speciation events.
Hardy weinberg law
It is the fundamental law of population genetics and provides the basis for studying Mendelian populations ( Mendelian population: A group of sexually inbreeding organisms living within a circumscribed area). It describes populations that are not evolving.
Population Genetics.ppt
This document discusses population genetics and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It begins by defining Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium as describing the null model of evolution for a population at genetic equilibrium. It then lists the five conditions that must be met for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: 1) no genetic drift, 2) no migration, 3) no mutation, 4) no selection, and 5) random mating. The document provides examples of how to calculate allele frequencies and determine if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It also discusses concepts such as genetic drift, bottleneck effects, and the founder effect.
Hardy – weinberg law
This document provides an overview of the Hardy-Weinberg law in population genetics. It defines the Hardy-Weinberg principle as stating that allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant from one generation to the next in a population where no evolutionary influences are present. The history of the law developed from the work of Hardy in 1908 and Weinberg in 1908 is discussed. The key assumptions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium - including random mating, large population size, no natural selection or gene flow - are outlined. Equations for calculating expected genotype frequencies based on allele frequencies are presented along with an example calculation.
linkage and crossing over
This document discusses linkage and crossing over of genes. It explains that genes located on the same chromosome are linked, and the closer they are, the stronger the linkage. Crossing over occurs during meiosis and leads to recombination of genes from homologous chromosomes. Linkage maps can be constructed by observing the frequency of crossing over between linked gene loci. These maps show the linear order and genetic distances between genes on chromosomes.
Molecular evolution
This document provides an overview of molecular evolution. It defines molecular evolution as the process of change in DNA, RNA, and protein sequences across generations, as examined using principles of evolutionary biology and population genetics. The history and key developments in the field are discussed, including the neutral theory of molecular evolution. Applications like revealing evolutionary dynamics, indicating chronological change, and identifying phylogenetic relationships are covered. Details are provided about sequence alignments, substitutions, molecular clocks, and variation in evolutionary rates within genes.
Population Growth APBio
This document discusses key concepts in population ecology, including population growth patterns, limiting factors, and spatial distributions. It covers exponential and logistic growth models and how populations are regulated by biotic and abiotic factors. Density-dependent limitations like predation, parasitism, and competition can stabilize populations at the carrying capacity. Spatial distributions can be clumped, uniform, or random depending on resource availability and social behaviors. Survivorship curves also describe mortality patterns in populations over time.
Population ecology
A population is a group of the same species occupying the same area. Key characteristics include geographic distribution, population density, dispersion patterns, and factors affecting growth rates like births, deaths, immigration and emigration. Population growth can occur exponentially in ideal conditions but is typically limited by environmental resistance and carrying capacity. Density-dependent and density-independent factors also influence population size.
More Related Content
What's hot
Sexual selection
This document discusses evolutionary theories around sexual selection and relationships. It explains that sexual selection occurs through intrasexual competition between males to attract females, and intersexual selection where females choose their mates. Research by Buss (1989) found cross-cultural differences in mate preferences, with females prioritizing resources and males prioritizing youth and attractiveness. Studies also show females' preferences change across their menstrual cycle and they favor more masculine traits when fertile. However, critics argue these theories are reductionist and deterministic by not accounting for free will or environmental influences on relationships.
Speciation
Speciation is the splitting of one species into two distinct species. The biological species concept defines a species as a group that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring under natural conditions, while being reproductively isolated from other groups. Reproductive isolation occurs when two populations diverge genetically enough that their offspring are infertile or inviable. Allopatric speciation, where populations are isolated geographically, is the most common speciation mechanism. Over time, separated populations accumulate genetic differences due to random genetic drift and independent evolution, eventually becoming reproductively isolated.
factors affecting allele frequencies
This document discusses factors that affect genetic variation and change in populations, including evolution, natural selection, mutations, migration, and genetic drift. It provides details on each factor and how they influence allele frequencies in a gene pool over multiple generations, leading to evolution and potentially new species. Examples are given to illustrate concepts like founder effects and bottleneck effects on small populations.
Population structures
This document discusses key concepts related to population growth and dynamics. It defines what a population is and describes demography as the statistical study of populations. Population size, density, and dispersion are identified as key features of populations. Crude density and ecological density are important indexes used to describe populations. Methods for estimating population densities include mark-recapture and minimum known alive techniques. The concepts of growth rate, sources and sinks, and meta-populations are also introduced. Population dispersion patterns like regular, random, clumped and regular clumped are described. Finally, the document discusses age structure and different types of age pyramids in populations.
Molecular evolution
Molecular evolution, four class of chromosomal mutation, Negative Selection and Positive Selection, Mutations in DNA and protein, Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, Evidence supporting neutral evolution, Phylogenetic trees, Methods of Tree reconstruction
Gene pool
The gene pool refers to the total collection of genes and genetic variants within an interbreeding population. It can change over time through mechanisms like mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift in response to environmental pressures. Larger, more diverse gene pools may help populations better adapt to changing conditions, while smaller pools with less variation could hinder adaptation. Genetic variation within a population is measured by the number and frequencies of different gene alleles present.
Lethal alleles
Lethal alleles are genes that cause death or reduced viability. Some cause death early in development while others act later. Mutation of essential genes creates lethal alleles. They can be dominant or recessive. Recessive lethals only kill in the homozygous state, while dominant lethals kill in both homo- and heterozygotes. Lethal alleles were first discovered by Cuénot in mice and provided insight into Mendelian inheritance. Different types include recessive, dominant, conditional, sex-linked, and synthetic lethals. Inbreeding increases homozygosity while outbreeding increases heterozygosity and hybrid vigor. Both provide variation for natural selection to act upon.
Evolutionary forces
Evolutionary equilibrium, also known as Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, occurs when allele and genotype frequencies remain constant between generations in a population with no evolutionary forces. There are five main destabilizing forces that disrupt evolutionary equilibrium: 1) genetic drift, such as bottleneck and founder effects, which cause changes in allele frequencies by chance, 2) mutation, which introduces new alleles, 3) migration or gene flow between populations, which prevents divergence, 4) meiotic drive, where some alleles are overrepresented in gametes, and 5) natural selection, where some alleles provide a reproductive advantage. Together, these evolutionary forces ensure that Hardy Weinberg equilibrium is rarely achieved in natural populations.
Inbreeding and outbreeding
This powerpoint gives a clear picture on inbreeding and also about outbreeding of higher organisms. This also explains the advantages and disadvantages of the above said topics. the methods of inbreeding and reasons for inbreeding also given in this powerpoint.
Genetic drift & hardy weinberg equilibrium
The document discusses Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which describes populations where genotype frequencies remain stable between generations because five conditions are met: the population is very large to prevent genetic drift, there is no migration or gene flow, no new mutations, random mating occurs, and no natural selection influences survival. Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium indicate evolution is occurring due to factors like natural selection, genetic drift, or gene flow changing allele frequencies across generations.
Speciation
This document discusses speciation and the evolution of new species. It defines different types of speciation, including allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric speciation. Reproductive isolation is a key factor in speciation, with both prezygotic barriers that prevent interbreeding and postzygotic barriers affecting the viability of hybrid offspring. Speciation occurs over long periods of time through either gradual evolution or punctuated equilibrium. The document also covers taxonomy, phylogeny, cladistics, extinction, and adaptive radiation.
Mutation & genetic drift
This document discusses several evolutionary mechanisms: mutation, genetic drift, and natural selection. Mutation introduces heritable changes in DNA and is the ultimate source of genetic variation. Genetic drift is changes in allele frequencies that occur by chance, especially in small populations. It can reduce genetic variation over time. Natural selection leads to populations becoming locally adapted as individuals better suited to their environment leave more offspring.
Hardy weinberg law
Srishti Agrawal presented on the Hardy-Weinberg law to Dr. Ajay Kumar. The Hardy-Weinberg law states that allele and genotype frequencies remain constant between generations in a population if it is large, mates randomly, has no migration, mutation, or selection. The law assumes organisms are diploid, reproduce sexually, have non-overlapping generations, random mating, an infinitely large population, equal allele frequencies between sexes. Violations of random mating can change frequencies from Hardy-Weinberg proportions. Selection, genetic drift, migration, and mutation can also influence allele and genotype frequencies across generations.
05 population variation and selection
This document discusses population variation and selection. It provides an overview of key concepts:
1. Natural selection acts on individuals but only populations evolve over generations as allele frequencies change. This was shown using a population of finches where large-beaked birds survived a drought better.
2. Three mechanisms can cause changes in allele frequencies in a population: natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. Natural selection is the only mechanism that causes adaptive evolution.
3. Genetic variation within populations is required for evolution. Variation comes from new mutations and recombination during sexual reproduction. The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes populations where allele frequencies remain constant without evolutionary influences.
Isolating mechanism and speciation in time 1
This document discusses isolating mechanisms and theories of speciation. It defines isolating mechanisms as any factors that prevent interbreeding between related groups. There are two main types of mechanisms: pre-mating (preventing mating) and post-mating (preventing hybrid formation). Theories of speciation include gradualism, where new species evolve slowly over long periods, and punctuated equilibrium, where species remain largely unchanged apart from brief periods of rapid change leading to speciation. The key differences between these theories are that gradualism involves continuous small changes while punctuated equilibrium involves long periods of stasis punctuated by sudden speciation events.
Hardy weinberg law
It is the fundamental law of population genetics and provides the basis for studying Mendelian populations ( Mendelian population: A group of sexually inbreeding organisms living within a circumscribed area). It describes populations that are not evolving.
Population Genetics.ppt
This document discusses population genetics and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It begins by defining Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium as describing the null model of evolution for a population at genetic equilibrium. It then lists the five conditions that must be met for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: 1) no genetic drift, 2) no migration, 3) no mutation, 4) no selection, and 5) random mating. The document provides examples of how to calculate allele frequencies and determine if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It also discusses concepts such as genetic drift, bottleneck effects, and the founder effect.
Hardy – weinberg law
This document provides an overview of the Hardy-Weinberg law in population genetics. It defines the Hardy-Weinberg principle as stating that allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant from one generation to the next in a population where no evolutionary influences are present. The history of the law developed from the work of Hardy in 1908 and Weinberg in 1908 is discussed. The key assumptions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium - including random mating, large population size, no natural selection or gene flow - are outlined. Equations for calculating expected genotype frequencies based on allele frequencies are presented along with an example calculation.
linkage and crossing over
This document discusses linkage and crossing over of genes. It explains that genes located on the same chromosome are linked, and the closer they are, the stronger the linkage. Crossing over occurs during meiosis and leads to recombination of genes from homologous chromosomes. Linkage maps can be constructed by observing the frequency of crossing over between linked gene loci. These maps show the linear order and genetic distances between genes on chromosomes.
Molecular evolution
This document provides an overview of molecular evolution. It defines molecular evolution as the process of change in DNA, RNA, and protein sequences across generations, as examined using principles of evolutionary biology and population genetics. The history and key developments in the field are discussed, including the neutral theory of molecular evolution. Applications like revealing evolutionary dynamics, indicating chronological change, and identifying phylogenetic relationships are covered. Details are provided about sequence alignments, substitutions, molecular clocks, and variation in evolutionary rates within genes.
What's hot (20)
Similar to Bottle neck effect and founder effect
Population Growth APBio
This document discusses key concepts in population ecology, including population growth patterns, limiting factors, and spatial distributions. It covers exponential and logistic growth models and how populations are regulated by biotic and abiotic factors. Density-dependent limitations like predation, parasitism, and competition can stabilize populations at the carrying capacity. Spatial distributions can be clumped, uniform, or random depending on resource availability and social behaviors. Survivorship curves also describe mortality patterns in populations over time.
Population ecology
A population is a group of the same species occupying the same area. Key characteristics include geographic distribution, population density, dispersion patterns, and factors affecting growth rates like births, deaths, immigration and emigration. Population growth can occur exponentially in ideal conditions but is typically limited by environmental resistance and carrying capacity. Density-dependent and density-independent factors also influence population size.
Population ecology
Population ecology is the study of populations in relation to their environment. It includes influences on population density, distribution, age structure, and variations in population size. Key attributes of populations include birth rate, death rate, population density, sex ratio, and age distribution. Population growth occurs when birth rate exceeds death rate, though populations are limited by environmental carrying capacity. Populations interact through neutral, positive (e.g. mutualism), and negative (e.g. competition, predation) interactions that influence community structure.
Populations
A population refers to all members of the same species living in the same area. Populations can be described by their size, density, and dispersion. Population growth is determined by births, deaths, immigration, and emigration. Growth rates can be positive, negative, or zero. Population growth is initially exponential but eventually reaches logistic growth as the population hits the carrying capacity of the environment due to limiting factors like competition, predation, disease, or resource depletion.
Chapter 4.1
Population growth follows an S-shaped curve, starting slow, then increasing rapidly before leveling off. Human population growth differs in that we have altered our environment to support more people through technologies like sanitation. All populations are limited by factors like food, disease, predators, space, etc. When a population exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment, limiting factors cause deaths to exceed births until the population stabilizes below the carrying capacity. Organisms have different life history patterns like rapid reproduction seen in mosquitoes versus slow reproduction in elephants. Density-dependent factors like disease have increasing effects as populations rise while density-independent factors like storms affect populations regardless of size. Predation, competition for resources, crowding, and stress all act as
Ch 6 ed
The document discusses several key concepts in population biology including:
1) Factors that affect population growth such as biotic potential, birth and death rates, immigration and emigration.
2) Models for describing population growth patterns including exponential, logistic, r-selected and K-selected species.
3) Factors that regulate population growth including density-dependent and density-independent factors as well as abiotic and biotic influences.
4) Conservation biology concepts such as minimum viable population size, genetic diversity, and metapopulation structure.
07 pop bio
The document discusses factors that influence population growth rates, including birth rates, death rates, sex ratios, age distributions, immigration, and emigration. It describes exponential and logistic population growth curves and how populations level off at the carrying capacity. Key life history traits like age at maturity, number of offspring, and lifespan vary widely between species like salmon, elephants, and mice. The document aims to explain population ecology concepts like survivorship curves, population density, population cycling, environmental resistance, and carrying capacity.
Populations
Population dynamics refers to the characteristics and changes in populations over time. Key factors that influence population size include birth rates, death rates, population density, age structure, and dispersion within a habitat. Under ideal conditions with no environmental constraints, populations would experience exponential growth due to high biotic potential. However, in reality populations reach an equilibrium known as carrying capacity, where growth levels off due to limiting factors like competition for resources and predation.
PopulationsChapter_9-10.ppt
Chapter 9 discusses key concepts in population ecology including factors affecting population size, species reproductive and survivorship patterns, and human impacts on ecosystems. Population dynamics can result in exponential or logistic growth as determined by a species' biotic potential and the environmental resistance of the habitat. Density-dependent and density-independent factors influence population size through birth, death, immigration and emigration rates. Chapter 10 examines factors influencing the human population size such as birth and death rates, fertility rates, and immigration policies. Rapid global population growth is straining the Earth's resources.
2 Populations
This document discusses key concepts related to populations and population growth. It defines populations as all individuals of a given species in a habitat, and communities as all organisms in an area. An ecosystem includes both living communities and non-living environmental components. Population density is measured as the number of individuals per unit area, and is influenced by factors like natality, mortality, immigration and emigration. Population growth can be exponential under ideal conditions, but is typically sigmoidal with natural restraints like competition, predators, parasites and environmental resistance approaching the carrying capacity.
Populations
Population dynamics refers to the characteristics and changes in populations over time. Key factors that influence population size include birth rates, death rates, population density, age structure, and dispersion within a habitat. Under ideal conditions, populations can grow exponentially according to their biotic potential. However, environmental resistance factors like limited resources typically cause populations to level off at the carrying capacity of their environment, resulting in logistic growth curves. Conservation biology aims to protect biodiversity and ecosystems from threats like habitat loss and fragmentation caused by human activities.
STUDYING POPULATION POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
A population is a group of the same species that lives in the same area. Populations have attributes like size, density, and distribution that are dynamic and influenced by factors within the environment. Key factors that influence population size include birth and death rates, as well as migration into and out of the population. Environmental factors can be density dependent, having more influence on population growth as density increases due to competition, or density independent, affecting population size regardless of density, such as from catastrophic events. Population growth is calculated based on births, deaths, and net migration.
Chapter 54
A population consists of all individuals of a species in a given area. Population ecologists study population structure, density, and dynamics by tracking demographic events like births and deaths. Life tables constructed for cohorts can reveal survivorship patterns and be used to predict population trends. Environmental factors like resource availability determine a population's carrying capacity, with growth slowing as density approaches capacity due to density-dependent factors.
Population ecology
Population ecology is the study of how population size is influenced by birth rates, death rates, and immigration and emigration. Populations can grow exponentially in ideal conditions but will eventually reach carrying capacity due to limited resources. As population size increases, density-dependent factors like competition for food and space intensify, while density-independent factors like climate and disease affect population regardless of size. For humans, population has grown exponentially since 1650 and may eventually be limited by lack of resources or mass deaths as Earth's carrying capacity is approached.
Chapt06 lecture
The document discusses various topics related to population biology, including:
1) Factors that affect population growth rates such as births, deaths, immigration and emigration. Population growth can be exponential or logistic depending on resource availability.
2) Population regulation through density-dependent and density-independent factors such as competition, disease, and environmental conditions.
3) Conservation biology concepts including minimum viable populations, genetic diversity, metapopulations, and population viability analysis.
Ecology how population grow
Populations tend to grow exponentially at first until resources become limited, after which growth slows and the population reaches its carrying capacity. Demographers use population models like the logistic growth curve to predict how populations will change over time based on birth and death rates and factors like available resources. While some populations like bacteria and insects grow rapidly in changing environments, most species like humans and other mammals follow a logistic growth pattern of slower growth to a stable carrying capacity.
Microevolution hardy weinberg
This document summarizes key concepts in population genetics and evolution. It discusses how population genetics combines Mendelian inheritance and natural selection. The modern synthesis combined findings from various fields to emphasize populations as units of evolution and natural selection as the main mechanism. It also describes genetic variation, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, factors causing microevolution like genetic drift and natural selection, and concepts like sexual selection and limits of natural selection.
Mechanisms of Evolution.ppt
There are five main mechanisms of evolution: natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, mutations, and non-random mating. Natural selection occurs as individuals with traits better suited to their environment tend to survive and pass on their genes more than others. Gene flow introduces new alleles as individuals migrate and breed with other populations. Genetic drift is the change in allele frequencies due to chance events in small populations. Mutations provide genetic variation for natural selection to act upon. Non-random mating, like sexual selection and inbreeding, can also change allele frequencies in a population over time.
Deocareza population ecology-1231427563650176-1 (1)
This document discusses population ecology and dynamics. It begins by defining population ecology as the study of individual species in relation to their environment. It then discusses population viability analysis, which assesses extinction risk by combining species characteristics and environmental variability. The document goes on to discuss major population characteristics like distribution, size, age structure, and density. It also covers factors that affect population size, like birth and death rates, as well as resources and competition that can limit growth. Finally, it discusses life tables and survivorship curves that are used to monitor population trends over time.
Deocareza populationecology
This document discusses population ecology and dynamics. It begins by defining population ecology as the study of individual species in relation to their environment. It then discusses population viability analysis, which assesses extinction risk by combining species characteristics and environmental variability. The document goes on to discuss major population characteristics like distribution, size, age structure, and density. It also covers factors that affect population size, like birth and death rates, as well as resources and competition that can limit growth. Finally, it discusses life tables and survivorship curves that are used to monitor population trends over time.
Similar to Bottle neck effect and founder effect (20)
Deocareza population ecology-1231427563650176-1 (1)
Deocareza population ecology-1231427563650176-1 (1)
More from vidan biology
ABC Model of Flower development
Arabidopsis thaliana is a model plant species that is used to study flowering genes. There are four classes of genes that control flowering: 1) floral meristem identity genes that convert vegetative shoot meristems into floral meristems, 2) shoot meristem identity genes that maintain vegetative growth, 3) floral organ identity genes that determine the identity of floral organs, and 4) boundary setting genes that regulate the expression of organ identity genes. Key floral organ identity genes include AP1, AP2, AP3, PI, and AG.
Cytokinin Plant Hormones
Cytokinins are a group of plant growth regulators which are primarily involved in performing cell division in plant roots, shoot system.
RNA Interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in eukaryotic cells that selectively targets and degrades specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. It occurs through the introduction of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into the cell, which is then processed by an enzyme called Dicer into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs) that guide the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to degrade complementary mRNAs, preventing their translation into proteins. This process allows cells to defend against viruses and mobile genetic elements and plays roles in gene regulation and cellular differentiation and death.
Apoptosis Pathway
The document discusses apoptosis, or programmed cell death. It begins by defining apoptosis and explaining that it is a normal physiological process in multicellular organisms for tissue homeostasis and development. Apoptosis is regulated by both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic factors like the Bcl-2 family of proteins. It involves characteristic morphological and biochemical changes in cells, including blebbing, nuclear fragmentation, and DNA fragmentation. Caspases play a central role in apoptosis by activating a cascade of proteolytic enzymes. Apoptosis occurs through both the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway and the extrinsic death receptor pathway.
Abscisic Acid.pptx
ABA is a plant hormone involved in processes like seed dormancy and germination, as well as responses to environmental stresses. It was first isolated in 1965 from cotton fruit and given different names before being termed abscisic acid. ABA is a sesquiterpene compound composed of three isoprene residues and a cyclohexane ring. It is synthesized from carotenoids in chloroplasts and transported throughout the plant. ABA signaling involves membrane and cytosolic receptors that regulate ion transport and gene expression changes related to closing stomata and inhibiting growth under drought conditions.
POLYMORPHISM IN COELENTERATA
This document discusses polymorphism in coelenterates. It notes that coelenterates can have two basic forms, the polyp and medusa, and that there are many modifications of these forms. It provides examples of different types of polymorphism, including dimorphism, trimorphism, and polymorphism. In species exhibiting polymorphism, the zooids are highly modified and function together like the organs of a single organism rather than as individuals.
Larval Stage in Different Animal
The document summarizes the larval stages of various animal phyla. It describes different free-swimming and crawling larval forms such as planula, cydippid muller larva, actinula, parenchymula, amphiblastula, miracidium, cercaria, oncomiracidium, trochophore, nectochaete, cyphonautes, nauplius, zoea, megalopa, phyllosoma, metanauplius, mysis, pluteus, bipinnaria, brachiolaria, ophiopluteus, and tornaria. These larval stages are characteristic of phyla such as Por
Biodiversity Conservation
In situ conservation involves protecting plants and animals within their natural habitats, including through protected areas like national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves. Ex situ conservation protects species outside their natural environments in zoos, botanical gardens, seed banks, and gene banks. The document provides examples of different protected area types in India and discusses the goals and methods of ex situ conservation facilities.
Lichens and its types
Lichens are symbiotic organisms composed of a fungus and an algae or cyanobacteria. They come in three main forms - crustose (crust-like), foliose (leaf-like), and fruticose (shrub-like). Lichens reproduce through spores, soredia, or fragmentation, and have economic importance as indicators of pollution and in industries like perfumes, dyes, and medicines.
Terminology of plant Taxonomy.pdf
This document provides terminology related to plant taxonomy. It defines and provides examples of various plant structures and their characteristics, including types of inflorescences (such as cymose and racemose), flower parts and their arrangements (bracts, sepals, petals, stamens, pistils), symmetry, number of parts, position and attachment of reproductive organs. It also describes terms for flower features like dehiscence, coherence, aestivation and more. The document aims to establish a standardized vocabulary for describing plant morphology.
Root
The primary root grows underground and produces lateral and branch roots. In dicots this forms a taproot system like in mustard, while in monocots it is replaced by many fibrous roots originating from the stem base like in wheat. Some plants also produce adventitious roots from other parts. The root has regions - the root cap protects the tip, behind it cells actively divide then elongate for growth, and further back cells mature and differentiate. Root hairs absorb water and minerals. Roots can also be modified for functions like storage, support, and respiration through prop roots, stilt roots, and pneumatophores.
Vernalization (Revernalization, Devernalization) gene
Vernalization is a process by which flowering of certain plant species is induced or accelerated by exposure to cold temperatures. It prepares plants for flowering by altering the plant's genetic expression. There are two types of strains in cereals - winter strains that require vernalization to flower, and spring strains that do not. Vernalization is reversible through devernalization by exposure to high temperatures. The molecular mechanism involves epigenetic repression of flowering repressor genes like FLC after cold exposure, allowing flowering genes like FT and SOC1 to promote flowering.
Invertebrates (Plant Kingdom) complete
1) The document discusses the classification of animals based on key distinguishing features like their digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, reproduction type, and fertilization and development features.
2) It provides an overview of 12 animal phyla - Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata. For each it summarizes their key distinguishing characteristics.
3) It also discusses broader classification features like symmetry, body cavity, segmentation, and notochord that are used to classify animals.
Cytokinin plant hormones complete
1. Cytokinins are plant hormones that promote cell division. The first was discovered in 1955 and is called kinetin, derived from degraded herring sperm DNA.
2. Cytokinins are synthesized primarily in root apical meristems but also other growing tissues. They move up through the xylem while auxin moves down.
3. In Arabidopsis, cytokinin signaling involves receptors that phosphorylate histidine phosphotransfer proteins, leading to phosphorylation of ARR transcription factors and expression of genes causing cytokinin responses.
Gibberellic Acid or Gibberellin Hormones
Gibberellins (GAs) are plant hormones that regulate various developmental processes. They are tetracyclic diterpenoid acids synthesized via the terpenoid pathway in plastids and then modified in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol. Bioactive GAs include GA1, GA3, GA4, and GA7 and contain a carboxyl group at C-7. GAs are synthesized in shoots and roots and translocated via phloem and xylem, respectively. DELLA proteins repress growth but are degraded by the 26S proteasome in response to GA binding to the GID1 receptor, which forms a complex targeting DELLA for ubiquitination and degradation. This releases repression
Animal Kingdom phylum Detail
This document provides information on the classification of animals based on key characteristics like their digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, reproduction type, and fertilization and development features. It discusses 14 animal phyla - Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata, and provides details on their defining features. The document also covers topics like symmetry in animals, body cavities, segmentation, and notochord.
Innate Behavior (Animal Behavior) Taxis, Fixed Action Pattern, reflex.
Animal behavior includes how animals act and interact with stimuli in their environment. Behaviors can be innate, meaning genetically determined, or learned through experience. Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior, especially regarding natural environments and evolution. Behaviors increase an animal's chances of survival and reproduction. They can be analyzed based on their causes, development, function, and whether they are innate or learned. Examples of innate behaviors include reflexes, kinesis, taxis, and fixed action patterns.
Fish migration (Animal Behavior) Catadromous, Anadromous
This document discusses different types of fish migration. It defines migration as the movement of animals between locations for feeding, reproduction, or to escape weather extremes. It describes four main types of fish migration:
1. Feeding or alimental migration, which occurs when fish move to feed, like salmon migrating for food.
2. Spawning migration, which happens during breeding season when fish travel to spawning grounds far from feeding areas, like eels migrating to spawn.
3. Juvenile migration involves larval fish hatching in spawning grounds and migrating long distances to reach feeding habitats.
4. Seasonal migration occurs in arctic fish that move to subtropical areas to
BIRD MIGRATION (ANIMAL BEHAVIOR)
Bird migration involves seasonal movement between breeding and wintering grounds. Some key points:
- Around 40% of bird species migrate long distances annually between northern breeding grounds and southern non-breeding areas.
- Major flyways include the Atlantic, Mississippi, Central and Pacific routes in North America leading south for winter.
- The Arctic Tern has the longest migration of over 49,700 miles annually between Arctic and Antarctic summers.
- Types of migration include latitudinal from north to south, longitudinal east to west, altitudinal to higher or lower altitudes, and seasonal between summer and wintering areas.
Photoperiodism Detail slide
Photoperiodism refers to the ability of plants to measure day length and use this information to trigger developmental responses like flowering. There are three main categories of plant responses to photoperiod: short day plants that flower when day length is less than a critical length, long day plants that flower when day length exceeds a critical length, and day neutral plants that are insensitive to day length. Phytochrome is the primary photoreceptor that allows plants to detect changes in red and far-red light, which they use to measure night length and determine if flowering conditions have been met.
More from vidan biology (20)
Vernalization (Revernalization, Devernalization) gene
Vernalization (Revernalization, Devernalization) gene
Innate Behavior (Animal Behavior) Taxis, Fixed Action Pattern, reflex.
Innate Behavior (Animal Behavior) Taxis, Fixed Action Pattern, reflex.
Fish migration (Animal Behavior) Catadromous, Anadromous
Fish migration (Animal Behavior) Catadromous, Anadromous
Recently uploaded
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)Academy of Science of South Africa
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience Wahiba Chair Training & Consulting
Wahiba Chair's Talk at the 2024 Learning Ideas Conference. BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
Qualitative research interview training by Professor Katrina Pritchard and Dr Helen Williams
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
Physical pharmaceutics notes for B.pharm students
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
Wound healing PPT
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Recently uploaded (20)
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Bottle neck effect and founder effect
- 4. A sharp reduction in size of population due to environmental events such as femines, earthquake, flood, fire, disease or drought) or human activity such as genocide example insect population More number (favourable condition) Less number (Adverse condition) Increase number (favourable condition)
- 5. Insect B Insect A Filling the bottle in randomly way by insect Randomly mix bottle Inverted bottle Only chance of one type Black insect population
- 9. Migration or moment or founder effect when our new population is established by a very small number of individuals form a larger population Migration Diseased deer 3 Individual Founder population Increase reproductive population Compare population Population Heterozygote New daughter population
- 10. The result of both founder effect and bottleneck effect are similar • Maximum homozygotic • reduce genetic variation • increase similarities • decrease heterozygosity • harmful Alleles may be fixed