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Penelitian SETAPAK
Key Components of Indonesia's Forest and Land GovernanceAksi SETAPAK
The Asia Foundation’s SETAPAK program is focused on
improving forest and land governance in Indonesia. Good
forest and land governance will allow Indonesia’s decentralized
governance to ensure transparency and accountability in the
management, protection and distribution of benefits from
natural resources to achieve pro-poor sustainable growth.
This briefing paper outlines six processes and mechanisms
that are key components of good forest and land governance
in Indonesia. Embedded in Indonesia’s forest and land
governance systems, these processes and mechanisms
include spatial planning, allocating licenses for land
concessions (such as for logging and mining activities, and
palm oil and timber plantations), environmental safeguards,
budgets for environmental management, monitoring land use
and enforcement of relevant laws and regulations.
Outcomes of land and forest tenure reform implementation: A global comparativ...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Baruani Mshale, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the XVI Biennial IASC Conference ‘Practicing the commons: self-governance, cooperation, and institutional change’, in Utrecht, the Netherlands, on July 11, 2017.
Community forestry. Where and why has devolution of forest rights contributed...IFPRI-PIM
Presentation for the webinar organized by the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (www.pim.cgiar.org) on August 29, 2017. Steven Lawry, Director of Equity, Gender and Tenure research program at Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) summarized findings of selected meta-analyses, presented case studies from Nepal, Guatemala, and Mexico, and previewed emerging research looking at the investment effects of community forestry models that feature strong elements of forest rights devolution.
Case study improving-mining-governanceAksi SETAPAK
Mining provides one of the Indonesian government’s most important sources of revenue, but significant losses occur because of poor governance. SETAPAK partners have been working to improve governance across the mining sector.
The Minnesota Forest Resources Council (MFRC) published its 2014 biennial report on the implementation of the Sustainable Forest Resources Act (SFRA). Some of the key accomplishments in 2014 included:
1) Revising the SFRA to update outdated provisions and streamline language.
2) Completing a study on the competitiveness of Minnesota's primary forest products industry which found the health of Minnesota's forests and forest industry are at risk.
3) Hosting a conference to discuss the competitiveness study findings and recommendations to enhance the forest industry's position.
The Restoring Healthy Forests for Healthy Communities Act: Program Design and...Sam Rosen
The Restoring Healthy Forests for Healthy Communities Act aims to address catastrophic wildfires affecting federal forestlands and declining timber harvest revenues that support rural communities. Title I would increase annual timber harvests from National Forests by requiring at least 50% of the sustainable yield be harvested each year. A portion of the revenues would support local counties. Title II allows governors and the Secretary of Agriculture to implement hazardous fuel reduction projects to reduce wildfire risks. The program design establishes committees to assist with determining harvest levels and planning fuel reduction projects while increasing staffing and budgets to achieve the Act's goals. However, the bill's provisions restricting environmental reviews and granting unprecedented authority to states would likely face legal challenges.
Key governance issues and the fate of secondary forests as a tool for large-s...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Manuel Guariguata, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association of Tropical Biology and Conservation (ATBC) in Merida, Yucatán, Mexico, on July 12, 2017.
#ATBC2017
Political Conflicts and Community Forestry: Understanding the Impact of the D...CAPRi
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
Key Components of Indonesia's Forest and Land GovernanceAksi SETAPAK
The Asia Foundation’s SETAPAK program is focused on
improving forest and land governance in Indonesia. Good
forest and land governance will allow Indonesia’s decentralized
governance to ensure transparency and accountability in the
management, protection and distribution of benefits from
natural resources to achieve pro-poor sustainable growth.
This briefing paper outlines six processes and mechanisms
that are key components of good forest and land governance
in Indonesia. Embedded in Indonesia’s forest and land
governance systems, these processes and mechanisms
include spatial planning, allocating licenses for land
concessions (such as for logging and mining activities, and
palm oil and timber plantations), environmental safeguards,
budgets for environmental management, monitoring land use
and enforcement of relevant laws and regulations.
Outcomes of land and forest tenure reform implementation: A global comparativ...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Baruani Mshale, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the XVI Biennial IASC Conference ‘Practicing the commons: self-governance, cooperation, and institutional change’, in Utrecht, the Netherlands, on July 11, 2017.
Community forestry. Where and why has devolution of forest rights contributed...IFPRI-PIM
Presentation for the webinar organized by the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (www.pim.cgiar.org) on August 29, 2017. Steven Lawry, Director of Equity, Gender and Tenure research program at Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) summarized findings of selected meta-analyses, presented case studies from Nepal, Guatemala, and Mexico, and previewed emerging research looking at the investment effects of community forestry models that feature strong elements of forest rights devolution.
Case study improving-mining-governanceAksi SETAPAK
Mining provides one of the Indonesian government’s most important sources of revenue, but significant losses occur because of poor governance. SETAPAK partners have been working to improve governance across the mining sector.
The Minnesota Forest Resources Council (MFRC) published its 2014 biennial report on the implementation of the Sustainable Forest Resources Act (SFRA). Some of the key accomplishments in 2014 included:
1) Revising the SFRA to update outdated provisions and streamline language.
2) Completing a study on the competitiveness of Minnesota's primary forest products industry which found the health of Minnesota's forests and forest industry are at risk.
3) Hosting a conference to discuss the competitiveness study findings and recommendations to enhance the forest industry's position.
The Restoring Healthy Forests for Healthy Communities Act: Program Design and...Sam Rosen
The Restoring Healthy Forests for Healthy Communities Act aims to address catastrophic wildfires affecting federal forestlands and declining timber harvest revenues that support rural communities. Title I would increase annual timber harvests from National Forests by requiring at least 50% of the sustainable yield be harvested each year. A portion of the revenues would support local counties. Title II allows governors and the Secretary of Agriculture to implement hazardous fuel reduction projects to reduce wildfire risks. The program design establishes committees to assist with determining harvest levels and planning fuel reduction projects while increasing staffing and budgets to achieve the Act's goals. However, the bill's provisions restricting environmental reviews and granting unprecedented authority to states would likely face legal challenges.
Key governance issues and the fate of secondary forests as a tool for large-s...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Manuel Guariguata, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association of Tropical Biology and Conservation (ATBC) in Merida, Yucatán, Mexico, on July 12, 2017.
#ATBC2017
Political Conflicts and Community Forestry: Understanding the Impact of the D...CAPRi
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
Aligning Decentralized Natural Resource Management (DeNRM) and the Local G...Sadiki Laisser
The document discusses aligning Decentralized Natural Resource Management (DeNRM) with the Local Government Reform Program Phase II (LGRP II) in Tanzania. The key points are:
1) DeNRM would support sector ministries in developing their Natural Resource Management Sector Development Programs in line with LGRP II, which aims to devolve powers and decision making to local governments. This aligns with Tanzania's policy of decentralization.
2) Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) is seen as an important way to empower local communities to sustainably manage natural resources through user rights. LGRP II provides the framework for implementing CBNRM across sectors at the local level.
Exploring Participatory Prospective Analysis: A collaborative, scenario-based...CIFOR-ICRAF
This document summarizes a study exploring participatory prospective analysis (PPA), a collaborative, scenario-based approach for analyzing and anticipating the consequences of tenure reform implementation in Indonesia. The study was conducted in two sites in Lampung and Maluku provinces. Through a PPA process involving stakeholders, the study identified key drivers of tenure security, developed future scenarios, and created action plans. At both sites, scenarios and action plans focused on improving governance, recognizing customary rights, increasing regional budgets, and empowering communities. The national recommendations from the study address improving coordination, developing forest management units and policies, establishing local regulations, and increasing community development programs.
11.the socio economic effects of community forest management]Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the socioeconomic effects of community forest management in Dendi District, Ethiopia. The study found that participatory forest management enhanced livelihoods, conservation efforts, and social assets of local communities. Households participating in forest management had higher incomes and expenditures than non-participating households. Participating households also had more diverse livelihood strategies relying on natural resources like forests, compared to non-participating households who engaged more in wage labor and small businesses. The management approach helped increase forest cover while supporting local livelihoods, indicating it can achieve sustainable forest use.
Which policy, institutional and governance aspects are fostering or else hamp...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Daniela Schweizer (University of Sao Paulo and CIFOR) at the World Conference on Ecological Restoration (SER 2017) in Foz do Iguassu, Paraná (Brazil), on August 29, 2017.
Session: The role of public policies in influencing forest restoration in Latin America.
The influence of politics on environmental managementcaxtonk2008
Politics is part and parcel of environmental management
This calls for integration of political and environmental aspects in environmental management
It also calls for proper understanding of legislations and other political aspects in order to ensure effective and sustainable management processes
Presented by Manuel R. Guariguata (CIFOR) at the World Conference on Ecological Restoration (SER 2017) in Foz do Iguassu, Paraná (Brazil), on August 28, 2017.
Session: Symposium – Deciphering the land: Using landscape attributes to estimate the potential for natural regeneration of tropical forests.
This document discusses case studies from Cambodia and Indonesia on community rights and forest carbon markets. In Cambodia, a REDD+ pilot project built on existing community forest work but communities face challenges from illegal logging by the military and concessions. The project has not generated expected benefits and conflicts have emerged. In Indonesia, agreements have expanded the military's role in conservation projects concerning rights groups, and lessons from conflict areas suggest market-driven programs like the Forest Investment Program can increase human rights violations.
- The document examines the limitations of implementing forest policies to reduce deforestation in frontier regions like the Peruvian Amazon, where weak governance and informal networks present challenges.
- Case studies from Ucayali, Peru show that while policies have progressed from licenses to concessions to local forests, low state capacity, corruption, and unclear rules limit enforcement at regional levels.
- Effective policy implementation requires strong multi-level governance with coordinated decision-making across levels, clear distribution of authority, adequate resources, and limits on corruption. It also relies on building interdependence between state and non-state actors through networks.
- Expanding land use planning and mechanisms for formalization face not only technical hurdles but political
The document summarizes a workshop on institutions for ecosystem services that took place from October 27-29, 2014. The workshop objectives were to encourage sharing of research on links between institutions and ecosystem services, synthesize lessons about institutional arrangements needed to ensure ecosystem service projects deliver benefits, and identify policies to strengthen supporting institutions. It provided background on ecosystem services and discussed topics like the importance of institutions at multiple scales, challenges around time lags and spatial disconnects between ecosystem service production and use, and lessons that can be learned from other research and cases.
1. Recognizing community tenure rights over forest lands is a low-cost way to promote better forest management and reduce deforestation, with costs ranging from $0.05 to $9 per hectare on average.
2. Securing these tenure rights is important for REDD+ programs to work effectively by giving local communities incentives to conserve forests, yet the full costs of REDD+ programs are still unknown.
3. Recognizing tenure rights is a complex political process but methodologies exist, and it is feasible and important to scale up recognition of community rights over the 350 million hectares of forest lands they already own or manage.
The role of Integrated Conservation-Development Projects (ICDPs) in sustainab...Siang Yang
The document discusses the role of Integrated Conservation-Development Projects (ICDPs) in sustainable environmental management. It summarizes that past environmental measures failed because they did not link wildlife protection to local welfare. ICDPs aimed to integrate environmental protection and development, but outcomes have been largely ineffective. Case studies from Ghana and China are presented to illustrate weaknesses in the ICDP approach, such as unrealistic goals, lack of local participation and needs assessment, and failure to improve livelihoods or provide compensation for losses. The conclusion is that ICDPs have presented an illusion of "win-win" outcomes by not adequately addressing the critical linkage between conservation and rural development in local contexts.
Multi-level governance and decision-making on forests and PFES in VietnamCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered by Anastasia Yang to the Vietnam Forest Protection and Development Fund in Hanoi, 11th November.
Topics discussed include arguments for researching multilevel governance, site selection, and an overview of the global study itself.
The document summarizes the findings of a baseline survey on climate change advocacy in Uganda. It found that while knowledge of climate change is widespread, understanding of climate finance issues is limited. Efforts to advocate for increased climate change financing are also limited. It provides recommendations to improve knowledge of climate finance advocacy, increase the scope and scale of advocacy efforts, and take advantage of opportunities to increase government budgeting for climate change through engagement with relevant institutions, policies, and individuals.
An introduction to CIFOR's global comparative study on REDD+ (GCS-REDD+)CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Maria Brockhaus at a workshop on 'Sharing insights across REDD+ countries: Opportunities and obstacles for effective, efficient, and equitable carbon and non-carbon results' from 21-23 February 2017 in Naypyidaw, Myanmar.
Local participation in REDD+ programs can provide benefits but also faces challenges. A study in Indonesia investigated the conditions needed for successful local measurement, reporting, and verification (PMRV) of carbon emissions. Four key conditions were identified: activities must be relevant to local people, build on existing technical capacity, utilize reporting structures informed by other systems, and incorporate local knowledge into verification. However, PMRV also requires broader international support and institutional capacity beyond what can be addressed at the local level alone.
Analysis of current Governance in the Sustainable Management of the Virunga N...AI Publications
This document analyzes governance in the sustainable management of Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It finds that the majority of respondents living near the park are youths under 61 years old and have no collaboration with park management. Most respondents also do not participate in park management. The presence of park governance is highly contested by local communities and needs to be revised to better incorporate local population concerns to improve relationships and trust between locals and park management.
Sustainable landscapes: A means of managing social and environmental issues i...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Terry Sunderland, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the Meeting of ASEAN Senior Officials on Forestry in Putrajaya, Malaysia, on July 24-29, 2017.
Analysis of current Governance in the Sustainable Protection of the Virunga N...AI Publications
This article offers an Analysis on the Governance of the Virunga National Park (ViNP) using the Landscape Approach. We started from the constant misunderstanding and perpetual opposition of the riverside population on the management of the ViNP. The question is the management strategy to involve the local population in the sustainable management of the Virunga National Park. After presenting and analyzing the data provided to us by 394 respondents constituting the sample size consider in relation to strategies of public involvement in the sustainable management of the ViNP. The results showed that the local community is not fully involved in the management of the ViNP, and for their involvement we have proposed the Landscape approach that does not exclude anyone as an alternative to the integrated and sustainable management of the Park. After several years of experimentation, the results of the old approach are far from satisfactory. This study is one of the doctoral research findings on the landscape approach to sustainable management of the ViNP.
The document discusses how the rise of commercial forestry in colonial India affected local communities. It summarizes that:
The British established strict forest rules to conserve timber resources for shipbuilding and railways. This included prohibiting shifting cultivation practices, restricting grazing and hunting access, and establishing forest reserves where villagers' use was regulated.
The new rules severely impacted villagers' livelihoods by preventing them from engaging in traditional practices like shifting cultivation, grazing livestock, and hunting. Many faced harassment from forest guards when collecting forest products or were forced to find other means of employment.
Overall, the forest rules that prioritized commercial use disrupted local communities' relationship with and use of forests for subsistence.
Forests were cleared for several reasons during the colonial period:
1) Population growth led to more land being cleared for agriculture and food production.
2) The expansion of railroads throughout India in the 1850s required large amounts of wood for sleepers/ties to support the tracks, leading to deforestation.
3) Commercial plantations for crops like tea, coffee, and rubber replaced many forests, as colonial governments gave large tracts of land to European planters.
The document summarizes how the rise of commercial forestry in India during British colonial rule affected local communities. The British established strict forest rules and reserved forests for commercial use, limiting people's access to forests for activities like cultivation, grazing, collecting forest products, and hunting. As a result, many faced harassment from forest guards and had to resort to illegally stealing wood or finding new forms of employment other than their traditional livelihoods. The forest laws severely disrupted people's way of life.
Aligning Decentralized Natural Resource Management (DeNRM) and the Local G...Sadiki Laisser
The document discusses aligning Decentralized Natural Resource Management (DeNRM) with the Local Government Reform Program Phase II (LGRP II) in Tanzania. The key points are:
1) DeNRM would support sector ministries in developing their Natural Resource Management Sector Development Programs in line with LGRP II, which aims to devolve powers and decision making to local governments. This aligns with Tanzania's policy of decentralization.
2) Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) is seen as an important way to empower local communities to sustainably manage natural resources through user rights. LGRP II provides the framework for implementing CBNRM across sectors at the local level.
Exploring Participatory Prospective Analysis: A collaborative, scenario-based...CIFOR-ICRAF
This document summarizes a study exploring participatory prospective analysis (PPA), a collaborative, scenario-based approach for analyzing and anticipating the consequences of tenure reform implementation in Indonesia. The study was conducted in two sites in Lampung and Maluku provinces. Through a PPA process involving stakeholders, the study identified key drivers of tenure security, developed future scenarios, and created action plans. At both sites, scenarios and action plans focused on improving governance, recognizing customary rights, increasing regional budgets, and empowering communities. The national recommendations from the study address improving coordination, developing forest management units and policies, establishing local regulations, and increasing community development programs.
11.the socio economic effects of community forest management]Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the socioeconomic effects of community forest management in Dendi District, Ethiopia. The study found that participatory forest management enhanced livelihoods, conservation efforts, and social assets of local communities. Households participating in forest management had higher incomes and expenditures than non-participating households. Participating households also had more diverse livelihood strategies relying on natural resources like forests, compared to non-participating households who engaged more in wage labor and small businesses. The management approach helped increase forest cover while supporting local livelihoods, indicating it can achieve sustainable forest use.
Which policy, institutional and governance aspects are fostering or else hamp...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Daniela Schweizer (University of Sao Paulo and CIFOR) at the World Conference on Ecological Restoration (SER 2017) in Foz do Iguassu, Paraná (Brazil), on August 29, 2017.
Session: The role of public policies in influencing forest restoration in Latin America.
The influence of politics on environmental managementcaxtonk2008
Politics is part and parcel of environmental management
This calls for integration of political and environmental aspects in environmental management
It also calls for proper understanding of legislations and other political aspects in order to ensure effective and sustainable management processes
Presented by Manuel R. Guariguata (CIFOR) at the World Conference on Ecological Restoration (SER 2017) in Foz do Iguassu, Paraná (Brazil), on August 28, 2017.
Session: Symposium – Deciphering the land: Using landscape attributes to estimate the potential for natural regeneration of tropical forests.
This document discusses case studies from Cambodia and Indonesia on community rights and forest carbon markets. In Cambodia, a REDD+ pilot project built on existing community forest work but communities face challenges from illegal logging by the military and concessions. The project has not generated expected benefits and conflicts have emerged. In Indonesia, agreements have expanded the military's role in conservation projects concerning rights groups, and lessons from conflict areas suggest market-driven programs like the Forest Investment Program can increase human rights violations.
- The document examines the limitations of implementing forest policies to reduce deforestation in frontier regions like the Peruvian Amazon, where weak governance and informal networks present challenges.
- Case studies from Ucayali, Peru show that while policies have progressed from licenses to concessions to local forests, low state capacity, corruption, and unclear rules limit enforcement at regional levels.
- Effective policy implementation requires strong multi-level governance with coordinated decision-making across levels, clear distribution of authority, adequate resources, and limits on corruption. It also relies on building interdependence between state and non-state actors through networks.
- Expanding land use planning and mechanisms for formalization face not only technical hurdles but political
The document summarizes a workshop on institutions for ecosystem services that took place from October 27-29, 2014. The workshop objectives were to encourage sharing of research on links between institutions and ecosystem services, synthesize lessons about institutional arrangements needed to ensure ecosystem service projects deliver benefits, and identify policies to strengthen supporting institutions. It provided background on ecosystem services and discussed topics like the importance of institutions at multiple scales, challenges around time lags and spatial disconnects between ecosystem service production and use, and lessons that can be learned from other research and cases.
1. Recognizing community tenure rights over forest lands is a low-cost way to promote better forest management and reduce deforestation, with costs ranging from $0.05 to $9 per hectare on average.
2. Securing these tenure rights is important for REDD+ programs to work effectively by giving local communities incentives to conserve forests, yet the full costs of REDD+ programs are still unknown.
3. Recognizing tenure rights is a complex political process but methodologies exist, and it is feasible and important to scale up recognition of community rights over the 350 million hectares of forest lands they already own or manage.
The role of Integrated Conservation-Development Projects (ICDPs) in sustainab...Siang Yang
The document discusses the role of Integrated Conservation-Development Projects (ICDPs) in sustainable environmental management. It summarizes that past environmental measures failed because they did not link wildlife protection to local welfare. ICDPs aimed to integrate environmental protection and development, but outcomes have been largely ineffective. Case studies from Ghana and China are presented to illustrate weaknesses in the ICDP approach, such as unrealistic goals, lack of local participation and needs assessment, and failure to improve livelihoods or provide compensation for losses. The conclusion is that ICDPs have presented an illusion of "win-win" outcomes by not adequately addressing the critical linkage between conservation and rural development in local contexts.
Multi-level governance and decision-making on forests and PFES in VietnamCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered by Anastasia Yang to the Vietnam Forest Protection and Development Fund in Hanoi, 11th November.
Topics discussed include arguments for researching multilevel governance, site selection, and an overview of the global study itself.
The document summarizes the findings of a baseline survey on climate change advocacy in Uganda. It found that while knowledge of climate change is widespread, understanding of climate finance issues is limited. Efforts to advocate for increased climate change financing are also limited. It provides recommendations to improve knowledge of climate finance advocacy, increase the scope and scale of advocacy efforts, and take advantage of opportunities to increase government budgeting for climate change through engagement with relevant institutions, policies, and individuals.
An introduction to CIFOR's global comparative study on REDD+ (GCS-REDD+)CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Maria Brockhaus at a workshop on 'Sharing insights across REDD+ countries: Opportunities and obstacles for effective, efficient, and equitable carbon and non-carbon results' from 21-23 February 2017 in Naypyidaw, Myanmar.
Local participation in REDD+ programs can provide benefits but also faces challenges. A study in Indonesia investigated the conditions needed for successful local measurement, reporting, and verification (PMRV) of carbon emissions. Four key conditions were identified: activities must be relevant to local people, build on existing technical capacity, utilize reporting structures informed by other systems, and incorporate local knowledge into verification. However, PMRV also requires broader international support and institutional capacity beyond what can be addressed at the local level alone.
Analysis of current Governance in the Sustainable Management of the Virunga N...AI Publications
This document analyzes governance in the sustainable management of Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It finds that the majority of respondents living near the park are youths under 61 years old and have no collaboration with park management. Most respondents also do not participate in park management. The presence of park governance is highly contested by local communities and needs to be revised to better incorporate local population concerns to improve relationships and trust between locals and park management.
Sustainable landscapes: A means of managing social and environmental issues i...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Terry Sunderland, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the Meeting of ASEAN Senior Officials on Forestry in Putrajaya, Malaysia, on July 24-29, 2017.
Analysis of current Governance in the Sustainable Protection of the Virunga N...AI Publications
This article offers an Analysis on the Governance of the Virunga National Park (ViNP) using the Landscape Approach. We started from the constant misunderstanding and perpetual opposition of the riverside population on the management of the ViNP. The question is the management strategy to involve the local population in the sustainable management of the Virunga National Park. After presenting and analyzing the data provided to us by 394 respondents constituting the sample size consider in relation to strategies of public involvement in the sustainable management of the ViNP. The results showed that the local community is not fully involved in the management of the ViNP, and for their involvement we have proposed the Landscape approach that does not exclude anyone as an alternative to the integrated and sustainable management of the Park. After several years of experimentation, the results of the old approach are far from satisfactory. This study is one of the doctoral research findings on the landscape approach to sustainable management of the ViNP.
The document discusses how the rise of commercial forestry in colonial India affected local communities. It summarizes that:
The British established strict forest rules to conserve timber resources for shipbuilding and railways. This included prohibiting shifting cultivation practices, restricting grazing and hunting access, and establishing forest reserves where villagers' use was regulated.
The new rules severely impacted villagers' livelihoods by preventing them from engaging in traditional practices like shifting cultivation, grazing livestock, and hunting. Many faced harassment from forest guards when collecting forest products or were forced to find other means of employment.
Overall, the forest rules that prioritized commercial use disrupted local communities' relationship with and use of forests for subsistence.
Forests were cleared for several reasons during the colonial period:
1) Population growth led to more land being cleared for agriculture and food production.
2) The expansion of railroads throughout India in the 1850s required large amounts of wood for sleepers/ties to support the tracks, leading to deforestation.
3) Commercial plantations for crops like tea, coffee, and rubber replaced many forests, as colonial governments gave large tracts of land to European planters.
The document summarizes how the rise of commercial forestry in India during British colonial rule affected local communities. The British established strict forest rules and reserved forests for commercial use, limiting people's access to forests for activities like cultivation, grazing, collecting forest products, and hunting. As a result, many faced harassment from forest guards and had to resort to illegally stealing wood or finding new forms of employment other than their traditional livelihoods. The forest laws severely disrupted people's way of life.
Colonialism and Tribal societies in IndiaPankaj Saikia
The document discusses the impact of British colonialism on tribal societies in India. It introduces several tribal groups and notes that British policies led to changes in tribal economies, cultures, and ways of life. The British declared forests as state property, restricting tribal access and activities. They also introduced land settlement systems and forced many tribes to work on tea plantations or in mines. Overall, the British rule significantly disrupted traditional tribal cultures and communities.
1) During British colonial rule in India, forests were increasingly cleared for commercial crops, agriculture, railways, and plantations to provide resources and revenue for Britain.
2) The British established the Indian Forest Service in 1864 and passed the Indian Forest Act of 1865 to better manage and restrict the use of forest resources.
3) Scientific forestry practices introduced by Dietrich Brandis focused on clear-cutting natural forests and replacing them with single-species tree plantations.
The document discusses how forest societies and colonialism impacted forests in India. It describes how the British colonial government prioritized commercial forestry through plantations of single tree species. This led to large scale deforestation that cleared natural forests. Local forest communities lost access to forest resources and were displaced from their lands. The colonial government established the Indian Forest Service and enacted the Indian Forest Act of 1865 to restrict forest use and manage forests for timber extraction, further disrupting local societies.
This document discusses deforestation and the rise of commercial forestry in colonial India and Java. It summarizes that deforestation increased under colonial rule due to demands for timber, railways, and plantations. The British established scientific forestry practices to manage forests, which disrupted local communities' access and rights. This led to rebellions like one in 1910 in Bastar, India as people resisted the new forest rules. The Dutch similarly established control over forests in Java for timber.
This briefing paper outlines six processes and mechanisms that are key components of good forest and land governance in Indonesia. Embedded in Indonesia’s forest and land governance systems, these processes and mechanisms include spatial planning, allocating licenses for land concessions (such as for logging and mining activities, and palm oil and timber plantations), environmental safeguards, budgets for environmental management, monitoring land use and enforcement of relevant laws and regulations.
This study finds that there is strong support for community level approaches to forest management. Securing community forest tenure through clarifying land claims and integrating local land tenure into spatial planning is a key step to achieving sustainable forest management.
This document provides an overview of customary land tenure practices among ethnic groups in Laos. It discusses the cultural and linguistic diversity in Laos and how customary arrangements vary between groups but generally involve communal management of land and resources. Customary systems balance individual and collective land rights and are flexible to adapt to environmental and social changes. While state policies have impacted traditions, customary practices still govern social relationships and land management.
This document provides an overview of customary land tenure practices among ethnic groups in Laos. It discusses the cultural and linguistic diversity in Laos and how customary arrangements vary between groups but generally involve communal management of land and resources. Customary systems balance individual and collective land rights according to local conditions. While state policies have impacted traditions, customary practices still govern social relations and land management. Recognition of diverse customary systems is important for protecting livelihoods and culture.
This document provides an overview of customary land tenure practices among ethnic groups in Laos. It discusses the cultural and linguistic diversity in Laos and how customary arrangements vary between groups but generally involve communal management of land and resources. Customary systems balance individual and collective land rights according to local conditions. While state policies have impacted traditions, customary practices still govern social relations and land management. Recognition of diverse customary systems is important for protecting livelihoods and culture.
Southeast Asia has experienced significant deforestation and forest degradation between 1995 and 2010. Climate change is also impacting the region through more frequent extreme weather events. Smallholder and subsistence farmers are especially vulnerable. The program focuses on issues like sustainable forest and land management, payments for environmental services, agroforestry, and climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. It partners with various organizations and conducts research in countries like the Philippines, Vietnam, China, Thailand, and Indonesia to address these challenges and develop solutions. In 2010, key accomplishments included national emissions baseline mapping in Indonesia, technical advice on climate change and REDD+ strategies, and studies on topics like tree planting programs and carbon finance projects.
Presentation by Mike Parr at “Putting pledges into practice in Latin America – an early assessment of Initiative 20×20 from science, policy and finance perspectives” Discussion Forum on the second day of the Global Landscapes Forum 2015, in Paris, France alongside COP21. For more information go to: www.landscapes.org.
Paper CCIAM conference 2014_ donald kasongi final.pdfDonaldKasongi1
Subsidiarity in climate action is critical for accelerating mitigation and adaptation responses that are embedded in institutional frameworks . Available evidence suggest that decentralised policies and actions are the rock bottom tools in which communities can engage with their local government in co-creation of solutions for confronting climate change and its impacts. The paper shares lessons on readiness one local government authorities in building climate resilience around Lake Victoria in Tanzania.
The natural resources sector in New Zealand comprises several government organizations responsible for managing the country's natural assets. These resources are central to New Zealand's identity, economy, and Māori interests. However, some resources are becoming scarce, so improved management is needed. The briefing recommends forming a group of natural resource ministers to take a holistic, long-term approach to complex issues that cut across different areas of government. It also proposes reviewing the resource management system to improve decision-making, integration, and use of information.
The document outlines the terms of reference for analyzing district agricultural development plans (DADPS) and providing recommendations on how to better address climate change adaptation, mitigation and REDD+ in relation to small-scale agriculture. Specifically, the consultant will:
1. Review DADPS from Kilosa and Chamwino districts to analyze how they currently address climate smart agriculture, climate change adaptation and mitigation, and REDD+.
2. Provide policy recommendations for how DADPS can be improved to better support small-scale farmers in climate change adaptation and adopting mitigation strategies.
3. Consider how DADPS address or conflict with other district policies and investments in achieving climate-resil
This document provides terms of reference for analyzing risks and opportunities of different types of agricultural inputs for small-scale farmers in Tanzania. It begins with background on ActionAid Tanzania and a climate change and agriculture project they are implementing. The project aims to promote climate-smart agriculture among small-scale farmers. The assignment will analyze risks and opportunities of inputs like inorganic/organic fertilizers and hybrid/open-pollinated varieties in one project and one non-project village. It will assess input access, risks, opportunities, and livelihood impacts. The analysis will inform recommendations on managing risks and helping farmers benefit from opportunities to improve food security under climate change.
- The Green Belt Movement planted over 4.2 million trees across Kenya in 2010 and launched a watershed-based tree planting approach to improve water access and management.
- They held Kenya's first training on Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) and conducted biomass surveys in Mau Forest to establish a carbon baseline.
- GBM advocated for environmental protections in Kenya's new constitution and increased civic education efforts around its passage.
- The Green Belt Movement planted over 4.2 million trees across Kenya in 2010 and launched a watershed-based tree planting approach to improve water access and management.
- They held Kenya's first training on Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) and conducted biomass surveys in Mau Forest to establish a carbon baseline.
- GBM advocated for environmental protections in Kenya's new constitution and increased civic education efforts around its passage.
Forest and Wildlife resources are of great significance to millions of people, especially those whose livelihoods largely depend on them. These resources play a key role in protecting the environment and are of tremendous importance to the sustainable development of every country. Forest and Wildlife resources policies and institutions are critical to achieving sustainable forest management. Recognizing the importance of forest and wildlife resources and the need for appropriate measures to optimize their utilization and management in Ghana, various past governments formulated policies for developing a national forest estate, wildlife sites and a timber industry that guarantee a full range of sustainable benefits for the population. However, most of the forest and wildlife policies have failed to address the fundamental challenges of forest and wildlife management in the country.
This document provides details about a project aimed at reducing poverty and greenhouse gas emissions through the adoption of climate-resilient agricultural practices by small-scale farmers in Tanzania. The project is a partnership between 5 organizations and will pursue its goal through 4 interlinked strategies - community networking, policy research, demonstrating climate-smart agriculture approaches, and advocacy. It will work with farmers' groups and districts to integrate climate considerations into policies and budgets, support farmers with training and resources to adopt new practices, and influence decision-makers to better support small-scale farmers in mitigating and adapting to climate change.
Survey of Household Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization in Malaysia...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document discusses a survey of household solid waste management in Malaysia. The survey examined household awareness and practices related to waste collection and minimization. Key findings include:
- Most respondents (74%) were aware that waste management had been privatized, though many did not know the name of the concessionaire. Knowledge of collection schedules was lower, with only 43% aware that collection occurred twice weekly.
- Respondents generally had good knowledge of waste issues and health consequences but complained that collection schedules were often not adhered to. Lack of awareness, knowledge and enforcement were seen as major causes of waste problems.
- Facilities and services for waste minimization like reuse, recycling and composting were felt
A review of legal, policy and strategic framework for community participation...caxtonk2008
A REVIEW OF LEGAL, POLICY AND STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN UGANDA
Despite the fact that Uganda has experienced continued economic over the last years. Many environmental challenges continue to exist that clog development progress. Many of these challenges are experienced through unfolding in various sectors including the: forest, energy, water, agriculture and other areas which are relevant to the countries socioeconomy. The challenges also are related to climate change and gender issues. The main challenge has however been that of involving the people adequately and meaningfully in environmental management.
The Uganda government has however put in place many measures aimed at promoting environmental management through meaningful community participation. This has been through the formulation of various legal, policy and strategic frameworks aimed at ensuring community participation, equitable resource distribution and gender equity in environmental management.
This paper therefore looks at the frameworks in various sectors of the socioeconomy. This includes in the water, forest, energy and agriculture sectors. It also looks at those addressing issues of gender and climate change that continue to affect people and the environment. The paper also looks at those that are pertinent to national development.
This presentation is a compilation of four that were given on 30 November 2011 at an official UNFCCC COP17 side-event organised by CIFOR: 'How is REDD+ unfolding on the ground?'. The event discussed early insights on the capability of REDD+ projects to deliver on their goal of sequestering forest carbon while providing a range of co-benefits. The information presented draws mainly on findings of CIFOR's Global Comparative Study on REDD+, and covers the status and challenges of REDD+ projects on the ground;
challenges encountered in establishing REDD+ in Africa;
the policy and economic context in which REDD+ projects is unfolding; and
the status of monitoring, reporting and verification in setting up REDD+.
This paper examines the gender dimensions of control over customary forests and territories through state policy support, markets, and various forms of coercive power and legitimacy. The involved parties are not limited to state institutions and market actors, but also elites at the community level, and close relatives.
Teks ini membahas tentang masyarakat adat dan berbagai sistem penguasaan dan pengelolaan hutan yang telah dikembangkan oleh masyarakat adat di berbagai wilayah Indonesia sejak zaman prakolonial. Sistem-sistem tersebut antara lain sistem pengelolaan agroekosistem dan sistem hutan kerakyatan yang melibatkan pengelolaan hutan bersama dengan budidaya pertanian. Teks ini juga menyoroti peran perempuan dalam pengelolaan sumberday
Laporan ini menganalisis kebijakan perencanaan dan anggaran nasional Indonesia terkait pengelolaan hutan dan lahan. Analisis dilakukan dengan melihat komitmen pemerintah dalam dokumen perencanaan, indikator kinerja, dan realisasinya. Laporan juga menilai kontribusi sektor hutan dan lahan terhadap penerimaan negara, serta belanja negara untuk sektor tersebut. Temuan menunjukkan adanya ketimpangan antara komitmen, target, dan real
Studi ini menilai tata kelola hutan dan lahan di 16 kabupaten di Kalimantan dan Sumatera dengan menggunakan Indeks Kelola Hutan dan Lahan (IKHL). Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa tata kelola hutan dan lahan di daerah-daerah tersebut masih buruk karena kurangnya transparansi, partisipasi masyarakat, dan akuntabilitas pemerintah daerah. Walaupun beberapa indeks mengalami peningkatan, tidak satupun daer
MASYARAKAT HUKUM ADAT ADALAH PENYANDANG HAK, SUBJEK HUKUM, DAN PEMILIK WILAYAH ADATNYA
Memahami secara Kontekstual Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia atas Perkara Nomor 35/PUU-X/2012.
Indonesia has the largest tropical forest in the world, rich forest resources, and biodiversity. For all of this time, the rich and diverse tropical forests have been utilized directly and indirectly, to fulfill the human needs, society and Indonesia as a state. Utilization of Indonesia’s forest, especially to meet the market demand, has caused the loss of total forest cover (deforestation).
In this issue:
Introduction of partners
Freedom of information
Recent successes
Supporting communities
High Conservation Value Forests
Monitoring and reporting violations
Emerging regions
SETAPAK research
Pulau Jawa merupakan salah satu daerah terpadat di dunia dengan lebih dari 136 juta jiwa tinggal di daerah seluas 129.438,28 km2. Dengan luasan hanya sekitar 6 persen dari keseluruhan daratan di Indonesia, Jawa dihuni lebih dari 50 persen jumlah keseluruhan penduduk Indonesia.
Portret keadaan-hutan-indonesia-2009-2013Aksi SETAPAK
Indonesia memiliki hutan tropis yang terluas di dunia, kekayaan sumberdaya hutan, serta keanekaragaman hayati yang beragam. Selama ini kekayaan dan keanekaragaman hutan tropis tersebut telah dimanfaatkan secara langsung maupun tidak langsung.
Konflik Agraria Musi Banyuasin: Perlu Penanganan Serius!
Kebijakan investasi melalui penggunaan tanah skala luas menghasilkan ketimpangan penguasaan lahan dan juga menuai konflik agraria dan kemiskinan.
Spatial planning: in whose interests?
Land allocated for industrial forest and land-based industries is larger than the actual size of West Kalimantan.
- An NGO in West Kalimantan, Indonesia conducted an analysis of land permits and found that over 100% of the land in Ketapang district and nearly 97% in Melawi district had been allocated for mining, palm oil, and logging concessions, indicating overlapping permits.
- The excessive allocation of permits is due to poor land management and poses severe risks, including loss of forests that support local communities and biodiversity as well as increased greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation.
- Resolving the issue requires reviewing and cancelling illegal or overlapping permits, placing a moratorium on new permits, and developing a more transparent and inclusive forest management system that protects community land rights and participation in decision-making.
Kabupaten Konservasi atau Kabupaten Kompensasi?
Dengan Surat Keputusan Bupati Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu No. 144 Tahun 2003, Kapuas Hulu menyatakan diri sebagai Kabupaten Konservasi.
The Kapuas Hulu district in Indonesia declared itself a conservation district through decree 144/2003, but implementation has faced challenges due to lack of communication and understanding between stakeholders. A communications model is proposed to build agreement on roles and responsibilities for conservation and address lack of support from local government and communities. The brief recommends increasing communication through a new forum and potentially elevating the conservation designation through a regional regulation.
1. Hutan mangrove di Batu Ampar memiliki luas yang besar namun saat ini terancam rusak karena adanya perbedaan persepsi dan praktik pengelolaan antara berbagai pihak terkait.
2. Diperlukan pendekatan kolaboratif dalam pengelolaan hutan mangrove di Batu Ampar dengan melibatkan masyarakat sebagai aktor utama melalui community-based forest management (CBFM).
3. Penerapan CBFM diharapkan dapat mengatasi kesenjang
Establishing Collaborative Management for Batu Ampar’s Mangrove Forest: Revitalising the Regional Mangroves Working Group (KKMD) is an entry point for establishing collaborative, community based mangroves management.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
1. Photo: Rhett Butler
SETAPAK Environmental
Governance Program
Improving forest and land
governance to protect forests and
communities in Indonesia
2. INDONESIA HOSTS THE WORLD’S THIRD LARGEST AREA OF TROPICAL
RAINFOREST, WHICH IS BEING DESTROYED AT A RATE OF 8,400 SQUARE
KILOMETRES ANNUALLY.
INDONESIA’S PEATLANDS ARE ALSO A VITAL RESOURCE, YET
APPROXIMATELY 120,000 SQUARE KILOMETRES HAVE BEEN DISTURBED, IN
SOME PLACES IRREPARABLY.
THESE ISSUES ARE RECOGNIZED DOMESTICALLY AND INTERNATIONALLY.
TO ENSURE THAT RESPONSES ARE STRATEGIC, EFFICIENT AND
COORDINATED, GOOD FOREST AND LAND GOVERNANCE MUST BE
PROMOTED AND INSTITUTIONALIZED.
Photo: Armin Hari
3. SETAPAK has been working to improve forest and land
governance in Indonesia since 2011. The program promotes
good forest and land governance as fundamental to reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and ensuring that the benefits of
natural resources are distributed sustainably and equitably.
Grounded in analysis of the political economy, SETAPAK
combines work with national and local governments with
support to civil society. The program aims to improve
transparency and accountability, strengthen policy making, the
rule of law, and the recognition of community rights. It also
works to increase knowledge and understanding in the land
use and forestry sector.
This approach, which considers both engagement with
government to improve performance and collaboration
with civil society organizations and communities to monitor
accountability, results in initiatives and institutions that are
more accountable and responsive to the public. A collaborative
strategy helps build synergies, develop partners’ capacities for
effective advocacy, and encourages innovation.
SETAPAK works in regions with abundant forest resources and
peatlands that are vulnerable to rapid land use change. The
first phase of the SETAPAK program will finish in May 2015,
and a second phase will run from 2015 to 2018.
Globally, and in Indonesia, it is recognized that weaknesses
in governance contribute to forest loss and degradation.
Poor governance underpins the loosely regulated logging and
mining, and the rapid expansion of oil palm and paper pulp
plantations that are damaging Indonesia’s environment, as
well as uncontrolled forest fires and illegal encroachments by
agriculture.
Indonesia’s 22 million ha of peatlands are particularly
at risk. Over the coming decades, almost all of Sumatra
and Kalimantan’s peatland carbon could be released. This
represents about 40 billion tonnes, or half the entire carbon
stored in the Amazonian rainforest.
Improving the governance and management of forests and
peatlands will contribute significantly towards mitigating
global climate change, reducing the incidence of land conflict,
increasing state revenues, and generating sustainable
prosperity for millions of people in Indonesia.
SETAPAK is funded by the Department for International
Development and coordinated by the Asia Foundation in
Indonesia.
Improving land governance to protect
forests and communities in Indonesia
4. The Land and Forest Governance Index (LFGI) has been produced as part of the SETAPAK
research program. Developed by the Indonesian Centre for Environmental Law (ICEL) and the
National Secretariat of the Indonesian Forum for Budget Transparency (Seknas FITRA), it tracks
transparency, participation, accountability and coordination in the forestry, mining and plantation
sectors at the district level. It aims to identify and diagnose weaknesses in governance, and to
compare districts to find best practices that can serve as models. As well as providing a way to
measure the impact of interventions, it provides NGOs with a tool to design advocacy activities,
and allows better informed dialogue with government.
The Land and Forest Governance Index is available from the SETAPAK website: www.programsetapak.org
Measuring progress
Photo: Alam Putra
5. What is good forest and land governance?
Forest and land governance includes the processes,
mechanisms, rules and institutions for managing forests and
land. It can involve top-down, government-led legislation,
policies or programs designed to regulate forest and land use,
and bottom-up approaches, such as community-administrated
advisory, monitoring or decision making bodies.
Good governance is vital for sustainable land and forest
management. It is characterized by policy making that is
based on transparent and predictable processes, accountable
and competent public officials, civil society participation, and
the enforcement of legal elements such as property rights.
Active, informed and engaged stakeholders from all sectors –
government, civil society and the private sector – are essential
in managing natural resources efficiently.
Transparency and accountability are foundational to good
governance, and are therefore central to SETAPAK’s activities.
Transparency refers to efforts by government to provide access
to accurate and up-to-date information, and accountability exists
when government actions and decisions are subject to oversight
to ensure that they meet stated objectives and commitments.
Transparency cements trust, enabling citizens to understand
how decisions about land use are made and assess their
appropriateness. Improved transparency means that citizens
have access to information about where deforestation is
planned or prohibited, and under what conditions.
This enables greater public participation in policy debate and
increased reporting of infractions. Increased transparency
also means that public bodies and officials can be assessed to
ensure that they are performing effectively, providing, and are
responsive to the community they serve.
Accountability entails government and public officials providing
information about their decisions and actions and justifying them
to the public and institutions charged with providing oversight.
Improved accountability means that illegal deforestation is
more likely to be investigated and prevented. Community rights
to land and forests will be increasingly upheld, and improved
security of tenure will lead to more small-scale sustainable forest
use and less commercially-driven deforestation.
Unfortunately, good governance has not yet been fully achieved
in Indonesia. Land and forest policies are not implemented in a
transparent and participative way, and accountability is low. Poor
forest and land governance is a contributing factor to Indonesia’s
deforestation rates – the highest of any country in the world.
6. In 2014, SETAPAK partner MaTA pursued a series of grievances under Indonesia’s
2008 Freedom of Information Act against government agencies in Aceh which had
failed to provide information about budget allocations and forest permit processing.
Following mediation by the Information Commission, MaTA was successful in each
case. Also in 2014, SETAPAK partner GeRAK pursued grievances in South Aceh
and West Aceh, when a request for mining, revenue and shareholding information
was rejected. Following three mediations in South Aceh and two in West Aceh,
the Information Commission decided in GeRAK’s favour in both cases, and the
information was very largely released. These cases have implications beyond
immediate access to information. To avoid further information grievances, Aceh’s
government has recently clarified the procedures required for government agencies
to provide public information.
Clarity in Aceh
Photo: Rhett Butler
7. Indonesia’s 2008 Freedom of Information Act, implemented in
2010, mandates how national and local governments must ensure
citizens’ rights to access public information. District governments
are required to respond to information requests, and establish
procedures for handling them. Provinces are required to
establish Information Commissions and procedures for handling
grievances. Environmental activists see the Act as an important
way for civil society to gather information about land use
policies, including permits to exploit forests and clear land.
As many local governments are at the early stages of
implementation, and with public awareness low, SETAPAK
partners are providing technical assistance to governments,
and building civil society capacity by advising the public on how
to use the Act to obtain land use and forestry information and
press for accountability. Improved access to information helps
strengthen civil society’s monitoring of policies and practices in
the field, enables greater public participation in policy debate,
and increases reporting of infractions.
Across the areas where SETAPAK partners are active, training
has been provided to government officials, and civil society
groups have been supporting the development of district level
regulations and new processes for information management.
They have also been promoting the benefits of access to public
information and training community representatives on how
to submit information requests and pursue grievances to the
courts if necessary. Partners are now pursuing information
grievances in all SETAPAK districts.
In some cases the aim has been to obtain specific information,
and in other cases it has been to test access by applying for
a number of documents. The main focal points have been
Environmental Impact Assessment (AMDAL) studies, logging,
mining and plantation concession details, and local government
work plans. There have been many successes. In October
2014, for example, after over a year’s work, SETAPAK partner
SAMPAN, together with Link-AR Borneo, won a landmark victory
in West Kalimantan when the district administrative court
ruled that the Mining and Energy Agency in Ketapang had no
obligation or right to keep secret the details of work plans,
financial agreements and environmental impact assessments of
six mining companies operating in the region.
Access to information
8. East Kalimantan is one of Indonesia’s most heavily mined provinces, and open
cast mining is common. Without effective clean up and remediation processes,
this type of mining leaves large areas of land devastated. In Samarinda, where
active and abandoned coal mines scar the landscape, farmers complain of floods,
droughts, water pollution and falling yields and in recent years, 11 people,
mainly children, have drowned in unused mining pits. SETAPAK partners have
been working as part of a coalition of NGOs to press for improved government
regulation of post-mining land reclamation and rehabilitation activities. Their
efforts were rewarded in November 2013 when the provincial government issued
a new bylaw on post-mining cleanup, and made its intentions to enforce it clear.
Dirty business
Photo: Armin Hari
9. Many local governments lack the capacity to formulate and
implement policies to address land use and forestry issues
effectively. Data and technical skills are often in short supply, and
civil society is rarely involved fully in policy making processes.
As evidence based policy making and civil engagement are
critical to good governance, SETAPAK is working to support
governments to develop policies and decision making processes
that are based on accurate and up-to-date data, consider
long term impacts and sustainability, and encourage civil
society involvement. Open debate ensures that a full range of
options, interests and implications are considered, and public
scrutiny incentivizes transparent processes covering planning,
development, implementation and monitoring.
As a part of policy advocacy efforts for better land and forest
governance, SETAPAK partners have submitted a number of
legal reviews, policy papers and draft regulations, covering
issues such as spatial planning, strategic environmental
assessments, moratoriums on mining permits, and freedom of
information. They have also supported applications for judicial
reviews, and contributed advocacy and technical assistance to
a number of new policies that have passed into law.
SETAPAK has also been supporting the National Information
Commission (NIC) through its partner, the Freedom of
Information Network Indonesia (FOINI). One of the group’s
recommendations, which has been included in the NIC strategic
plan for 2014-2017, was to revise the Act to require that
secretariat staff be recruited from outside the civil service,
thereby assuring greater impartiality. SETAPAK partner ICEL
(Indonesian Center for Environmental Law) is also working to
strengthen the rule of law by supporting the Supreme Court
in training and certifying judges competent in presiding over
environmental cases, and establishing a tracking and monitoring
system to match certified judges with relevant law suits.
A recent change in the law (Law No. 23/2014 on Regional
Governance, issued in October 2014) shifts some
responsibilities for managing forest and land resources,
including the authority to issue mining and timber permits,
from district to provincial governments. This is of key
importance for the land use sector, potentially offering
improved oversight and accountability, and SETAPAK partners
have been conducting workshops to explore the implications.
Policy development
10. SETAPAK has been supporting the use of remote controlled aircraft, called unmanned aerial
vehicles (UAVs), to monitor land use and forest infractions. UAVs, which have video equipment
installed that captures detailed images of land areas over ranges of up to 25 kilometres, are
increasingly used for conservation purposes, as they allow large and inaccessible areas to be
surveyed. SETAPAK partner SAMPAN has been developing skills in assembling UAVs, and in June
2014 supported WALHI South Sumatra to survey extensive fires in Sumatra’s Riau province. The
flights revealed 80 cases of peatlands burning on concession areas, and the findings will be used to
demand that the provincial government improves its monitoring and responses to peatland fires.
Eyes In The Sky
Photo: Rhett Butler
11. Enhancing monitoring
Monitoring involves assessing the effects of land based
activities and checking that laws and regulations that protect
the environment and communities are adhered to and are
enforced. It includes checking that land use permits are issued
legally and that government license revenue is collected
efficiently and distributed equitably. Improving environmental
monitoring by means such as increased participation and
public access to information are effective ways to use existing
systems to support good governance and reduce the incidence
of violations of environmental laws and regulations.
SETAPAK partners have been advocating for more effective
government monitoring and oversight of land use decisions and
illegalities, including the issuing of district level permits, and
have been actively participating in, and strengthening, official
monitoring efforts by working with the Corruption Eradication
Commission (KPK) and the President’s Delivery Unit for
Development Monitoring and Oversight (UKP4).
To improve law enforcement in forestry, Silvagama has
developed a tool to report violations of forest and land use to
the KPK. This initiative, called ‘Indonesia Monitors the Forest’
(Indonesia Memantau Hutan) is a collaboration with the KPK,
and is intended to check and evaluate permits issued at
provincial and district levels. Moderators compile and verify
spatial data, which is then fed into the KPK’s database.
The KPK’s initiative to supervise the legality of mining permits
is recognized as one of the most promising efforts towards
government accountability in the land use sector.
SETAPAK partners have also been strengthening demand for
enforcement by civil society through initiatives to monitor the
implementation of land use permits and forest management
policies, and report problems on land use and deforestation
issues. The Indonesian Centre for Environmental Law (ICEL),
for example, has developed a tool for field investigators to
use to check land use permit compliance and has helped train
investigators from all the SETAPAK regions.
Other initiatives have extended beyond the issuing of illegal
permits, which allow mining or plantations concessions to
overlap or impinge on protected conservation areas, to
investigating violations in commercial operating procedures,
assessing state losses from the extractive industries,
developing guidelines for reporting money laundering in the
forestry sector, monitoring access to information, and the
burning of peatlands.
12. Aceh
Aceh Documentary
http://acehdocumentary.com/
Aceh Documentary uses film and video to raise
awareness about transparency and accountability.
Bina Rakyat Sejahtera (BYTRA)
BYTRA’s work focuses on policy reform and
revitalizing community bodies to support community
forest management.
Gerakan Anti Korupsi (GeRAK)
http://www.gerakaceh.or.id/
GeRAK works on promoting transparency and
accountability in the mining sector to reduce state
revenue loss.
Yayasan Hutan, Alam dan Lingkungan Aceh
(HAKA)
http://www.haka.or.id/
HAKA works to support and strengthen the role of
adat communities in forest and land governance.
Jaringan Komunitas Masyarakat Adat (JKMA)
http://www.jkma-aceh.org/
JKMA works to support and strengthen the role of
adat communities in forest and land governance by
improving regional policies.
Masyarakat Transparansi Aceh (MaTA)
http://mataaceh.com/
MaTA works to improve transparency and
accountability in forest and land governance in Aceh.
South Sumatra
Pilar Nusantara (PINUS)
http://www.pinus.org/
PINUS aims to improve the lives of the poor by
strengthening local community capacity and local
governance.
Wahana Bumi Hijau (WBH)
http://www.wbh.or.id/
WBH focuses on improving forest governance in Musi
Banyuasin, Banyuasin and Organ Komiring Ilir, and at the
provincial level in South Sumatra.
WALHI South Sumatra
http://walhi-sumsel.blogspot.com/
WALHI works to improve forest governance in South
Sumatra.
West Kalimantan
Gemawan
http://www.gemawan.org/
Gemawan works to empower local communities to
achieve economic self-reliance and political autonomy, to
maintain local wisdom, and adopt gender equality.
JARI
http://jariborneo.blogspot.com/
JARI supports policy initiatives that promote communities’
rights and protect peatlands, mangroves and forested
areas in the forest zone, and in areas of forest zoned for
other uses.
Sahabat Masyarakat Pesisir Pantai (SAMPAN)
http://sampankalimantan.wordpress.com
SAMPAN works to improve justice for coastal and forest
communities.
Titian
http://www.titian.or.id/
Titian works to achieve fair and sustainable natural
resource management in Sintang, West Kalimantan.
East Kalimantan &
North Kalimantan
AMAN East Kalimantan (AMAN KalTim)
http://www.aman.or.id/
AMAN aims to achieve equality and prosperity for
indigenous people in Indonesia.
Bumi and the Mining Advocacy Network (JATAM)
East Kalimantan
http://english.jatam.org/
Bumi and JATAM work in partnership to improve mining
policies in East Kalimantan.
Perkumulan MENAPAK
http://menapak.org/
MENAPAK focuses on reforming forest and land
governance in Berau, East Kalimantan.
Yayasan PADI Indonesia
https://padiindonesia.wordpress.com/profil/
Yayasan PADI works to promote development based on
sustainable development principles.
Prakarsa Borneo
http://prakarsa-borneo.org/
Prakarsa Borneo focuses on natural resources legal issues
in order to promote justice and sustainable development.
STABIL
http://perkumpulanstabil.org/
STABIL focuses on improving land and forest governance
in the district of Bulungan, and in East Kalimantan more
widely.
SETAPAK I locations & partners
Since 2011, SETAPAK has expanded to cover 26 districts in six
provinces: South Sumatra, West Kalimantan, East Kalimantan,
North Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi and Aceh.
13. Central Sulawesi
Komunitas Peduli Perempuan dan
Anak (KPPA) Coalition
http://kppabenih.blogspot.com/
The KPPA Coalition aims to protect forests and land through
improved governance in Central Sulawesi.
Sulawesi Community Foundation (SCF) Coalition
http://www.scf.or.id/
SCF works to increase transparency and public participation
in forest and land governance in Central Sulawesi.
Yayasan Tanah Merdeka (YTM) Coalition and
JATAM Central Sulawesi
http://www.ytm.or.id
YTM works with JATAM Central Sulawesi to reduce
deforestation and forest degradation.
National partners
AURIGA (formerly Silvagama)
http://www.silvagama.org/
AURIGA works to create environmental sustainability by supporting forest monitoring.
Forest Watch Indonesia
http://fwi.or.id
Forest Watch Indonesia is working to develop a central data base of up to date maps of forest cover and
license types to ensure effective monitoring and enforcement of forest and land use
Green Radio and Mongabay
http://www.greenradio.fm/ http://www.mongabay.co.id/
Green Radio and Mongabay produce news on local and national forest and land governance issues in Indonesia.
Impartial Mediators Network (IMN) and Tenure Working Group
http://wg-tenure.org/
IMN and the Tenure Working Group are working together to support mediation of natural resource conflicts in East and West Kalimantan.
The Indonesian Parliamentary Center (IPC) and the Freedom of Information Network Indonesia (FOINI)
http://ipc.or.id/
The IPC and FOINI specialize in parliamentary capacity building and the promotion of political reform for improved democracy and parliamentary
accountability, including to the National Information Commission.
Indonesian Centre for Environmental Law (ICEL)
http://icel.or.id/
ICEL aims to achieve environmental sustainability through transparent, accountable and just law enforcement.
Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW)
http://antikorupsi.org/
ICW focuses on eradicating corruption in the forestry and land use sectors through transparency, accountability and law enforcement.
Indonesian Forum for Budget Transparency (Seknas Fitra)
http://seknasfitra.org/
Seknas Fitra works to promote budgetary transparency in Indonesia.
International NGO Forum on Indonesian Development (INFID) and Indonesian Working Group on Forest Finance (IWGFF)
http://www.infid.org/ http://www.forestfinance.org/
INFID and IWGFF are working together to promote changes to banking and financing policies to achieve sustainable forest and land management.
Majelis Pemberdayaan Masyarakat – Muhammadiyah
http://mpm.muhammadiyah.or.id/
Muhammadiyah is Indonesia’s second largest faith-based organization whose work includes engaging in policy dialogue with the Ministry of Forestry.
Perkumpulan Hukum dan Masyarakat (HuMa)
http://huma.or.id/
HuMa focuses on law reform in the natural resources sector, in particular to secure indigenous peoples’ and local communities’ rights to natural
resources.
Public Virtue Institute (PVI)
http://www.viture.or.id
PVI promotes digital democracy and civil society activism.
Publish What You Pay (PWYP)
http://www.pwyp-indonesia.org
PWYP promotes transparency in the extractive sector, and encourages multi-stakeholder forums to improve revenue collection.
Sawit Watch
http://sawitwatch.or.id/
Sawit Watch promotes social change to achieve ecological justice for smallholder farmers, labourers and indigenous people.
14. In 2014, the KPK conducted a series of investigations to evaluate mining permit compliance in
12 provinces, four of which were SETAPAK regions. The KPK’s main concerns were that non-
compliant permits had been issued in exchange for corrupt payments, and that a number of illegal
methods were being used to reduce, or avoid, license fee payments. In these areas, Silvagama
accompanied the KPK to support engagement with government, facilitate meetings with civil
society, and encourage public participation. From their investigations, the KPK found that more
than 4,500 mining companies owed the government revenues of IDR5.43 trillion (US$468 million).
Subsequently, 265 permits were cancelled in SETAPAK regions, and a deadline of December 2014
was set for local administrations to review a larger number.
Seams of corruption
Photo: Armin Hari
15. It is accepted that Indonesia suffers from a weak rule of law,
which results in poor enforcement of land use and forest
governance laws, and widespread infractions of regulations
intended to protect the environment. Communities also enjoy
few reliable safeguards to protect their well-being and rights,
and formal means for mediating conflicts with commercial
interests are often lacking.
In order to support the rule of law over land and forest
governance issues, the SETAPAK program is strengthening civil
society capacity to investigate corruption, improving access to
legal aid, and enhancing reporting mechanisms. Training has
also been provided to civil society organizations on how to
bring cases to court, and formal and informal conflict mediation
capacity is being improved.
Specifically, SETAPAK partners have been investigating and
reporting violations of forest and land related laws to the
Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) and law enforcement
agencies. This is a labour intensive process requiring skill,
luck and perseverance, but by raising awareness of corrupt
practices, and increasing the capacity of civil society to bring
cases forward, these initiatives highlight the importance of
developing more systematic approaches to law enforcement as
well as improving environmental protection.
In order to improve access to legal aid, SETAPAK partner
HuMa has supported the formation of a network of lawyers
and paralegal advisers, developed training programs on human
rights in land based industries, and in collaboration with the
National Human Rights Commission, held a series of inquiries
into human rights violations in the natural resources sector.
Complaints posts to track and investigate violations in the
forest and land use sectors, along with related paralegal
training, are now provided by a coalition of partners in Central
Sulawesi, and Muhammadiyah, a faith-based organization, is
exploiting its broad membership to establish complaints posts
and raise awareness of forest governance issues.
In a novel partnership with the USAID-funded ‘Equipping
Tomorrow’s Justice Reformers’ program, training on
environmental law enforcement has strengthened civil capacity
to select, investigate and pursue land use cases, and other
partners are working on resolving agrarian and tenurial
conflicts and understanding their causes better.
Emphasising rule of law
16. In Aceh Tamiang, a former district head had issued permits for palm oil plantations
in an area of forest in the Leuser Ecosystem, violating its protected status. SETAPAK
partner HAKA pushed for the area to be restored to its previous function, as
conservation forest. The government agreed to HAKA’s request, and has supported
a restoration initiative to remove 1,071 ha of palm oil plantations in Tamiang’s forest
zone. Nine ha of oil palm trees has already been cleared by the district government
to be replanted with natural forest. To support a budget allocation from the district
government for the restoration of the cleared area, HAKA is conducting a budget
study identifying the costs and the related legal responsibilities.
A foil for oil
Greeners.co Photo: Danny Kosasih
17. Community forest management
Community based forest management (CBFM) involves
community groups managing the forests they own, or
managing state-owned forests where they share customary
land tenure rights. As groups that have secure tenure are more
likely to adopt long term perspectives and more sustainable
practices, CBFM is known to slow deforestation and protect
livelihoods. Indigenous forest management systems, food
security, cultural diversity, social cohesion and markets can
all benefit, and democratic practices and the more equitable
distribution of wealth are encouraged.
However action is needed by both communities and
governments to develop CBFM systems. A first step involves
securing tenure and rights for communities, and a second
involves ensuring that policies and institutional arrangements
support communities, women and other marginalized people to
make decisions over their land. In 2012 an important decision
by Indonesia’s Constitutional Court (MK35/2012) resulted in
hutan adat (customary forests) no longer being categorised as
hutan negara (state forests) which means that communities
have stronger rights to manage resources, reversing a situation
which has persisted for decades.
SETAPAK partners are helping community groups to have
their customary forest and land areas legally recognized by
supporting the development of CBFM proposals for village
forest (hutan desa), community forest plantations (HTR), and
community forests (HKM). They are also working to support the
development of relevant district regulations and the formation
of adat institutions which promote indigenous land rights.
In East Kalimantan, PADI with support from HuMa, has
succeeded in legalizing regulations that clarify community
rights in an important water catchment threatened by
nickel mining, and in North Kalimantan, PADI supported
the development of a regulation legalizing the formation of
a Badan Pengelolaan Urusan Masyarakat Adat (Indigenous
Affairs Management Agency). In West Kalimantan, JARI has
been working with communities to protect an extensive area
of mangrove and peatland threatened by plantations and
extractive industries.
Similarly in North Kalimantan and Aceh, SETAPAK partners have
been instrumental in drafting formal regulations for community
managed forest areas which have been submitted to the
district heads for approval. These regulations will be used to
secure land rights by clarifying the designation of the areas in
the district spatial plans.
18. SETAPAK supported research to inform a gender position paper, which found that in environmental
development, there is a growing concern that civil society organizations working on forest
conservation strategies and programs lack the ability to address gender justice. This weakness
may undermine CSO’s ability to ameliorate the gendered injustices that limit women and
marginalized communities’ participation in forest governance. It also limits CSO’s ability to build
grassroots constituencies, which are crucial for driving reform. The gender position paper provides
a brief overview of the major gender issues relevant to forest and land governance, and offers
key recommendations to help CSOs develop more gender sensitive advocacy and programming, to
contribute to an overall objective of improving gender justice (including women’s participation) in
forest governance.
‘Achieving gender justice in Indonesia’s forest and land governance sector: How civil society
organisations can respond to mining and plantation industry impacts’ by Lies Marcoes et al. January 2015
Women on the edge
Photo: Armin Hari
19. Gender justice
Gender justice is an overarching objective of the SETAPAK
program. The program recognizes that good forest and land
governance is gender sensitive, and that gender justice needs
to be prioritized in all governance processes, institutions and
mechanisms in order to promote and safeguard women’s
engagement and rights. Integrating gender into forest and land
governance – by taking into consideration the differing needs
of women and men at different socio-economic levels – is vital
for planning and programming.
Increasing women’s participation in forest land and resource
management is acknowledged to improve governance, resource
allocation and the sustainability of forest resources. In particular,
enhancing women’s participation in decision making committees
in community forest institutions has been shown to improve
forest governance and resource sustainability. Nevertheless,
compared with men, women have less involvement over decision
making processes that define their access to the forest land and
resources on which their livelihoods depend, and it is accepted
that the exclusion of women and other gender-based injustices
in forest tenure and forest governance have so far not been
adequately addressed in Indonesia.
SETAPAK partners are therefore working with civil society
and government to support initiatives that expand women’s
participation in the policy making process, increase the
representation of women, ensure equitable budget allocations,
and raise awareness of gender issues to secure women’s rights.
Forest resources are important to the livelihoods of many
Indonesians living in poverty, particularly women who are often
dependent on common property.
At the national level, SETAPAK partner JATAM has formed a
Mining Women’s Work Team (Tim Kerja Perempuan Tambang),
which has focused on women as both victims and pioneers in
environmental advocacy. Partners have also supported female
farmers who have been key witnesses in forest related law
suits, and activists in forest protection initiatives. In some areas,
women’s groups have also been a focus for paralegal training.
Improvements in forest and land management governance are
more likely to occur when the participation of everyone in the
community, including women, is fairly and fully accommodated
in voicing interests and concerns.
20. SETAPAK partner Mongabay has been running environmental workshops for high school and university
students across all the SETAPAK regions. Working with the theme ‘Love your environment, love your
future’, the workshops have focused on stressing that the environment needs to be maintained in
order for human life to remain sustainable. Linking deforestation and forest degradation with global
climate change and the need to protect endangered animals, the workshops have provided an
overview of the functions of forests, including their importance in maintaining water supplies and
controlling flooding, the dangers of unclear land status, and the imperatives of preserving biodiversity
and peatlands. Participants have also planted trees in the yards of their institutions, and have been
encouraged to promote environmentalism on their social media accounts.
Learning environment
Mongabay.co.id
21. Media,education and outreach
Although focused on the SETAPAK regions, the program’s
media, education and outreach initiatives have reached
audiences across Indonesia. Through print, video, radio and
online services these activities have been building public
awareness and civil society support for improved governance in
land use and forestry. Face-to-face workshops have also taken
advocacy into schools, universities and public forums.
SETAPAK partners Mongabay Indonesia and Green Radio have
been working to improve representation of environmental
issues in the press and on the airwaves. Mongabay, an
environmental news service, has established new field
coordinators in five provinces, and its correspondents
have produced hundreds of articles about forest and land
governance in Indonesian (www.mongabay.co.id) and English
(www.mongabay.com). Articles have covered partner priorities,
including permit violations, corruption and illegal practices
in land based industries, and government revenue losses.
Mongabay has also established an active readers’ blog
(http://readersblog.mongabay.co.id/).
Green Radio has been producing a weekly environmentally
themed radio programme called ‘Jalan SETAPAK’ in Jakarta, which
is simultaneously broadcast to radio stations in the SETAPAK
regions. Mixing investigative and educational approaches,
subjects have included the expansion of oil palm plantations,
forest fires, the impacts of mining on local communities, legal
matters, and threats to the Leuser Ecosystem.
Media briefings for journalists have also been held in Jakarta
focusing on opportunities for improved coordination between
government and civil society, and on environmental issues
relating to Aceh’s revised spatial plan. Field visits for journalists
have been conducted to highlight the environmental impacts
of iron ore and manganese mining in Central Sulawesi, and to
report on progress in securing tenure over community forest
sites. Another field trip to Aceh highlighted issues with the
revised spatial plan, and community work to replace an oil
palm plantation with forest.
In Indonesia’s busy social media environment, the Public
Virtue Institute (PVI) has been promoting civil activism by
running a series of workshops covering social media advocacy
campaigns, and Aceh Documentary has held a competitive
documentary competition with a special category on forest
issues. Aceh Documentary is also producing a series of films
for SETAPAK partners in Aceh, documenting the issues which
each partner is addressing.
22. Two studies produced in collaboration with Seknas FITRA as part of the SETAPAK research
program connect land and forest governance with budget policies. The first, Uncovering Regional
Wealth analyses planning and budgeting policies in three provinces and six districts with the
objective of determining how they contribute towards improving land and forest governance. It has
two points of focus: the potential and realized regional revenue from land and forest governance,
and the means by which regional expenditure policies can accelerate improvements. The second
study, Measuring Commitment examines the extent to which national budget policies make
allocations for land and forest governance as defined by planning policy.
Budget studies Uncovering Regional Wealth and Measuring Commitment are available from the
SETAPAK website: www.programsetapak.org
Assessing wealth and commitment
Photo: Armin Hari
23. In partnership with Epistema Institute, SETAPAK has supported seven research organizations
to produce and disseminate policy relevant research on forest and land governance related issues.
The outputs included:
•Conservation or compensation district? Challenges in implementing the Kapuas Hulu conservation district policy through a communications approach.
This study, by PPKLMB with UNTAN in West Kalimantan, evaluated the effectiveness of communication regarding conservation policy in the heavily
forested Kapuas Hulu district. It identified a number of weaknesses in communication.
• Borrowing Forests, Reaping Disaster: Regulations and practices for borrow-to-use permits for coal mining in East Kalimantan. This study by Prakarsa
Borneo in East Kalimantan investigated issues surrounding the borrow-use permit (izin pinjam pakai), a requirement for mining in state forest zones. It
found a lack of clear directives for issuing izin pinjam pakai permits, meaning that permits were being issued without community consent.
• Developing forest management units together with local communities. This study by the Centre for Social Forestry focused on two villages within
the West Berau production forest management unit (KHP) with the objective of understanding the relationships between different levels of forest
dependency and forest management.
• Agrarian Conflict in Musu Banyuasin: Needs Serious Management! This study by Spora Institute in South Sumatra analysed agrarian conflicts in Musi
Banyuasin, South Sumatra. It identified measures for increasing detection of conflicts and reducing the incidence and longevity of them.
• Spatial planning: in whose interests? This study by Swandiri Institute in West Kalimantan found that more land has been allocated for forest and land
based industries in West Kalimantan than there is land area.
• Establishing Collaborative Management for Batu Ampar’s Mangrove Forest. This study by PENA in West Kalimantan addresses the effectiveness of
community involvement in mangrove forest management in Kapuas Hulu.
• Applying a regional public service financial management system (PPK-BLUD) to the Lakitan production forest management unit to increase regional
revenues and protect forests. This study by Pemali in South Sumatra analysed best practice financial management for forest management units in the
province.
These policy briefs are available from the SETAPAK website: www.programsetapak.org
Research grants
24. SETAPAK has been working since 2011 to improve forestry and land use
governance in Indonesia. The program aims to reduce deforestation and land
degradation and contribute to poverty reduction. Forest-dependent communities
benefit from better recognition of their rights and more equitable exploitation
of natural resources. All Indonesians benefit from improved governance and
economically and environmentally sustainable development strategies.
See the SETAPAK website - www.programsetapak.org - for more information.
SETAPAK / Environmental Governance Program
The Asia Foundation
PO BOX 6793 JKSRB
JAKARTA 12067 Indonesia