There were two major revolutions in scientific thought over the past 500 years according to the document. The first was the Scientific Revolution in the 17th-18th centuries which established experimentation and mathematical modeling as the basis for scientific knowledge. This led scientists to believe they could understand everything about the natural world. However, the 20th century saw four conceptual challenges emerge that demonstrated fundamental limits on what scientists can know. These included limits established by Lorenz, Cook and Turing, Godel, and Einstein and Heisenberg. Taken together, these ideas profoundly affected many disciplines by establishing limits on human knowledge.

1. GROUP 4

3. In the past 500 years, there have been two
revolutions in scientific thought. Newton’s
discovery of the universal law of gravitation was
the climax of the Scientific Revolution, which
swept across Italy and all of Europe in the 17th
and 18th centuries. It was during this period that
a dramatically different approach to creating
knowledge based on experimentation and
precise mathematical models was developed.
The Scientific Revolution gave scientists the
optimism that, in principle, they could understand
everything about the world around them.

4. HOWEVER, RESEARCHERS IN THE 20TH CENTURY DISCOVERED FOUR
CONCEPTUAL CHALLENGES THAT PUT FUNDAMENTAL LIMITS ON WHAT
SCIENTISTS CAN KNOW: LORENZ DEMONSTRATED THAT THE BEHAVIOR OF
CHAOTIC SYSTEMS CANNOT BE PREDICTED ACCURATELY, COOK AND TURING
SHOWED CERTAIN PROBLEMS CANNOT BE SOLVED, GODEL FOUND LIMITS
ON OUR ABILITY TO DETERMINE WHICH STATEMENTS ARE TRUE, AND
EINSTEIN AND HEISENBERG DERIVED FUNDAMENTAL RESTRICTIONS ON
WHAT SCIENTISTS CAN KNOW. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE IDEAS MADE A
POWERFUL AND OVERARCHING STATEMENT ABOUT ABOUT THE LIMITS OF
HUMAN KNOWLEDGE THAT HAS PROFOUNDLY AFFECTED DISCIPLINES AS
DIVERSE AS BIOLOGY, PHILOSOPHY, CHEMISTRY, MATHEMATICS, COMPUTER
SCIENCE, COMPUTER ENGINEERING, PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION.

5. THE GOAL OF THIS DIALOGUE OF CIVILIZATIONS IS TO
UNDERSTAND THESE TWO REVOLUTIONS IN SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT.
FROM OUR BASE IN FLORENCE AND ROME, THE HEART OF THE
ITALIAN RENAISSANCE, WE STUDY THE ITALIAN LANGUAGE AND
CULTURE. WE STUDY THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND TRACE THE
EVOLUTION OF SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT FROM THE 16TH THROUGH
19TH CENTURIES. WE THEN SURVEY THE FOUR FUNDAMENTAL
LIMITS ON SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE THAT WERE DISCOVERED IN
THE 20TH CENTURY. FINALLY, WE SYNTHESIZE THIS MATERIAL BY
DISCUSSING THE PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THESE IDEAS FOR
MODERN SCIENTISTS.

6. Italian Inventors
and
Inventions during the scientific
revolution

7. Galileo,
Leonardo da
Vinci, and the
Scientific Revolution
in Italy. ...
Technologic
innovations, such as
the telescope,
microscope,
accurate timepieces,
and the printing
press, were also
pivotal for the
Scientific
Revolution. Leonardo Da Vinci
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) is
considered the father of
modern science and made
major contributions to the
fields of physics, astronomy,
cosmology, mathematics and
philosophy
Leonardo di ser Piero da
Vinci, known as Leonardo da
Vinci, was an Italian polymath
of the Renaissance whose
areas of interest included
invention, drawing, painting,
sculpture, architecture,
science, music, mathematics,
engineering, literature,
anatomy, geology, astronomy,
botany, paleontology, and
cartography.

9. Italy’s lack of natural resources
and long history of fragmentation
were its greatest obstacles on
the road to industrialization. The
disparity between North and
South only became acute as a
result of unwise political and
economic decisions in the 19th
century: Naples, for instance,
was still one of Europe’s leading
manufacturing cities in the 18th
century.

10. ITALY’S HISTORY WAS NOT LACKING IN ECONOMIC INNOVATIONS:
IN THE MIDDLE AGES, ITALY WAS EUROPE’S LEADER IN PAPER
MANUFACTURING; QUASI-INDUSTRIAL FORMS OF PRODUCTION
EMERGED IN THE TEXTILE SECTOR EARLY ON; AND THE POWERFUL
NAVAL CITY OF VENICE, WHOSE ARSENALS AT TIMES EMPLOYED
OVER TEN THOUSAND WORKERS, BEGAN STANDARDIZING
COMPONENTS – THE KEY PREREQUISITE FOR MASS PRODUCTION –
FOR SHIP CONSTRUCTION IN THE 14TH CENTURY. BUT IT WAS THE
MODERNIZATION OF BANKING, WHICH TOOK PLACE AS A
CONSEQUENCE OF THE THRIVING CITY-STATES OF THE
RENAISSANCE, THAT HAD THE GREATEST IMPACT.

11. HOWEVER, THIS DYNAMISM HAD LARGELY RUN ITS COURSE BY THE
INDUSTRIAL AGE. A LARGE-SCALE COTTON INDUSTRY DEVELOPED AROUND
1840, PARTICULARLY IN AND AROUND MILAN AND IN THE PIEDMONT
REGION. SILK WORKING, FOR CENTURIES AN ITALIAN TRADITION, BECOME
CONCENTRATED IN THE REGIONS OF THE NORTH. HOWEVER, THE
PRODUCTIVITY OF THE SPINNING WORKS LAGGED DRAMATICALLY BEHIND
THAT OF THE BRITISH INDUSTRY. LATER, A MAJOR INDUSTRIAL ZONE
EVOLVED WHEN THE FIRST TENTATIVE ATTEMPTS AT MACHINE TOOL
MANUFACTURING EMERGED IN THE MILAN-TURIN-GENOA TRIANGLE.
AROUND 1850, HOWEVER, NAPLES REMAINED THE GREAT EXCEPTION TO
THE NORTH-SOUTH DISPARITY. THIS CITY WAS HOME TO SHIPYARDS AND
IRON WORKS, MACHINE SHOPS AND VEHICLE MAKERS. AS A RESULT,, ITALY’S
FIRST RAILWAY WAS LAID FROM NAPLES TO THE NEARBY PORTICI
INDUSTRIAL REGION IN 1839.

12. THE MODEST INDUSTRIAL UPSWING CONTINUED AFTER NATIONAL
UNIFICATION IN 1861, BUT THE NEW NATIONAL CURRENCY, THE LIRA,
CRIPPLED THE ECONOMICALLY WEAKER SOUTH: EXPORTS DECLINED,
FACTORIES WERE FORCED TO CLOSE. A SEVERE AGRICULTURAL CRISIS THAT
BROKE OUT AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 1880S CAUSED THE SITUATION TO
WORSEN DRAMATICALLY. WHILE AGRICULTURE IN LOMBARDY, PIEDMONT
AND, TO AN EXTENT, IN THE EMILIA ROMAGNA REGION HAD BEEN
MODERNIZED, THE GREAT LANDOWNERS OF THE MEZZOGIORNO STILL
ADHERED TO THE PRODUCTION METHODS OF THE PAST. CONSEQUENTLY,
THE AGRICULTURAL REGIONS OF THE SOUTH WERE UNABLE TO COMPETE
WITH CHEAP GRAIN IMPORTED FROM THE USA, GRAIN PRODUCTION
COLLAPSED AND MORE AND MORE PEOPLE WERE FORCED TO EMIGRATE.

13. ADDITIONALLY, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT WAS DRIVEN MAINLY BY THE
STATE, AS THERE WAS LITTLE ENTHUSIASM FOR PRIVATE INVESTMENT AND
CAPITAL WAS SCARCE. THE GOVERNMENTS IN TURN BOUGHT THE CONSENT
OF THE ELITE TO MODERNIZATION PROGRAMMES BY LEAVING THE
ANACHRONISTIC LAND OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES IN THE SOUTH INTACT.
DRIVEN BY NATIONALISTIC MOTIVATIONS, THEY CHANNELLED FUNDING
PRIMARILY TOWARD DEVELOPING HEAVY INDUSTRY. THE RESULT WAS A
DISASTROUS AND ENDURING ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE POLITICAL AND
INDUSTRIAL ELITE. STEFANO BREDA, FOR INSTANCE, BUILT THE STEEL WORKS
IN TERNI, UMBRIA, FROM WHICH THE GOVERNMENT ORDERED WARSHIPS,
AND ALSO ACQUIRED CONTROL OF THE LARGE SHIPYARDS IN GENOA AND
LIVORNO. THE PIRELLI RUBBER PLANT WAS FOUNDED IN MILAN AROUND
THIS TIME AS WELL, AND FOOD MANUFACTURER CÍRIO OPENED ITS FIRST
FACTORY, FOR CANNED GOODS, IN TURIN.

14. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SWEPT THE NORTHERN HALF OF ITALY
BETWEEN 1897 AND 1913. IN 1899, GIOVANNI AGNELLI FOUNDED THE FIAT
WORKS IN TURIN. STEEL PLANTS WERE BUILT IN PIOMBINO AND ON ELBA;
THE STEEL BARONS LAUNCHED THE POWERFUL ILVA GROUP IN GENOA,
WHICH OPENED A PLANT NEAR NAPLES IN 1908. THE NORTH ALSO
BENEFITTED FROM THE HYDROELECTRIC POTENTIAL OF THE ALPS: THE
EDISON COMPANY BUILT THE LARGEST HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN EUROPE
ON THE ADDA RIVER NEAR PADERNO. MACHINE TOOL COMPANIES AND
CEMENT WORKS EMERGED, AND THE ELECTRICAL AND CHEMICAL
INDUSTRIES ALSO BENEFITTED FROM THIS NEW ENERGY SOURCE.
ELECTRICITY WAS ALSO PRODUCED GEOTHERMALLY STARTING IN 1916. THE
MILAN-TURIN-GENOA TRIANGLE BOOMED – BUT NO MORE THAN HALF OF
ITALY WAS INDUSTRIALIZED BY THE START OF WORLD WAR ONE.

15. ITALIAN INVENTORS
AND
INVENTIONS
DURING THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION

16. Leonardo wrote
aerodynamic
studies in a
notebook
eventually titled
''Codex on the
Flight of Birds''
The Barsanti-Matteucci
engine was the first internal
combustion engine. In late
1851 or early 1852 Eugenio
Barsanti, a professor of
mathematics, and Felice
Matteucci, an engineer and
expert in mechanics and
hydraulics, joined forces on
a project to exploit the
explosion and expansion of
a gaseous mix of hydrogen
and atmospheric air to
transform part of the
energy of such explosions
into mechanical energy

17. The voltaic pile
presented by
Alessandro Volta to
Napoleone
Bonaparte.
Alessandro
Cruto, creator of
the first practical
long-lasting
incandescent
light bulb.
An Amici prism,
named for the
astronomer
Giovanni Amici, is
a type of
compound
dispersive prism
used in
spectrometers.

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19. LEADER: RODECARL P. MAINAR
ASSIST. LEADER: ADAWIA L. SUNDIG
MEMBERS:
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RENLIE C. RENDON
RICA MAE R. LERIO
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NELBEE
NOVA
FEDY