This document discusses the preparation and characterization of borate-based ternary and quaternary glass systems. Glasses were prepared using a melt-quenching method and characterized using techniques like XRD, DSC, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and measurements of physical properties. XRD confirmed the amorphous nature of the glasses. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy provided information about the borate network structure and its changes with composition. Physical properties like density, molar volume and oxygen packing were also calculated. The glasses showed potential applications in areas like solar cells and displays.
Presenting a topic based on introduction to nanoscience and nanotechnology.
what is nano?
certain nomenclature like nanotechnology, nanoscience, nanomaterial, nanoscale, nanometer and so on.
surface to volume ratio and quantum effect related concepts.
future applications.
https://www.linkedin.com/in/preeti-choudhary-266414182/
https://www.instagram.com/chaudharypreeti1997/
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013419194533
https://twitter.com/preetic27018281
Please like, share, comment and follow.
stay connected
If any query then contact:
chaudharypreeti1997@gmail.com
Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
Presenting a topic based on introduction to nanoscience and nanotechnology.
what is nano?
certain nomenclature like nanotechnology, nanoscience, nanomaterial, nanoscale, nanometer and so on.
surface to volume ratio and quantum effect related concepts.
future applications.
https://www.linkedin.com/in/preeti-choudhary-266414182/
https://www.instagram.com/chaudharypreeti1997/
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013419194533
https://twitter.com/preetic27018281
Please like, share, comment and follow.
stay connected
If any query then contact:
chaudharypreeti1997@gmail.com
Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
Basic operating principle and instrumentation of photo-luminescence technique. Brief description about interpretation of a photo-luminescence spectrum. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of photo-luminescence.
Glass is an inorganic product of fusion that has cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing. Glass is typically hard and brittle, and has a conchoidal fracture. A glass may be colorless or colored. It is usually transparent, but may be made translucent or opaque (such as in white, opal glass). Objects made of glass are loosely and popularly referred to as glass; such as glass for a tumbler, a barometer, a window, a magnifier, or a mirror. The subject of studying glass in materials science is an important part.
Synthesis and Elastic Studies of Lead Boro-Tellurite Glass SystemSidek Aziz
Synthesis and Elastic Studies of Lead Boro-Tellurite Glass System presented Seminar Kebangsaan Aplikasi Sains dan Matematik 29-30 October 2013 ata UTHM Johor
Fabrication and Characterization of 2D Titanium Carbide MXene NanosheetsBecker Budwan
Typically, 2D free-standing crystals exhibit different properties from those of 3D counterparts. In this work, 2D nanosheets of Ti3C2 are synthesized by the room temperature exfoliation of Ti3AlC2 in hydrofluoric acid. Al is extracted from Ti3AlC2 and a new 2D material that we call MXene is formed to emphasize its graphene-like morphology. The treated powders can be used in the fabrication of Li-ion batteries and capacitors. A NSEM image of the treated powder shows the influence of HF treatment on the basal planes. Furthermore, XRD results shows the broadening of the peaks and loss of diffraction signal in the out-of-plane direction owing to exfoliation.
This paper reports on the preparation and optical characterization of Cu2+ (0.5 mol %): (49.5)B2O3 - 10PbO - 30CdO -10AlF3 (BPCA)glasses. Due to the homogeneous distribution of Cu2+ ions, the glasses are found to be in bright blue color has been noticed. From the XRD profile, amorphous nature the glass has been studied. Triogonal BO3 units transformed into tetrahedral BO4 units has evidenced from the FTIR spectrum of reference glass. From the measured absorption spectrum of the copper glass exhibits broad absorption band (2B1g→2B1g) at 760 nm have been measured. Emission spectrum of Cu2+ (0.5 mol %): B2O3- CdO – PbO - AlF3 glass has revealed a blue emission at 447 nm with an excitation wavelength 389 nm.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Basic operating principle and instrumentation of photo-luminescence technique. Brief description about interpretation of a photo-luminescence spectrum. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of photo-luminescence.
Glass is an inorganic product of fusion that has cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing. Glass is typically hard and brittle, and has a conchoidal fracture. A glass may be colorless or colored. It is usually transparent, but may be made translucent or opaque (such as in white, opal glass). Objects made of glass are loosely and popularly referred to as glass; such as glass for a tumbler, a barometer, a window, a magnifier, or a mirror. The subject of studying glass in materials science is an important part.
Synthesis and Elastic Studies of Lead Boro-Tellurite Glass SystemSidek Aziz
Synthesis and Elastic Studies of Lead Boro-Tellurite Glass System presented Seminar Kebangsaan Aplikasi Sains dan Matematik 29-30 October 2013 ata UTHM Johor
Fabrication and Characterization of 2D Titanium Carbide MXene NanosheetsBecker Budwan
Typically, 2D free-standing crystals exhibit different properties from those of 3D counterparts. In this work, 2D nanosheets of Ti3C2 are synthesized by the room temperature exfoliation of Ti3AlC2 in hydrofluoric acid. Al is extracted from Ti3AlC2 and a new 2D material that we call MXene is formed to emphasize its graphene-like morphology. The treated powders can be used in the fabrication of Li-ion batteries and capacitors. A NSEM image of the treated powder shows the influence of HF treatment on the basal planes. Furthermore, XRD results shows the broadening of the peaks and loss of diffraction signal in the out-of-plane direction owing to exfoliation.
This paper reports on the preparation and optical characterization of Cu2+ (0.5 mol %): (49.5)B2O3 - 10PbO - 30CdO -10AlF3 (BPCA)glasses. Due to the homogeneous distribution of Cu2+ ions, the glasses are found to be in bright blue color has been noticed. From the XRD profile, amorphous nature the glass has been studied. Triogonal BO3 units transformed into tetrahedral BO4 units has evidenced from the FTIR spectrum of reference glass. From the measured absorption spectrum of the copper glass exhibits broad absorption band (2B1g→2B1g) at 760 nm have been measured. Emission spectrum of Cu2+ (0.5 mol %): B2O3- CdO – PbO - AlF3 glass has revealed a blue emission at 447 nm with an excitation wavelength 389 nm.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
We investigated the photoluminescence properties and decay curves of SiO2 -AL2O3- Na2 O - BaO-B2 O3-x TiO2 glasses prepared via the conventional melt quenching method. A broad emission band 400-800 nm peaking at 500 nm was observed in emission spectrum, while a very broad excitation spectral region (from 250 nm to 430 nm) and two main absorption bands at 260 and 400 nm were found. The fluorescence lifetime was measured and all the decay curves were approximated by an exponential decay function. Electron transition occurring between surface defects, oxygen vacancies or self-trapped excitons, support the observed spectroscopic data.
Infrared Spectral and EPR Studies of Mn2+ Ions Doped K2O - CdO - B2O3 - SiO2 ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Spectroscopic properties of lithium borate glass containing Sm3+ and Nd3+ ionsIJAAS Team
Lithium borate glass samples mixed with a different concentration of Sm3+ and Nd3+ ions organized by quenching technique. Structural, vibration groups and spectral properties of glass samples investigated using X-ray diffraction, FTIR, UV/Vis/NIR and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The X-ray confirmed the lithium borate glass samples containing Sm3+ and Nd3+ ions in the amorphous state. Luminescence spectra of glass samples excited at 400 nm recorded, here three luminescence bands observed in Visible region, which due to spectra materials (Sm3+, Nd3+). These indicate that these glass samples responsible orange emission and used in the improvement of materials for LED, and optical devices. The functional vibration groups of the glass matrix studied using FTIR spectroscopy.
Lithium sodium bismuth borate glasses-doped with trivalent dysprosium (Dy3+) ions (LSBiB) have been
prepared by conventional melt-quenching technique and characterized by structural, thermal and spectroscopic
measurements. XRD pattern of the host glass confirms its amorphous nature. Morphological and elemental
analysis has also been carried out for Dy3+doped LSBiB glass matrix. FTIR spectral analysis confirms the glass
formation of the host glass. Optical absorption spectral analysis has been carried out for 0.8 mol% Dy3+ doped
LSBiB glass sample. Well defined optical absorption bands are assigned with corresponding electronic
transitions. Photoluminescence spectra shows two prominent emission bands centered at 482 nm and 575 nm
corresponds to the 4F9/2 → 6H15/2 and 4F9/2 → 6H13/2 respectively under the excitation of 452 nm. Among all the
concentrations of Dy3+ ions, at 0.8 mol% Dy3+ contained glass sample exhibits prominent yellow emission at
575 nm. Lifetime decay dynamics have been systematically analyzed for all the glasses, higher lifetime is found
to be 0.47 ms for 0.8 mol% Dy3+ ions doped glass. From the photoluminescence analysis, Dy3+ contained glass
samples could be suggested as potential yellow luminescent glass matrix for several photonic device
applications.
Modifying of Float Glass Surface with Silver Nanoparticles by Ion - Exchangeinventionjournals
In this study we treated float glass samples in melts of silver containing salts. Our aims are to study the processes of Ag nanoparticle formation in order to clarify the most likely mechanism of colour and nanostructuring processes in the modified surface layer. The UV-VIS spectra show an absorption peak around 450 nm as a prove for colloidal silver particle formation. The cut-off wavelength of the transmission varies from 400 to 520 nm. The process of particle formation is studied by SEM and XRD. The structural changes in the glassy matrix are studied using DRIFT spectroscopy. The IR spectra proof that the structure of the glasses was modified mainly by the shift of the main stretching vibration in the 1050 – 1100 cm-1 spectral range. The analysis of the results of spectroscopic and microscopic studies allow conclusions to be drawn on the influence of the ion exchange time (5–60 min), composition of the salt melt (1-5 mol% AgNO3, 95-99 mol% NaNO3) and the additional heat treatment (700 - 900°C, 60 min) on the nanoparticle sizes, optical characteristics and structural changes in the surface layer of the glasses.
Optimization of Coal Blending to Reduce Production Cost and Increase Energy E...inventionjournals
The productivity level of the electricity production is an important indicator in the power plant efficiency. A chase study in this research was choosen at coal power plant PT PJB UP Paiton which is the productivity level of the generated electricity decreases until below the production target level. It due to several factors such as quality of coal and plant design. Depletion of coal heating value (low rank coal) reduce total amount of enerated heat in boiler and finally increase unburned carbon, plant inefficiency, as well as the high production cost. On the other hand, utilizing the high rank coal cause more expensive price. Therefore, the optimiation of coal blending to obtain more plant efficiency and lower production cost is required. This research focus on optimization of low and high rank coal blending that can decrease the production cost and increase plat efficiency. The blending model was built by utilizing Finite Impulse Response Neural Network (FIR-NN) and variable selection is perform using Priciple Component Analys is (PCA) and Partial Least Square (PLS). The result of optimization resulted a decreasing the production cost up to 342 IDR/kWh.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Copper Oxide nanoparticlesIOSR Journals
Cupric oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were prepared by the chemical route by calcinations at a higher temperature from 300oC to 400 oC. For the comparison transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were made through JCPDS. There is good agreement between data produced by spectroscopy and the microscopic measurements.
Influence of Ruthenium doping on Structural and Morphological Properties of M...IJERA Editor
The present work examines the effect of Ru doping on MoO3 thin films on steel substrate deposited by Sol-gel spin coat method. The annealing temperature was 6000C for pure MoO3 and 8000C for Ru doped thin films. The doping concentration of Ru was varied from 10 to 50wt%. The influence of Ru doping on structural and morphological properties of MoO3 thin films were studied. The XRD revealed that all films are highly crystalline in nature with monoclinic phase for molybdenum peaks. In the doped XRD pattern some new peaks were observed and are matched with ruthenium orthorhombic phase indicating an incorporation of dopant in pure molybdenum oxide. The same is confirmed with the compositional analysis by EDAX. The SEM images of the MoO3 resemble a rod like surface with porous morphology. Incorporation of Ru ions in molybdenum oxide decreases the length of the rods and vanishes after 40wt%. Tetragonal grain size increases from 20wt% of Ru and becomes maximum at 50wt% of Ru doped thin films
Influence of Ruthenium doping on Structural and Morphological Properties of M...IJERA Editor
The present work examines the effect of Ru doping on MoO3 thin films on steel substrate deposited by Sol-gel spin coat method. The annealing temperature was 6000C for pure MoO3 and 8000C for Ru doped thin films. The doping concentration of Ru was varied from 10 to 50wt%. The influence of Ru doping on structural and morphological properties of MoO3 thin films were studied. The XRD revealed that all films are highly crystalline in nature with monoclinic phase for molybdenum peaks. In the doped XRD pattern some new peaks were observed and are matched with ruthenium orthorhombic phase indicating an incorporation of dopant in pure molybdenum oxide. The same is confirmed with the compositional analysis by EDAX. The SEM images of the MoO3 resemble a rod like surface with porous morphology. Incorporation of Ru ions in molybdenum oxide decreases the length of the rods and vanishes after 40wt%. Tetragonal grain size increases from 20wt% of Ru and becomes maximum at 50wt% of Ru doped thin films
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Boarate Glass
1. Dr. L. S. Ravangave
Asso . Prof. and Head,
Department of Physics
Shri Sant Gadge Maharaj Mahavidyala,
Loha, Dist. Nanded ,Maharashtra
“Study of Physical and Spectroscopic Properties
of Borate based Ternary and Quaternary Glasses”
2. GLASS
Glass is a uniform amorphous solid material, usually produced
when the viscous molten material cooled very rapidly to below its
glass transition temperature.
An amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition is called glass.
Glass transition temperature is the temperature at which the liquid
like atomic configuration can be frozen into a solid.
Any liquid, in principle can be transformed into glass if it is cooled
sufficiently quickly and brought below transition temperature
At temperature above glass transition temperature ,we have a
liquid.
At temperature below glass transition temperature ,we have a solid.
TYPES OF GLASS
3. OXIDE GLASSES
are the Polymer of Oxygen
Glasses begin as mixtures of oxides.
In these Oxide glasses one costituent is
common to them is OXYGEN. Therefore oxide
glasses can be regarded as polymers of oxygen
Oxygen polymers contains networks
alternating oxygen atom and intermediate
multivalent atom, In borate glass is boron, In
silicate glass is silicon.
4.
5. Applications of Borate Glasses
• Borate glasses have many important technological
applications which are far beyond window glass.
Some of the applications are
used in solar cell as thin film photovoltaic material.
used in photographic film and xerographic drums.
Used in electrical and optical data storage.
Used in electrical and optical switching.
Used in ultra-transparent optical fibers for
telecommunication.
Used in transformer core as metallic glass ribbons.
Used in flat screen TV sets as active elements in large
area thin film displays.
7. Weighing and mixing appropriate amounts of chemicals like
B2O3,K2O,ZnO,BaO,Li2O,CdO,Na2O, CuO
Melting in platinum crucible
900-1000 oC
Quenching of melt on
Stainless steel mould
XRD
Amorphosity
DSC
Annealing at 300 oC for 6 hrs
Glass
Raman spectra
IR spectra Optical absorption
EPR
Physical parameters
Flow chart
Then
8. GLASS SYSTEMS PREPARED
Glass Samples.
Series 1:
59B2O3-10K2O-(30-x)ZnO-xBaO-1CuO glasses ( where x =
0,6,12,18,24, 30)
Series 2:
59B2O3-10K2O-(30-x)ZnO-xLi2O-1CuO glasses (where x = 0,6,12,18,24,
30)
Series 3:
59B2O3-10Na2O-(30-x)CdO-xZnO-1CuO glasses(where x = 0,
7.5,15,22.5,30)
12. Characterizing Techniques
1. Physical properties (Department of Physics, Loha , Dist. Nanded )
i)Density, ii) Molar volume,
iii) Oxygen Packing Density, iv) Oxygen molar volume
2. XRD (Department of Physics,Osmania University Hyderabad)
3. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) (CSIR-CGCRI,Kolkata)
4. Raman Spectroscopy (School of Physics,University of Hyderabad)
5. FTIR Spectroscopy (Department of Chemistry, Osmania University
Hyderabad)
6. Optical absorption (Department of Physics, Loha,Dist.Nanded)
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) ( University of Hyderabad)
13. Formulae for calculations of physical parameters
Density :
xylene
ba
a
Molar volume : Vm = ΣxiMi/ρ
Oxygen packing density : OPD = 1000 C / Vm
Oxygen molar volume: Vo = 1000 X 1/OPD
Where C is product of xi molar fraction of an oxide RmOn and ni
number of oxygen atoms of this oxide
where M= ΣxiMi, the average molecular weight and ρ density of the glasses,
where xi the molar fraction of an oxide RmOn and ni number of oxygen atoms of this
oxide.
16. XRD SPECTRA OF BKZB GLASSES
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Intensity(a.u.)
2 (degree)
BKZB6
BKZB5
BKZB4
BKZB3
BKZB2
BKZB1
It is clear that a broad peak which is repeatedly observed in all the
samples and is the characteristic of glass, and there is no evidence of
devitrification (no sharp peaks).
17. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Intensity(a.u.)
2 (degree)
BKZL4
XRD SPECTRA OF 59B2O3-10K2O-
24ZnO-18Li2O-1CuO GLASS
The obtained XRD pattern of BKZL4 glass is shown above, it is clear that a broad
peak which is repeatedly observed in all the samples and is the characteristic of
glass, and there is no evidence of devitrification (no sharp peaks).
20. Table 3.4. Assignments of IR bands of 59B2O3-
10K2O-(30-x)ZnO-xBaO-1CuO (0 ≤ x ≤ 30mol%)
glass system.
Band position(cm-1 ) Assignment
1360-1375 (1363-1375) Asymmetric stretching vibrations of B-O bonds of
trigonal (BO3)3- units in meta, pyro and ortho borates
1225-1240(1228-1234) Symmetric stretching vibrations of B-O of (BO3)3- units
in meta and ortho Borates
1050-1056 (1050-1056) B-O stretching vibrations of BO4 units in tri, tetra and
penta borate groups
970-1000 (970-1000) B-O asymmetric stretching of BO4 units of diborate groups
680-720 (696-719) Bending vibrations of B-O-B linkages in borate network
~530 (535) Borate deformation modes
21. 696-719 cm-1 may be attributed to the bending vibration of the B-O-B
linkages of borate network
1050-1056 cm-1 are due to B-O stretching vibrations of BO4 units in
tri, tetra and penta- borate groups
1225-1240 cm-1 are assigned to B-O symmetric stretching vibrations
of (BO3)3- units in meta borate and ortho borates
1360-1375 cm-1 are ascribed due to asymmetric stretching vibrations of B-
O bonds of trigonal (BO3)3- units in meta, pyro and ortho borates in which
large number of non-bridging oxygen’s (NBO’s) are present
IR spectra of the present glasses suggests that as BaO content
increases from 0 to 30 mol% , the asymmetric stretching vibrations of B-
O bonds in BO4 units of diborate groups increases as well as the same
vibrations of B-O bonds of trigonal (BO3)3- units in meta and ortho
borates also increases.
23. Table 4.4. Assignments of IR bands of 59B2O3-10K2O-(30-
x)ZnO-xLi2O-1CuO (0 ≤ x ≤ 30 mol%) glass system.
Band positions (cm-1 ) Assignment
1360-1375 Asymmetric stretching vibrations of B-O bonds of trigonal
(BO3)3- units in meta, pyro and ortho borates
1225-1270 Symmetric stretching vibrations of B-O of (BO3)3- units in
meta and ortho Borates
1050-1060 B-O stretching vibrations of BO4 units in tri, tetra and penta
borate groups
970-1000 B-O asymmetric stretching of BO4 units of diborate groups
680-720 Bending vibrations of B-O-B linkages in borate network
~550 Borate deformation modes
~470 Li-O vibrations
24. The weak band observed at ~ 474 cm-1 in BKZL2 (this band was not
observed in BKZL1) is attributed to the Li-O-B vibrations
The band shifts from 474 to 468 cm-1 with increase of Li2O in place of ZnO
to B2O3 network while its intensity also increased from BKZL2 to BKZL6. This
suggests that the bond lengths between Li-O-B might be increased but more
number of Li-O-B bonds is formed in place of B-O-Zn bonds.
The bands observed around 696-718 cm-1 may be attributed to the bending
vibration of the B-O-B linkages of borate network. The intensity of the band at
~700 cm-1 is slightly increased while the band appeared at 696 cm-1 in BKZL1 is
shifted significantly towards higher wavenumber (718 cm-1) as Li2O content
increases from 0 to 30 mol%.
The bands observed at around 1052-1058 cm-1 are due to B-O stretching
vibrations of BO4 units in tri, tetra and penta- borate groups
The bands appeared in the range of 1225-1265 cm-1 are assigned to B-O
symmetric stretching vibrations of (BO3)3- units in meta borate and ortho
borates .
The bands at around 1363-1375 cm-1 could be attributed due to asymmetric
stretching vibrations of B-O bonds of trigonal (BO3)3- units in meta, pyro and
ortho-borates in which large number of non-bridging oxygen’s (NBOs) are
present
26. Assignments of IR bands of 59B2O3-10Na2O-
(30-x)CdO-xZnO-1CuO (0 ≤ x ≤ 30 mol%) glass
system.
Band positions Assignment
1360-1375 Symmetric stretching vibrations of B-O bonds of trigonal (BO3)3-
units in meta, pyro and ortho borates
1260 Symmetric stretching vibrations of B-O of (BO3)3- units in meta
and ortho Borates
1040 B-O stretching vibrations of BO4 units in tri, tetra and penta
borate groups
970 B-O asymmetric stretching of BO4 units of diborate groups
690 Bending vibrations of B-O-B linkages in borate network
28. 466-496 cm-1 is assigned to pentaborate and diborate groups
The peak appeared at around 620 cm-1 is due to ring-type metaborate
groups
760-775 cm-1 is assigned to symmetric breathing vibrations of six-membered
rings with both BO3 triangles and BO4 tetrahedra (tri-, tetra- or pentaborate
groups)
range ~940-960 are ascribed to pentaborate and tetraborate groups
weak Raman peaks appeared at around 845 cm-1 is due to symmetric
stretching of the B-O-B bridges in pyroborate groups (B2O5
4-) whose intensity
almost disappears with the addition of BaO content up to 30 mol%. This may
be an indication of pyroborate groups are present with ZnO content and are
disappears when BaO content substitutes ZnO from 6 to 30 mol%.
1450 cm-1, which is usually assigned to the B-O- bonds attached to the large
number of borate groups or BØ2O- triangles linked to BØ4 units, at ~ 1450 cm-1 is
found to be slightly increased with the increase of BaO content up to 30 mol%. This
may be attributed to BØ2O- triangles linked to other borate triangles
The above results suggest more metaborate, penta or diborate groups than pyroborate
groups are present in the glasses with the addition of BaO content
29. Assignments of Raman peaks of 59B2O3-10K2O-
(30-x)ZnO-xBaO-1CuO (0 ≤ x ≤ 30 mol%) glass system.
Peak positions(cm-1 ) Assignment
466-496 pentaborate and diborate groups
~620 ring-type metaborate groups
760-775 symmetric breathing vibrations of six-membered
rings with both BO3 triangles and BO4 tetrahedra
~845 symmetric stretching of the B-O-B bridges in
pyroborate groups
940-960 pentaborate and tetraborate groups
1440-1460 B-O- bonds attached to various borate groups
30. 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
960
1462
769
494
BKZL6
BKZL5
BKZL4
BKZL3
BKZL2
BKZL1
Intensity(a.u)
Raman shift (cm
-1
)
RAMAN SPECTRA OF BKZL GLASSES
The Raman peak at around 466-494 cm-1 is assigned to pentaborate and diborate groups
The peak at around 765-775 cm-1 is assigned to symmetric breathing vibrations of six-
membered rings with both BO3 triangles and BO4 tetrahedra (tri-, tetra- or pentaborate groups)
The peaks observed in the range ~940-960 are ascribed to pentaborate and
tetraborate groups
31. Assignments of Raman peaks of 59B2O3-10K2O-(30-
x)ZnO-xLi2O-1CuO (0 ≤ x ≤ 30 mol%) glass system.
Peak positions (cm-1) Assignment
466-494 pentaborate and diborate groups
765-775 symmetric breathing vibrations of six- membered
rings with both BO3 triangles and BO4 tetrahedra
840-845 symmetric stretching of the B-O-B bridges
in pyroborate groups
940-960 pentaborate and tetraborate groups
1440-1460 B-O- bonds attached to various borate groups
33. Assignments of Raman peaks of 59B2O3-
10Na2O-(30-x)CdO-xZnO-1CuO (0 ≤ x ≤
30 mol%) glass system.
Peak positions Assignment
466-494 pentaborate and diborate groups
~ 695 metaborate/(BO3)3- vibrations
~ 770 symmetric breathing vibrations of six-membered rings with
both BO3 triangles and BO4 tetrahedra
930-950 pentaborate and tetraborate groups
~1420 B-O- bonds attached to various borate groups
34. Fig. DSC thermogram of BKZB glasses
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
400 500 600 700 800
Tp
To
Tg
BKZB6
515
504
502
495
493
488
exoendo
BKZB6
BKZB5
BKZB4
BKZB3
BKZB2
BKZB1
Heatflow(mW)
Temperature (
o
C)
To and Tp are not prominently observed for many
samples except BKZB1 and BKZB6. This could be due
to different structural roles of ZnO and BaO in the
glass network as both these oxides might have formed
different ionic complexes which decreased the
tendency of the crystal growth in BKZB2 to BKZB5
than they were individually present in the glass
samples (BKZB1 or BKZB6).
Tg increases from 488 to 515 oC with an
increase in BaO content at the expense of ZnO
content, increase in Tg could be attributed to the
increase in density with BaO content which in
turn increase the rigidity of the glass. The Tg is
also a measure of strength of the glasses.From
this it may be concluded that the strength of the
glasses increases with the increase of BaO
content.
The difference in temperature ΔT = To - Tg (see inset of Fig. 3.4) corresponding to
the thermal stability of glasses is also calculated shown in table. The ΔT values of the
glass system are found to be more than 100 oC. This could be due to the formation of a
more rigid and highly cross-linked network resulting in a tightly packed glass network
which in turn increased the thermal stability. The value of ΔT (> 100 oC) suggests that
these glasses could be useful in fiber drawing applications.
40. 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
BKZB6
BKZB5
BKZB4
BKZB3
BKZB2
Firstderivativeabsorption(a.u.)
Magnetic field (Gauss)
BKZB1
EPR SPECTRA OF BKZB GLASSES
From observed values, It is found that g||
> g> ge (where ge = 2.0023 is free
electron g-value). This suggest that the
Cu2+ ions in the present glasses are
coordinated by six ligands (CuO6
chromophore) which form an octahedron
elongated along the z-axis and also
suggest that the ground state of Cu2+ ions
is the dx2-y2 orbital (2B1g state).
From observed values the spin-Hamiltonian parameters (g, g, A) of the system vary
with BaO content. This could be attributed to the distortion of the ligand field around the
paramagnetic ion (Cu2+), and also due to structural changes in the glass network with
the addition of BaO content as observed from IR analysis.
It was observed that the incorporation of BaO content from 0 to 30 mol% would bring structural
variations in the glasses. Hence most of the borate structures (metaborate, pyroborate, orthoborate
,diborate,etc) were present in the glass system.These structural units have some non-bridging
oxygen’s (NBO’s) in which electrons are loosely bound and mostly Cu2+ ions occupies at the
interstitial positions in the glass network. Some of the Cu2+ ions are surrounded by NBO’s which
may present high electron cloud density in the vicinity of Cu2+ site, and hence the variations in spin-
Hamiltonian parameters as observed.
41. 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
BKZL6
BKZL5
BKZL4
BKZL3
BKZL2
BKZL1
Firstderivativeabsorption(a.u.)
Magnetic field (Gauss)
EPR SPECTRA OF BKZL GLASSES
42. 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
BNCZ5
BNCZ4
BNCZ3
BNCZ2
BNCZ1
Firstderivativeabsorption(a.u)
Magnetic field (Gauss)
EPR SPECTRA OF BNCZ GLASSES
43. Spin-Hamiltonian parameters (SHP) of
59B2O3-10K2O-(30-x)ZnO-xBaO-1CuO (0 ≤ x ≤ 30 mol%) glass
system and comparison of SHP of Cu2+ in different glasses.
Glass system g g A (×10-4 cm-1)
(±0.001) (±0.001) (±0.05)
PbO-Al2O3-B2O3 2.360 2.036 163 Reference literature
Na2O-Bi2O3-B2O3 2.359 2.109 147 ʹ ʹ
K2O-Na2O-As2O3-B2O3 2.345 2.071 130 ʹ ʹ
Li2O-BaO-B2O3 2.284 2.053 131 ʹ ʹ
CaO-Al2O3-B2O3 2.296 2.045 131 ʹ ʹ
59B2O3-10K2O-30ZnO 2.333 2.047 142 Present work
59B2O3-10K2O-24ZnO-6BaO 2.323 2.067 149 Present work
59B2O3 -10K2O-18ZnO-12BaO 2.331 2.066 141 Present work
59B2O3 -10K2O-12ZnO-18BaO 2.337 2.065 136 Present work
59B2O3 -10K2O-6ZnO-24BaO 2.331 2.069 135 Present work
59B2O3 -10K2O-30BaO 2.329 2.064 139 Present work
44. Spin-Hamiltonian parameters (SHP) of
59B2O3-10K2O-(30-x)ZnO-xLi2O-1CuO (0 ≤ x ≤
30 mol%) glass system and comparison of
SHP of Cu2+ in different glasses.
Glass system g g A (×10-4 cm-1)
(±0.001) (±0.001) (±0.05)
59B2O3 -10K2O-30ZnO 2.333 2.047 142
59B2O3 -10K2O-24ZnO-6Li2O 2.330 2.064 144
59B2O3 -10K2O-18ZnO-12Li2O 2.326 2.062 146
59B2O3 -10K2O-12ZnO-18Li2O 2.325 2.059 147
59B2O3 -10K2O-6ZnO-24Li2O 2.328 2.065 143
59B2O3 -10K2O-30Li2O 2.321 2.063 149
46. OPTICAL ABSORPTION OF BKZB GLASSES
For copper ions the three bands corresponding
to the transitions 2B1g → 2A1g, 2B1g → 2B2g and
2B1g → 2Eg are expected . But in the present
glass system, a single optical absorption band
was observed .This single optical band was
interpreted as the overlap of all the three
transitions. Hence in the present glass system,
the observed absorption band around ~760 nm
is assigned to the 2B1g → 2B2g transition (ΔExy) of
Cu2+ ion in octahedral coordination with a strong
tetrahedral distortion and the EPR results were
found to be in agreement with this assumption.
It was found that the peak positions were blue shifted with BaO content. The variation in band position
with BaO content up to 30 mol% indicates the change in ligand field around Cu2+ ions. This could be due to
lower field strength of Ba2+ ions (0.24 cm-2) than that of Zn2+ ions (0.53 cm-2) . On the other hand the change
in polarizability of oxygen ions surrounding the Cu2+ ions may also affect the peak position. This can be
understood as follows.
As BaO content substitutes ZnO from 0 to 30 mol%, from IR analysis it was observed that Ba2+--O-B
linkages were formed in the place of B-O-B or Zn-O-B. Thus oxygen ions in Ba2+--O-B are more polarized
than the oxygen ions in B-O-B or Zn-O-B. Since Ba2+ ions possess lower field strength than Zn2+(0.53) and
B3+ ions (1.39 cm-2). This could be the reason why the optical absorption maximum blue shifts with BaO
content.
53. The density (ρ), molar volume (Vm), oxygen molar volume (Vo) and the glass
transition temperature (Tg) of all the glasses increases while oxygen packing density
(OPD) decreases with increasing BaO content from 0 to 30 mol%.
From FTIR and Raman studies it is found that present glasses are composed of [BO4]
and [BO3] units in metaborate, orthoborate, diborate groups. The Raman peak
appeared at around 620 cm-1 is due to ring-type metaborate groups. This band is not
seen in BKZB1 glass. This indicates that ring-type metaborate groups are not present in
high ZnO content glass (BKZB1)
From DSC studies almost all of the glass samples in the composition 59B2O3-10K2O-(30-x)ZnO-
xBaO-1CuO (0 ≤ x ≤ 30 mol%) have the thermal stability (T) more than 100 oC which is
desirable for fiber drawing applications.
From EPR results, it was found that g > g and the changes in spin-Hamiltonian parameters
are primarily due to the ligand field variations around Cu2+ ions.
From the optical absorption studies, it was found that broad absorption maximum is due to
2B1g → 2B2g transition of Cu2+ ion. The blue shift in optical absorption maximum due to the field
strength variations of Ba2+ ions than that of Zn2+ ions and also suggested that there is covalency
for the in-plane σ-bonding and that the in-plane π-bonding is significantly ionic in nature.
54. The density (ρ), molar volume (Vm), oxygen packing density (OPD) and the glass transition
temperature (Tg) of all the glasses decreases with increasing Li2O content from 0 to 30 mol%.
The decrease in Tg due to the lower field strength of Li+ ions (0.27 cm-2) and the lower cation
polarizability of Li+ ions.
From FTIR studies it is found that present glasses are composed of [BO4] and [BO3] units in
metaborate, orthoborate, diborate groups
The Raman analysis of the present glass system suggest the presence of diborate and
pentaboare groups are dominant and pyroborate groups are reduced in the glasses with the
addition of Li2O content
From EPR results, it was found that g > g and the changes in spin-Hamiltonian parameters
are primarily due to the ligand field variations around Cu2+ ions. It is found that g|| > g> ge for
the present glass system. This suggest that the Cu2+ ions in the present glasses are coordinated
by six ligands (CuO6 chromophore) which form an octahedron elongated along the z-axis and
also suggest that the ground state of Cu2+ ions is the orbital dx2-y2 (2B1g state).
From the optical absorption studies, it was found that broad absorption maximum is due to
2B1g → 2B2g transition of Cu2+ ion. The optical absorption results also suggested that there is
covalency for the in-plane σ-bonding and that the in-plane π-bonding is significantly ionic in
nature in Cu2+-O bonds.
From DSC studies,almost all of the glass samples in the composition 59B2O3-10K2O-(30-
x)ZnO-xLi2O-1CuO (0 ≤ x ≤ 30 mol%) have the thermal stability (T) more than 100 oC. The
value of ΔT (> 190 oC) of BKZL5 and BKZL6 indicates that these glasses could be more useful in
the fiber drawing applications.
55. From physical properties it was observed that the density (ρ) decreases while OPD,
molar volume (Vm) and oxygen molar volume (Vo) are non-linearly varying with the
addition of ZnO content from 0 to 30 mol% at the expense of CdO content.
From FTIR studies, it is found that present glasses are composed of [BO4] and
[BO3] units in various borate groups
From FTIR and Raman studies it was clearly observed that more number of BO4 units are
present up to 15 mol% of ZnO then with further addition of ZnO in place of CdO up to 30 mol%,
most of BO4 units are converted to BO3 units.
From DSC studies it is found that, the non-linear variation in Tg due to the dual role of ZnO.
From EPR results, it was found that g > g and the changes in spin-Hamiltonian parameters are primarily
due to the ligand field variations around Cu2+ ions. It is found that g|| > g> ge for the present glass system.
This suggest that the Cu2+ ions in the present glasses are coordinated by six ligands (CuO6 chromophore)
which form an octahedron elongated along the z-axis and also suggest that the ground state of Cu2+ ions is
the dx2-y2 orbital (2B1g state).
From the optical absorption studies, it was found that broad absorption maximum is due to 2B1g
→ 2B2g transition of Cu2+ ion. The change in polarizability of oxygen ions surrounding the Cu2+
could be the reason for the variation of the peak position. The optical absorption results also
suggested that there is covalency for the in-plane σ-bonding and that the in-plane π-bonding is
significantly ionic in nature in Cu2+-O bonds.
56. Raman, FTIR, DSC, EPR and optical properties of 59B2O3-10K2O-
(30-x)ZnO-xLi2O-1CuO glass system doped with Cu2+ ions
International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology 7(12) (2015)407
G. N. Devde, L.S. Ravangave
Publications
Structure, thermal and spectroscopic properties of Cu2+ ions doped
59B2O3-10K2O-(30-x)ZnO-xBaO-1CuO (0 ≤ x ≤ 30 mol%) glass system.
Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 432(2016)319
G. N .Devde , G.Upender, V. Chandra Mauli , L.S .Ravangave.
Structure and physical properties of 59B2O3-10Na2O-(30-x)
CdO-xZnO-1CuO (0 ≤ x ≤ 30) glass system
Optik – International Journal for Light and Electron Optics(communicated)
G. N. Devde and L.S. Ravangave
