This document summarizes a study of various physical properties of lithium-borosilicate glass samples. Glass samples were prepared with compositions of 42.5Li2O-(57.5-x)B2O3-xSiO2, where x ranged from 0-57.5 mol%. Density, molar volume, oxygen packing density, ionic concentration, and inter-ionic distance were measured for the samples. The results showed that molar volume, inter-ionic distance, and polaron radius decreased with increasing SiO2 content, indicating a more loosely packed glass structure. Oxygen packing density and ionic concentration also decreased with higher SiO2. The glass transition temperature was found to decrease with increasing
Lithium sodium bismuth borate glasses-doped with trivalent dysprosium (Dy3+) ions (LSBiB) have been
prepared by conventional melt-quenching technique and characterized by structural, thermal and spectroscopic
measurements. XRD pattern of the host glass confirms its amorphous nature. Morphological and elemental
analysis has also been carried out for Dy3+doped LSBiB glass matrix. FTIR spectral analysis confirms the glass
formation of the host glass. Optical absorption spectral analysis has been carried out for 0.8 mol% Dy3+ doped
LSBiB glass sample. Well defined optical absorption bands are assigned with corresponding electronic
transitions. Photoluminescence spectra shows two prominent emission bands centered at 482 nm and 575 nm
corresponds to the 4F9/2 → 6H15/2 and 4F9/2 → 6H13/2 respectively under the excitation of 452 nm. Among all the
concentrations of Dy3+ ions, at 0.8 mol% Dy3+ contained glass sample exhibits prominent yellow emission at
575 nm. Lifetime decay dynamics have been systematically analyzed for all the glasses, higher lifetime is found
to be 0.47 ms for 0.8 mol% Dy3+ ions doped glass. From the photoluminescence analysis, Dy3+ contained glass
samples could be suggested as potential yellow luminescent glass matrix for several photonic device
applications.
Infrared Spectral and EPR Studies of Mn2+ Ions Doped K2O - CdO - B2O3 - SiO2 ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Spectroscopic properties of lithium borate glass containing Sm3+ and Nd3+ ionsIJAAS Team
Lithium borate glass samples mixed with a different concentration of Sm3+ and Nd3+ ions organized by quenching technique. Structural, vibration groups and spectral properties of glass samples investigated using X-ray diffraction, FTIR, UV/Vis/NIR and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The X-ray confirmed the lithium borate glass samples containing Sm3+ and Nd3+ ions in the amorphous state. Luminescence spectra of glass samples excited at 400 nm recorded, here three luminescence bands observed in Visible region, which due to spectra materials (Sm3+, Nd3+). These indicate that these glass samples responsible orange emission and used in the improvement of materials for LED, and optical devices. The functional vibration groups of the glass matrix studied using FTIR spectroscopy.
Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles via aqueous solution, sol...iosrjce
ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by aqueous solution method, sol-gel method and hydrothermal
method.The synthesized particles were characterized by XRD ,SEM ,EDX and UV .The X-ray diffraction studies
reveals that the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles have wurtzite structure and the particle size varies from 13 to 18
nm. Scanning Electron Microscopic investigation reveals that the surface morphology of ZnO nanoparticle is
spherical in hydrothermal process and varies to flower like arrangement in aqueous solution and sol-gel
process. The UV-Visible spectrum of the nanoparticles shows a blue shift compared to that of the bulk sample.
Lithium sodium bismuth borate glasses-doped with trivalent dysprosium (Dy3+) ions (LSBiB) have been
prepared by conventional melt-quenching technique and characterized by structural, thermal and spectroscopic
measurements. XRD pattern of the host glass confirms its amorphous nature. Morphological and elemental
analysis has also been carried out for Dy3+doped LSBiB glass matrix. FTIR spectral analysis confirms the glass
formation of the host glass. Optical absorption spectral analysis has been carried out for 0.8 mol% Dy3+ doped
LSBiB glass sample. Well defined optical absorption bands are assigned with corresponding electronic
transitions. Photoluminescence spectra shows two prominent emission bands centered at 482 nm and 575 nm
corresponds to the 4F9/2 → 6H15/2 and 4F9/2 → 6H13/2 respectively under the excitation of 452 nm. Among all the
concentrations of Dy3+ ions, at 0.8 mol% Dy3+ contained glass sample exhibits prominent yellow emission at
575 nm. Lifetime decay dynamics have been systematically analyzed for all the glasses, higher lifetime is found
to be 0.47 ms for 0.8 mol% Dy3+ ions doped glass. From the photoluminescence analysis, Dy3+ contained glass
samples could be suggested as potential yellow luminescent glass matrix for several photonic device
applications.
Infrared Spectral and EPR Studies of Mn2+ Ions Doped K2O - CdO - B2O3 - SiO2 ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Spectroscopic properties of lithium borate glass containing Sm3+ and Nd3+ ionsIJAAS Team
Lithium borate glass samples mixed with a different concentration of Sm3+ and Nd3+ ions organized by quenching technique. Structural, vibration groups and spectral properties of glass samples investigated using X-ray diffraction, FTIR, UV/Vis/NIR and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The X-ray confirmed the lithium borate glass samples containing Sm3+ and Nd3+ ions in the amorphous state. Luminescence spectra of glass samples excited at 400 nm recorded, here three luminescence bands observed in Visible region, which due to spectra materials (Sm3+, Nd3+). These indicate that these glass samples responsible orange emission and used in the improvement of materials for LED, and optical devices. The functional vibration groups of the glass matrix studied using FTIR spectroscopy.
Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles via aqueous solution, sol...iosrjce
ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by aqueous solution method, sol-gel method and hydrothermal
method.The synthesized particles were characterized by XRD ,SEM ,EDX and UV .The X-ray diffraction studies
reveals that the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles have wurtzite structure and the particle size varies from 13 to 18
nm. Scanning Electron Microscopic investigation reveals that the surface morphology of ZnO nanoparticle is
spherical in hydrothermal process and varies to flower like arrangement in aqueous solution and sol-gel
process. The UV-Visible spectrum of the nanoparticles shows a blue shift compared to that of the bulk sample.
Metallic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (Titanium/Nickel-Titanium/Tantalum/Cobalt chromium and stainless steel ).
We will discuss metallic scaffolds requirements,disadvantages,types and the pros and cons of each type.
Characterization Studies of CdS Nanocrystalline Film Deposited on Teflon Subs...IJLT EMAS
In this article, different substrates for deposition of
CdS material have been discussed. Till date glass, mica, quartz,
ceramic, etc. are commonly employed substrates in thin film
growth. In the present work, CdS is deposited on Teflon
substrate by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. Also the
films were deposited on different substrates like glass, copper
and zinc and compared with those prepared on Teflon substrate.
The films prepared on Teflon substrate were uniform, stable and
also showed good radiating property. These films were further
characterized by UV-VIS absorption spectral studies, SEM and
EDS studies.
EFFECT OF ZN CONCENTRATION ON STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPRIETIES OF ZNO THIN ...AEIJjournal2
ZnO thin film were deposited by spray pyrolysis on glass substrates, using zinc nitrate as precursor with
different molar concentrations varying from 0.05M to 0.2 M. To study the structural proprieties of the film ,
the different technique was used as the X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman
scattering , and FTIR . The optical properties were explored by transmission, reflectivity and
Photoluminescence techniques. The ZnO thin films obtained in this paper are polycrystallines, the grain
size increases when the molar concentration of Zn precursor was increasing. The films are transparent in
visible region, this transmission values decreases when the molar concentration increase caused by the
increasing of surface roughness
Synthesis and Characterization of High Quality Mesoporous Material SBA-16 wit...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Modifying of Float Glass Surface with Silver Nanoparticles by Ion - Exchangeinventionjournals
In this study we treated float glass samples in melts of silver containing salts. Our aims are to study the processes of Ag nanoparticle formation in order to clarify the most likely mechanism of colour and nanostructuring processes in the modified surface layer. The UV-VIS spectra show an absorption peak around 450 nm as a prove for colloidal silver particle formation. The cut-off wavelength of the transmission varies from 400 to 520 nm. The process of particle formation is studied by SEM and XRD. The structural changes in the glassy matrix are studied using DRIFT spectroscopy. The IR spectra proof that the structure of the glasses was modified mainly by the shift of the main stretching vibration in the 1050 – 1100 cm-1 spectral range. The analysis of the results of spectroscopic and microscopic studies allow conclusions to be drawn on the influence of the ion exchange time (5–60 min), composition of the salt melt (1-5 mol% AgNO3, 95-99 mol% NaNO3) and the additional heat treatment (700 - 900°C, 60 min) on the nanoparticle sizes, optical characteristics and structural changes in the surface layer of the glasses.
This article reports on the optical analysis of Cu2+ (0.5 mol %): 59.5B2O3 – 20 TeO2 – 10CdO – 10Li2O glass.
From XRD spectrum , amorphous nature of the glass has been studied. Absorption spectrum of the copper glass
shows a broad absorption band (2B1g→2B1g) at 829 nm has been observed. Emission spectrum of Cu2+ (0.5 mol
%): 59.5B2O3 – 20 TeO2 – 10CdO – 10Li2O glass has exhibits a blue emission at 439 nm with an excitation
wavelength 379 nm.
Optical and Morphological Characterization of BaSeThinFilms Synthesized via C...IOSR Journals
Barium selinide (BaSe) thin films were deposited onto glass substrate via chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The effect of deposition time on the thin film formation mechanism has been studied to understand the optimum conditions for synthesis process. The phase identification and surface morphology of thin coated films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively while the optical characterizations were conducted by means of ultraviolet visible (UV- Vis) spectroscopy. XRD study confirms the polycrystalline hexagonal structure of the thin films. The XRD peaks at 2θ =23.84° and 2θ = 23.86o showed the preferential orientation along the (021) and (201)plane with deposition time 20 hours and 22 hours respectively, whereas the major peak at (111) was obtained with a deposition time of 24 hours. With the increase in deposition time up to 24 hours, the film gradually grew thicker along with the fine increase in the grain size. The direct optical band gap of the films was measured to be varied from 1.33 to 3.37 eV.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Neon is one of the least reactive elements in the periodic table. No neutral molecules containing neon have ever been synthesised and it is the only stable element not to have been previously observed in an organic crystal structure.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
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Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
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International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
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International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
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International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Metallic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (Titanium/Nickel-Titanium/Tantalum/Cobalt chromium and stainless steel ).
We will discuss metallic scaffolds requirements,disadvantages,types and the pros and cons of each type.
Characterization Studies of CdS Nanocrystalline Film Deposited on Teflon Subs...IJLT EMAS
In this article, different substrates for deposition of
CdS material have been discussed. Till date glass, mica, quartz,
ceramic, etc. are commonly employed substrates in thin film
growth. In the present work, CdS is deposited on Teflon
substrate by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. Also the
films were deposited on different substrates like glass, copper
and zinc and compared with those prepared on Teflon substrate.
The films prepared on Teflon substrate were uniform, stable and
also showed good radiating property. These films were further
characterized by UV-VIS absorption spectral studies, SEM and
EDS studies.
EFFECT OF ZN CONCENTRATION ON STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPRIETIES OF ZNO THIN ...AEIJjournal2
ZnO thin film were deposited by spray pyrolysis on glass substrates, using zinc nitrate as precursor with
different molar concentrations varying from 0.05M to 0.2 M. To study the structural proprieties of the film ,
the different technique was used as the X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman
scattering , and FTIR . The optical properties were explored by transmission, reflectivity and
Photoluminescence techniques. The ZnO thin films obtained in this paper are polycrystallines, the grain
size increases when the molar concentration of Zn precursor was increasing. The films are transparent in
visible region, this transmission values decreases when the molar concentration increase caused by the
increasing of surface roughness
Synthesis and Characterization of High Quality Mesoporous Material SBA-16 wit...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Modifying of Float Glass Surface with Silver Nanoparticles by Ion - Exchangeinventionjournals
In this study we treated float glass samples in melts of silver containing salts. Our aims are to study the processes of Ag nanoparticle formation in order to clarify the most likely mechanism of colour and nanostructuring processes in the modified surface layer. The UV-VIS spectra show an absorption peak around 450 nm as a prove for colloidal silver particle formation. The cut-off wavelength of the transmission varies from 400 to 520 nm. The process of particle formation is studied by SEM and XRD. The structural changes in the glassy matrix are studied using DRIFT spectroscopy. The IR spectra proof that the structure of the glasses was modified mainly by the shift of the main stretching vibration in the 1050 – 1100 cm-1 spectral range. The analysis of the results of spectroscopic and microscopic studies allow conclusions to be drawn on the influence of the ion exchange time (5–60 min), composition of the salt melt (1-5 mol% AgNO3, 95-99 mol% NaNO3) and the additional heat treatment (700 - 900°C, 60 min) on the nanoparticle sizes, optical characteristics and structural changes in the surface layer of the glasses.
This article reports on the optical analysis of Cu2+ (0.5 mol %): 59.5B2O3 – 20 TeO2 – 10CdO – 10Li2O glass.
From XRD spectrum , amorphous nature of the glass has been studied. Absorption spectrum of the copper glass
shows a broad absorption band (2B1g→2B1g) at 829 nm has been observed. Emission spectrum of Cu2+ (0.5 mol
%): 59.5B2O3 – 20 TeO2 – 10CdO – 10Li2O glass has exhibits a blue emission at 439 nm with an excitation
wavelength 379 nm.
Optical and Morphological Characterization of BaSeThinFilms Synthesized via C...IOSR Journals
Barium selinide (BaSe) thin films were deposited onto glass substrate via chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The effect of deposition time on the thin film formation mechanism has been studied to understand the optimum conditions for synthesis process. The phase identification and surface morphology of thin coated films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively while the optical characterizations were conducted by means of ultraviolet visible (UV- Vis) spectroscopy. XRD study confirms the polycrystalline hexagonal structure of the thin films. The XRD peaks at 2θ =23.84° and 2θ = 23.86o showed the preferential orientation along the (021) and (201)plane with deposition time 20 hours and 22 hours respectively, whereas the major peak at (111) was obtained with a deposition time of 24 hours. With the increase in deposition time up to 24 hours, the film gradually grew thicker along with the fine increase in the grain size. The direct optical band gap of the films was measured to be varied from 1.33 to 3.37 eV.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Neon is one of the least reactive elements in the periodic table. No neutral molecules containing neon have ever been synthesised and it is the only stable element not to have been previously observed in an organic crystal structure.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
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Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
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Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
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Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
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Kertas Soalan Percubaan UPSR 2012 Matematik Kertas 2ar-rifke.com
Kertas Soalan Percubaan UPSR 2012 Matematik Kertas 2 ini telah di upload di http://www.sistemguruonline.my/2014/11/soalan-trial-upsr-2012-negeri-kelantan.html
K2O - CdO - B2O3 – SiO2glasses containing different concentrations of MnO2 have been prepared. The Physical properties of the glasses are studied from their density. The studies have been analysed in the light of different oxidation states of manganese ion with the aid of the data from optical absorption. The analysis shows that manganese ions exist mainly in Mn2+ state, occupy tetrahedral positions and increase the insulating strength of the glass if MnO2 is present in smaller concentrations.
Effects of Different Parameters on Molybdenum Concentration in Zn MO Mn Alloyijtsrd
Molybdenum is an active metal possessing high degree of corrosion resistance, hardness, high conduction along with magnetic properties. Alloy containing Zinc, Molybdenum and Manganese have been studied in this paper. The change in properties due to change in temperature, pH and current density, duration of deposition and concentration of Molybdenum in electrolytic solution were the basis of experiments conducted in this paper. The electrolytic concentration and current density produce complimentary effects to a large extent. Effect of various parameters specified above on the concentration of Molybdenum in Zn Mn MO alloy have been studied in this paper. Renu Rastogi "Effects of Different Parameters on Molybdenum Concentration in Zn-MO-Mn Alloy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57394.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/chemistry/physical-chemistry/57394/effects-of-different-parameters-on-molybdenum-concentration-in-znmomn-alloy/renu-rastogi
Employing SiO2 nano-particles in conformal and in-cup structures of 8500 K wh...journalBEEI
SiO2 nano-particles have been examined in a distant phosphor structure for the elevated luminous quality and better consistency of white light-emitting diodes with angular-dependent associated color temperature (CCT). The luminous scattering ability could be increased by applying SiO2 nano-particles contain silicone to the outside of the phosphorus coating. In specific, the strength of blue light at wide angles is increased and differences in CCT can be minimized. In addition, owing to the sufficient refractive indices of silicone-containing SiO2 nanoparticles between the air and phosphorus layers, the luminous flux was improved. This new configuration decreases angular-dependent CCT deviations in the range of -700 to 700 from 1000 to 420 K. In comparison, at a 120 mA driving current, the rise of lumen flux increased by 2.25% relative to an usual distant phosphor structure without SiO2 nano-particles. As a result, in a distant phosphor structure, the SiO2 nano-particles could not only enhance the uniformity of illumination but also enhance the output of light.
Aluminum doped cadmium selenide tin films of different compositions, (0.1-1.0 mol %) deposited by dip
coating method on cleaned glass substrates at room temperature. All the films are polycrystalline nature
having hexagonal structure. For all the films the preferred orientation is (100). Some other orientations like
(101), (110), (112) (202) (203) are also observed in the films. The values of interplanar distance, dislocation
density, microstrain, lattice parameters, volume of unit cell, number of crystallites per unit area and particle
size of the aluminum doped thin films were calculated and their variation with dopant concentration was
studied. Interplanar distance, intensity, lattice parameters, volume of unit cell and particle size increases up
to 0.25mol % of aluminum. Microstrain, dislocation density and number of crystallite per unit area decreases
up to 0.25mol % aluminum concentration
Electrochemical Supercapacitive Performance of Sprayed Co3O4 ElectrodesIJERA Editor
Nanocrystalline cobalt oxide (Co3O4) thin film electrodes were fabricated by spray pyrolysis method on conducting fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates using ammonia complexed with cobalt chloride (CoCl2. 6H2O) solution. The structural and morphological properties of Co3O4electrodes were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The surface morphology study showed the film formation of porous surface with clusters. The electrochemical supercapacitive properties ofCo3O4 electrodes were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge method. The Co3O4electrodes showed maximum specific capacitance of 168 F/g in 1 M aqueous KOH electrolyte at the scan rate of 20 mV/s. The maximum specific energy and specific power of the cell are 2.2Wh/kg and 0.23 kW/kg, respectively.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Synthesis and Elastic Studies of Lead Boro-Tellurite Glass SystemSidek Aziz
Synthesis and Elastic Studies of Lead Boro-Tellurite Glass System presented Seminar Kebangsaan Aplikasi Sains dan Matematik 29-30 October 2013 ata UTHM Johor
Heterostructured nanocomposite tin phthalocyanine@mesoporous ceria (SnPc@CeO2...Pawan Kumar
Heterostructured tin phthalocyanine supported to mesoporous ceria was synthesized and used a
photocatalyst for CO2 reduction under visible light. The photoreduction CO2 activities of the
heterostructures were investigated in the presence of triethylamine as sacrificial agent. The developed
photocatalyst exhibited high catalytic activity for photoreduction of CO2 and after 24 hours of visible
light irradiation 2342 mmol g1 cat of methanol (fMeOH ¼ 0.0223 or 2.23%) and 840 mmol g1 cat of CO
(fCO ¼ 0.0026 or 0.26%) were obtained as the major reaction products. The methanol formation rate
(RMeOH) and CO formation rate (RCO) was found to be 97.5 mmol h1 g1 cat and 35.0 mmol h1 g1 cat
respectively. While under the identical experimental conditions mesoporous ceria (meso-CeO2) gave
only 316 mmol g1 cat of methanol (fMeOH ¼ 0.003 or 0.30%) and 126 mmol g1 cat CO (fCO ¼ 0.0004
or 0.04%) with product formation rate RMeOH ¼ 13.2 mmol h1 g1 cat and RCO ¼ 5.3 mmol h1 g1 cat.
Furthermore, the recovered catalyst showed consistent catalytic activity for at least five runs without any
significant loss in product yields
Using SiO 2 nano-particles for better color uniformity and lumen output in 8...IJECEIAES
In the effort of improving the performance of white light LEDs devices (WLEDs), the SiO 2 nano-particles were applied and have shown a significant impact on the optical properties. Specifically, the light output of the lighting devices is enhanced when a mixture of SiO 2 particles and silicone gel is diffused on the encapsulation layer surface. This enhancement is the result of light scattering from SiO 2 that strengthens the emitted blue light at further angles and reduces the color discrepancy. The evidence is that CCT deviation in SiO 2 -doped structure decline from 1000 K to 420 K in -70° to 70°. In addition, the SiO 2 with refractive index in between the phosphor material and outside environment allows light to be emitted outward more effectively. This lighting enhancement of SiO 2 -doped structure increases the lumen output by 2.25% at 120 mA power source in comparison to structure without SiO 2 . These experimental outcomes suggest that SiO 2 is an effective material to add in WLEDs structure for better lighting efficiency.
Spectroscopic and Physical Properties of Mn2+ spin probe in RO-P2O5-ZnO-Pb3O4...IJERA Editor
RO-P2O5-ZnO-Pb3O4 (R=Li, Na and K) glasses containing 0.1concentrations of MnO have been prepared. The structural, optical and physical properties of prepared glasses are studied by XRD, UV-Visible, EPR and FTIR techniques. The nature of local symmetry and structural information of the neighboring atoms of dopant ions (Mn2+) in the host matrix have been understood by evaluating the crystal field strength (Dq) and Racah (B & C) parameters. The combined analysis of optical absorption and EPR spectroscopy has indicated that the manganese ions exist in Mn2+ (in octahedral) local coordination sites. FTIR results showed that PO4 are the main structural unit of the glass system and the manganese ions are located in the glass matrix network.
Influence of Ruthenium doping on Structural and Morphological Properties of M...IJERA Editor
The present work examines the effect of Ru doping on MoO3 thin films on steel substrate deposited by Sol-gel spin coat method. The annealing temperature was 6000C for pure MoO3 and 8000C for Ru doped thin films. The doping concentration of Ru was varied from 10 to 50wt%. The influence of Ru doping on structural and morphological properties of MoO3 thin films were studied. The XRD revealed that all films are highly crystalline in nature with monoclinic phase for molybdenum peaks. In the doped XRD pattern some new peaks were observed and are matched with ruthenium orthorhombic phase indicating an incorporation of dopant in pure molybdenum oxide. The same is confirmed with the compositional analysis by EDAX. The SEM images of the MoO3 resemble a rod like surface with porous morphology. Incorporation of Ru ions in molybdenum oxide decreases the length of the rods and vanishes after 40wt%. Tetragonal grain size increases from 20wt% of Ru and becomes maximum at 50wt% of Ru doped thin films
Similar to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Unsubscribed: Combat Subscription Fatigue With a Membership Mentality by Head...
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 10, Issue 7 (July 2014), PP.09-19
Study of Physical Properties of Lithium-borosilicate glasses
D.B.Thombre1, M.D. Thombre2
1Associate Professor, Department of physics, Jagdamba Mahavidyalaya, Achalpur City, India
2Lecturer, Department of physics, Jagdamba Mahavidyalaya, Achalpur City, India
Corresponding author E-mail: dbthombre@yahoo.com
Abstract:- Glass samples of the Lithium borosilicate were prepared by conventional melt-quench technique.
The density and molar volume of some silicate glasses were determined in order to study their structure. Molar
volume decreases linearly as mole % of SiO2 increases. The physical parameters like Oxygen packing density,
Ionic concentration, Inter ionic distance, Polaron radius, Dielectric constant, Reflection loss, Band energy gap,
Refractive index, Molar refractivity, Molar polarizability, Metallization, Electronic polarizability and
Conductivity are studied. Oxygen packing density is decreasing with increasing the concentration of SiO2. Ionic
concentration increases, where as inter ionic distance, polaron radius, decreases with increasing the
concentration of SiO2. Molar polarizability, Molar refractivity, Electronic polarizability varies alike with
increasing mole % of SiO2 respectively. Maximum values at 5 mol % of SiO2 are 7.671 *1024ions/cm3, 19.348
cm3 and 0.33*1024 ions/cm3. Electronic polarizability, Reflection loss are varies similarly while Metallization is
exactly opposite to them; at 5 mol % of SiO2 Reflection loss is 0.359 and Metallization is 0.166.Conductivity
increases according to glass transition temperature. Mole % of SiO2 and ionic concentration varies linearly with
slope 0.0222, intercept 10.9 and R2 0.999. Other linear variations are also studied.
Keywords:- Density, Molar volume, Oxygen packing density, Dielectric constant, Refractive index, Molar
refractivity, Molar polarizability; Metallization, Eelectronic polarizability, Molar refractivity, Molar
polarizability, Polarizability per unit volume, glass composition, mixed glass former effect.
I. INTRODUCTION
Oxide glasses are classically described as a network composed by building entities such as SiO2, B2O3,
P2O5, TeO2 and modifiers such as alkaline oxides: Li2O, Na2O, K2O, Ag2O or alkaline earth oxides: CaO, MgO,
SrO [1, 2]. In such glasses, the oxygen from the metal oxide becomes part of the covalent glass network, creating
new structural units. The cations of the modifier oxide are generally present in the neighborhood of the non-bridging
oxygen (NBO) in the glass structure. The extent of the network modification obviously depends on the
concentration of the modifier oxide present in the glass. A glass network affects various physical properties such
as density, molar volume, glass transition temperature & polarization, etc.
The mixed glass former (MGF) and mixed glass former effect (MGFE) is defined as a nonlinear and
non-additive change in the ionic conductivity with changing glass former composition at constant modifier
composition. Lithium borosilicate glasses are characterized by an interesting structure on account of the
presence of two glass-forming components.
Density of solids is mostly the simplest physical property that can be measured. However, it would be a
highly informative property if the structure of material could be well defined. Density can be used for finding
out the structure of different types of glasses. The density of the glass is additive and can thus be calculated on
the basis of the glass composition
[ 3,4,5,6 ]. Several formulas have been derived to correlate the glass density to the glass composition [ 7, 8, 9,
10, 11 ]. The glass structure can be explained in terms of molar volume rather than density, as the former deals the
spatial distribution of the ions forming that structure. The change in the molar volume with the molar
composition of an oxide indicates the preceding structural changes through a formation or modification process
in the glass network [ 12, 13 ] .
The density, molar volume and packing fraction [ 14, 15, 16 ] could be directly related to the short range
structure of alkali oxide modified borate glasses. The densities prove changes in both short range order and co-ordination
as the modification, while the molar volume is sensible in terms of size and packing. The packing of
the borate based glasses with ions having volume smaller than the oxygen is considered to be covalent,
controlled by oxygen covalent network, and heavily dependent on the glass former.
The molar refractivity [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 ], is a constitutive-additive property which represents the real
volume of the molecules. That is calculated by the Lorenz-Lorentz formula. Electric polarizability [17-23], is the
relative tendency of a charge distribution, like the electron cloud of an atom or molecule, to be distorted from its
9
2. Study of Physical Properties of Lithium-borosilicate glasses
normal shape by an external electric field; similarly ionic concentration [17,22,23], inter ionic distance[17,22] . When
an electron in the conduction band of a crystalline insulator or semiconductor polarizes or otherwise deforms the
lattice in its vicinity. The polaron comprises the electron plus its surrounding lattice deformation. (Polarons can
also be formed from holes in the valence band.) If the deformation extends over many lattice sites, the polaron is
“large,” and the lattice can be treated as a continuum. Charge carriers inducing strongly localized lattice
distortions form “small” polarons [22]. In present work, these parameters have studied to explain structural
features.
II. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
10
2.1. Preparation of Glasses
The lithium-borosilicate glass samples having the general chemical formula 42.5Li2O·(57.5-x)B2O3-
xSiO2, (x=0-57.5 in the step of 5, 7.5, 10, 20) were prepared by conventional melt-quench technique from high-purity
reagent grade Li2CO3,H3BO3 and SiO2 The raw materials were mixed up in the desired proportions and
thoroughly ground in an agate mortar. The mixtures were fired in air in a porcelain crucible in the following
manner:
(a) Reaching 500°C and keeping steady at this temperature for 30 min to allow the evaporation of water
from the powders to be as complete as possible;
(b) Reaching 1100°C depending on composition. 4-5 hrs and keeping steady at this temperature for 30
min to allow a complete homogenization of the melt and attained desirable viscosity it was poured onto metal
plate.
(c)The prepared samples was then annealed at 300-400 oC temperature for 2 hrs and then kept in
vacuum desiccators to avoid possible moisture absorption before testing.
The prepared glass samples are polished and the surfaces are made perfectly plane and smoothened by
120 No. emery paper. Thickness of the samples has been measured using digital vernier calipers with an
accuracy of 0.0001mm.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
A typical DSC endothermic curve for a glass as shown in Figure 3.1, a very broad hump corresponding
to the glass transition temperature Tg is 421.35 oC.It is know that Tg is a measure of structural degradation.
Figure 3.1. DSC thermo grams for LBS.2 glass sample.
The glass transition temperature varies with increasing of the SiO2 content. Decrease in glass transition
temperature is referred to increasing the loose packing and transformation structure and increase in number of
non-bridging oxygen items which are assumed to interrupt the B-O bond. The oxygen packing density as a
measure of tightness of packing of oxide network can also be explained decrease of glass transition temperature.
The nominal composition of glass samples along with there conductivity, activation energy, and glass transition
temperature is listed in Table 3.1.
3. Study of Physical Properties of Lithium-borosilicate glasses
Table 3.1: Composition of glass samples with there nomenclature, conductivity,
activation energy, and glass transition temperature.
11
Name of
samples
Composition in mol %
Tg C
σ at 350 C
Ea (eV)
Li2O B2O3 SiO2
LBS.1 42.5 57.5 0 440.35 2.6418 e-3 0.54
LBS.2 42.5 52.5 5 421.35 1.8518 e-3 0.24
LBS.3 42.5 47.5 10 410.5 4.1572 e-3 0.42
LBS.4 42.5 37.5 20 429 1.5031 e-3 0.33
LBS.5 42.5 30 27.5 439 2.134 e-3 0.5
LBS.6 42.5 27.5 30 443.12 9.6272 e-4 0.31
LBS.7 42.5 20 37.5 435.05 1.1081 e-3 0.58
LBS.8 42.5 10 47.5 430.5 2.1712 e-3 0.51
LBS.9 42.5 5 52.5 421.35 1.5000 e-3 0.52
LBS.10 42.5 0 57.5 427 2.2656 e-3 0.53
3.2. X-ray Diffraction
X-ray diffraction pattern of the material gives the identification of the constituent phases present in the
material. It gives the information about the state of the combination of the chemical elements presents in the
mixture and also about the formation of compound if any, as a result of the individual constituents.
Figure 3.2. X-ray diffraction pattern for, LBS.2 glass sample.
The X-ray diffraction patterns of all the samples under study were recorded by using-Phillips, Holland,
X-ray counter diffractometer model PW 1710 employing filtered CuKα radiation (λ=1.5418oA). The X-ray
diffraction patterns of the entire sample under study were recorded from IUC Indore. A typical XRD curve for a
glass as shown in Figure 3.2, from the X-ray diffraction patterns of all the samples under study were recorded as
amorphous in nature.
3.3 Optical band gap (Eg) and refractive index (n) studies
Figure 3.3 shows the typical absorption intensity in arbitrary units as a function of wavelength (1/cm)
for the glass sample. It is clear from the figure there is no sharp absorption edge and this edge this is the
characteristics of glassy nature. In the present work absorption edge in the samples determine by oxygen bond
strength in the glass forming network. The quantity (αђf)1/2 is plotted as a function of the photon energy (ђf) for
glass sample is as shown in the Figure 3.4. The straight portion of the graph is then extrapolated to intersect with
x axis. The value of ђf at the point where (αђf)1/2 becomes zero yields a direct measure of the optical band gap
energy Altaf [23].The optical band gap energy was found to be 2.95eV.
4. Study of Physical Properties of Lithium-borosilicate glasses
Figure 3.3 Typical UV spectra of the sample.
Figure 3.4.A representative plot of the quantity (αђf) ½ as a function of the photon energy (ђf).
IV. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
12
4.1. Density Measurements
Density of all glass samples are measured at room temperature using xylene as the immersion liquid.
Density is generally measured by the fluid displacement method
depending on Archimedes principle. According the Archimedes principle, the buoyancy equals the weight of the
displaced fluid. Archimedes Principle using xylene as the buoyant medium evaluated the density of the glass
samples. The density was obtained by employing the relation:
W
a b
W W
( )
a b
Where Wa is the weight of glass sample in air, Wb is the weight of glass sample in buoyant liquid, (Wa - Wb) is
the buoyancy, ρb is density of buoyant. All the measurements were made using a digital balance.
4.2. Molar weight calculation
Step I – Calculation of wt/mole
Weight/mole = molar weight of the constituents * mol% / 100
Step II – Calculation of molecular weight of sample (M)
The molecular weight of the sample (M) is nothing but the summations of Wt/mole of its constituents.
Step III – Calculation of Molar volume (Vm)
Using molecular weight and density calculated as from above, the molar volume of the glass samples can be
calculated from following expression:
m
M
V
Here, Vm is molar volume, ρ is the density of the sample and M is the molecular
weight of the sample.
5. Study of Physical Properties of Lithium-borosilicate glasses
4.3. Oxygen packing density (O)
The oxygen packing density of the glass samples were calculated using the following relation [24]
x mol ofcation valencyofcation
13
O n
M
where ρ, the density of desired glass samples, M, molecular weight of the sample and n, the number of oxygen
atoms in the composition.
4.4. The ionic concentrations (N)
The ionic concentrations of the glass samples are determined using the following relation,
23 1 6.023 10 mol * % *
m
N
V
4.5. Inter-ionic distance (R)
Inter ionic distance (R) of the glass samples is given as,
1
1 3
R
N
Were N = ionic concentrations.
Average molecular weight, Density, Molar volume, Oxygen packing density Ionic concentrations and Inter-ionic
distance, Parameters values of lithium borophosphate glasses are presented in Table 4.4.
From Table 4.5 and Figures 4.5.1, 4.5.2, shows increasing the mol% of SiO2 with respective to the
B2O3 by keeping modifier Li2O constant, the molar volume, inter ionic distance, polaron radius decreasing,
suggests the increased free space within the glass structure, [25, 26]; it means that the glass structure becomes
loosely packed[27].Oxygen packing density, ionic concentration decreases, because the polaron comprises the
electron plus its surrounding lattice deformation. Hence, the deformation extends over many lattice sites and the
lattice can be treated as a continuum. Transformation of BO3 triangle units to BO4 tetrahedral units can be
expected to increase the network linkage of the glass which is reflected in the monotonically increasing density.
Table 4.5 Average molecular weight, Density, Molar volume, Oxygen packing density Ionic
concentrations and Inter-ionic distance for Li2O·B2O3-SiO2 glass system.
Name of
samples
Average
molecular
weight M
(gm/mole)
Density
ρ (gm/cm3)
Molar
volume
Vm
(cm3/mole)
Oxygen
packing
density O
( 10-6
m3/mole)
Ionic
Concentration
N (1021 /cm3)
Inter
ionic
distance
ri (Ao)
Polaron
radius
rp (Ao)
Eg
(eV)
LBS.1 52.731 2.249 23.447 91.698 10.918 9.712 0.182 1.152
LBS.2 52.254 2.25 23.224 90.423 11.022 9.681 0.181 0.556
LBS.3 51.778 2.25 23.012 89.083 11.124 9.651 0.181 0.954
LBS.4 50.824 2.249 22.599 86.289 11.327 9.593 0.179 0.934
LBS.5 49.87 2.25 22.165 83.466 11.549 9.531 0.178 1.112
LBS.6 47.248 2.251 20.99 75.036 12.195 9.36 0.175 1.01
LBS.7 47.725 2.25 21.211 76.611 12.068 9.393 0.176 1.088
LBS.8 48.202 2.25 21.423 78.187 11.949 9.424 0.176 1.116
LBS.9 49.155 2.251 21.837 81.284 11.722 9.484 0.177 1.044
LBS.10 50.109 2.25 22.271 84.192 11.494 9.546 0.179 1.186
6. Study of Physical Properties of Lithium-borosilicate glasses
Figure 4.5.1. Variation of Ionic concentration, Inter-ionic distance with respective to mol% of SiO2.
Figure 4.5.2. Variation of Ionic concentration, Molar volume with respective to mol% of SiO2.
14
4.6. Refractive index (n), Dielectric comstant (Є)
The mean atomic volume (VM) of each glass was obtained from the values of densities (ρ) and mean
atomic weights. The calculated values are given in Table 4.5. Other physical parameters such as, Refractive
index (n) of samples was calculated by using the following relation [28].
Where, Eg is the energy gap.
2
n
2
1
E
1 / 20
2 g
n
The dielectric constant (Є) was calculated from the refractive index of the glass using[29].
n2
4.7. Reflection loss (R) , Molar refraction (Rm)
The reflection loss (R) from the glass surface was computed from the refractive index by using the
Fresnel’s formula as [30] .
2
1
1
n
R
n
The Lorentz-Lorenz equation [31, 32, 33, 34] relates molar refraction Rm to refractive index n and molar volume Vm
of the substance by,
2 2 1 / 2 m m R n n V
where Vm is equal to the molar volume.
This equation gives the average molar refraction of isotropic substances, i.e., for liquids, glasses and cubic
crystals. The Lorentz-Lorenz equation presents the polarizability, i.e., the magnitude of the response of the
electrons to an electromagnetic field.
On the other hand, Duffy [35] has obtained an empirical formula that relates energy gap Eg to molar refraction Rm.
R m = V m (1 - / 20 g E )
7. Study of Physical Properties of Lithium-borosilicate glasses
15
R
V
The ratio of m
m
is called polarizability per unit volume.
R
V
According to the Herzfeld theory of metallization [36], If m
m
R
V
>1 and m
m
<1 samples predicting metallic or
insulating. From Table 2.3 it is clear that present glass samples behave as non-metal.
The difference M = 1 – Rm/Vm is so-called metallization criterion [37].
Materials with large M close to 1 are typical insulators. The small value of M close to zero means that the width
of both valence and conduction bands become large, resulting in a narrow band gap and increased the
metallicity of the solid.
4.8. Molar polarizability (αm) , Electronic polarizability (αe)
The molar refraction Rm, can be expressed as a function of molar polarizability αm as
Rm = 4παmAv/3
Where Av is Avogadro’s number introduced, with αm in (Å3) this equation can be transformed to,
Rm = 2.52αm
Hence molar polarizability αm can be calculated.
The electronic polarizability (αe) was calculated using the formula [38].
2
n
A n
3 1
4 2
2
e
v
Where, Av is the Avogadro number. The measured and calculated values of densities, molar volumes and
polarizability of oxide ions of P2O5 doped lithium-borate glasses are listed in the Table 4.8.
Table 4.8 Refractive index, Dielectric constant, Reflection loss, Molar refractivity, Electronic
polarizability, Metallization, Molar polarizability and Polarizability per unit volume.
Refractive
index
(n)
Dielectric
constant
(Є)
Reflection
loss
R
Molar
Refractivity
Rm(cm3)
Electronic
polarizability
αe *(1024ions
/cm3)
Metallization
M
Molar
polarizability
αm*(1024ions
/cm3)
Polarizability
/unit volume
Rm/Vm
3.24 10.5 0.279 17.814 0.301 0.24 7.063 0.76
3.999 15.993 0.36 19.348 0.33 0.167 7.672 0.833
3.426 11.736 0.3 17.985 0.31 0.218 7.131 0.782
3.447 11.882 0.303 17.708 0.311 0.216 7.021 0.784
3.275 10.723 0.283 17.019 0.303 0.236 6.748 0.764
3.369 11.35 0.294 17.18 0.307 0.225 6.812 0.775
3.296 10.862 0.286 16.746 0.304 0.233 6.64 0.767
3.271 10.7 0.283 16.36 0.303 0.236 6.487 0.764
3.336 11.131 0.29 16.364 0.306 0.228 6.488 0.772
3.212 10.32 0.276 15.879 0.3 0.244 6.296 0.756
Variation of band energy gap and refractive index with increasing mol% of SiO2, are exactly apposite
to each other Figure (4.8.1). This indicates that is due to break down of borate bonds to create non-bridging
oxygen atoms; which also supports from the decreasing of oxygen packing density as well as decreasing the
values of ionic concentrations of the atoms (Table 4.5). This is due to the glass structure becomes loosely
packed.
Figure 4.8.1: Variation of band energy gap and refractive index with mol% of SiO2
8. Study of Physical Properties of Lithium-borosilicate glasses
Comparative study of electronic polarizability and density (Figure 4.8.2) shows, the alternately
minimum and maximum values with increasing mol% of SiO2, and electronic polarizability is exactly apposite
to that of density. This is due to break down of borate & silicate bonds to create non- bridging oxygen atoms.
Due to higher molecular weight of B2O3 compared to that of, SiO2 and the formation of BO4 & BO4 which
modify the glass structure by creating NBOs in the network.
Figure 4.8.2: Comparative study of Electronic polarizability and Density
The behavior of dielectric constant and metallization are exactly apposite to each other (Figure 4.8.3);
which is also due to break down of borate & silicate bonds to create non- bridging oxygen atoms, with constant
42.5 mol% of Li2O.
Molar polarizability, Molar refractivity, Electronic polarizability varies alike with increasing mole % of
SiO2 respectively. Maximum values at 5 mol % of SiO2 are 7.671 *1024ions/cm3, 19.348 cm3 and 0.33*1024
ions/cm3 (Figure 4.8.4)
Electronic polarizability, reflection loss is varies similarly while Metallization is exactly opposite to
them; at 5 mol % of SiO2 reflection loss is 0.359 and metallization is 0.166 (Figure 4.8.5), higher values are due
modification the glass structure by BO3 units with non-bridging oxygen atoms in the network.
Figure 4.8.3: Dielectric constant and Metallization verses mol %. Of SiO2
Figure 4.8.4: Comparative study of molar polarizability, molar refractivity and electronic
Polarizability against mol % of SiO2.
16
9. Study of Physical Properties of Lithium-borosilicate glasses
Figure 4.8.5: Comparative study of electronic polarizability, Reflection loss and Metallization against mol % of SiO2.
Figure 4.5.6: Comparative study of glass transition temperature, log σ against mol % of SiO2.
Conductivity increases according to glass transition temperature with mol % of SiO2. The maximum
value of conductivity 4.1572 e-3 SCm-1 is at 10 mol% of SiO2, at Tg 410.5 oC at 42.5 constant mol% of Li2O
((Figure 4.5.6)); due to the formation of BO3 and BO4 which will modify the glass structure by creating NBOs
in the network. Figure 4.5.7 shows, as usual behavior in logσ and activation energy.
Figure 4.5.7: Comparative study of activation energy, log σ against mol % of SiO2.
Hence mixed glass former effect (MGFE) gives a nonlinear and non-additive change in the ionic
conductivity with changing glass former composition at constant modifier
17
10. Study of Physical Properties of Lithium-borosilicate glasses
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