Prevalence of canine leptospirosis has increased in recent years.
As many as 8.2% of dogs are shedding leptospires, some asymptomatically.49
Weather changes, population growth, and habitat encroachment have all increased human and canine exposure to pathogens and their carriers.
Transmission of leptospirosis can occur through direct contact or indirectly through environmental exposure.
Leptospires enter the body through mucous membranes in the mouth, eyes, or nose, or through abraded or water-softened skin.
Leptospires multiply in a host animal's bloodstream.
Leptospires move from the bloodstream to the kidneys and other tissues to continue reproducing.
Leptospires pass from the kidneys into the urine; then are shed back into the environment.
Other dogs, wild animals, or people can become infected through direct or indirect contact.
clinical signs
Fever
Lethargy
Weight loss
Anorexia
Depression
Acute renal failure
Jaundice
Abdominal discomfort
Vomiting and diarrhea
Blood in urine is uncommon, but may occur
Respiratory distress
Dogs at risk
Dogs at risk for developing leptospirosis include those with
Access to ponds, lakes, streams, or standing water
Exposure to urine from other infected animals, including:
Other dogs in shelters or other pet care facilities
Wildlife (e.g. rodents, racoons, opossum, deer), either through direct contact with urine or through contaminated water
Morbidity threats
As leptospirosis progresses, it can result in
Leptospiremia
Leptospires can multiply in the bloodstream and spread to many tissues and organs
Vascular damage/thrombocytopenia
Can lead to kidney failure and interfere with liver function
Contributes to coagulatory abnormalities and hemorrhages
Severe kidney and liver damage
Acute renal failure occurs in dogs with severe clinical signs
Acute hepatic dysfunction or chronic hepatitis have been caused by specific serovars
Blood transfusion in animals. How to cure hypovolemia.
blood matching. blood groups in animals. formula to transfuse blood. anemia. blood typing. indications of blood transfusion . blood collection.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
Prevalence of canine leptospirosis has increased in recent years.
As many as 8.2% of dogs are shedding leptospires, some asymptomatically.49
Weather changes, population growth, and habitat encroachment have all increased human and canine exposure to pathogens and their carriers.
Transmission of leptospirosis can occur through direct contact or indirectly through environmental exposure.
Leptospires enter the body through mucous membranes in the mouth, eyes, or nose, or through abraded or water-softened skin.
Leptospires multiply in a host animal's bloodstream.
Leptospires move from the bloodstream to the kidneys and other tissues to continue reproducing.
Leptospires pass from the kidneys into the urine; then are shed back into the environment.
Other dogs, wild animals, or people can become infected through direct or indirect contact.
clinical signs
Fever
Lethargy
Weight loss
Anorexia
Depression
Acute renal failure
Jaundice
Abdominal discomfort
Vomiting and diarrhea
Blood in urine is uncommon, but may occur
Respiratory distress
Dogs at risk
Dogs at risk for developing leptospirosis include those with
Access to ponds, lakes, streams, or standing water
Exposure to urine from other infected animals, including:
Other dogs in shelters or other pet care facilities
Wildlife (e.g. rodents, racoons, opossum, deer), either through direct contact with urine or through contaminated water
Morbidity threats
As leptospirosis progresses, it can result in
Leptospiremia
Leptospires can multiply in the bloodstream and spread to many tissues and organs
Vascular damage/thrombocytopenia
Can lead to kidney failure and interfere with liver function
Contributes to coagulatory abnormalities and hemorrhages
Severe kidney and liver damage
Acute renal failure occurs in dogs with severe clinical signs
Acute hepatic dysfunction or chronic hepatitis have been caused by specific serovars
Blood transfusion in animals. How to cure hypovolemia.
blood matching. blood groups in animals. formula to transfuse blood. anemia. blood typing. indications of blood transfusion . blood collection.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
BLOOD TRANSFUSION IN SMALL ANIMALS- Dr. Bhavana Mohan.pptxBhavanaMohan5
The presentation gives an overview to conduct blood transfusion in small animals, which is a life saving procedure in patients with sever anemia, hypovolemia, haemoprotozoal diseases,etc.
The presentation also gives an idea on the practical aspects of blood tranfusion.
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A comprehensive presentation about lameness in equine Covering almost all musculoskeletal and metabolic neurological diseases rendering a horse lame. Lameness examination i also explained.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. Table of Contents
Introduction
What blood transfusion is?
Cross Matching
Chemicals, Procedure & Interpretation
Indications
Under what conditions
Blood transfusion is
recommended?
Collection
Sites & Rate of Collection and
Storage of Blood
Administration
Volume, Route & Rate
Complications
Unexpected conditions
2
3. Blood transfusion is the
transfusion of whole blood or its
Component such as blood cells or
plasma from one individual to
another.
Introduction
Definition
3
7. Haematology
Some Normal Parameter
Specie Hb(g/dl) PCV(%) Plasma protein(g/dl)
Dog 13 45.5 5.5-8
Cat 12 40 6-8
Cattle Cow:11.3
Buffalo: 12.9
Cow: 33.7
Buffalo: 44.3
6.7-7.5
Horse 11.5 39.4
Sheep 14.4,(Goat 10.9) 32,(Goat 34) 6-7.9, Goat (6.4-7)
7
8. Selection of Donor
Donor Selection
Character Remark
Specie Same Specie and Breed
Health Status Apparently Healthy and free from Infectious Disease
Major Test Dogs: Brucella Canis, Heartworm
Cat: FeLV, Hemobartonella
Ruminants: Blood parasite test
PCV Dog: >40%, Cat: >35%
Hb Dog: >13g/dl, Cat: >11g/dl
8
9. ● Importance
○ Done to prevent Life threatening Antigen antibody reactions caused by major
blood group Mismatch
● Usefulness
○ Not often use practice in animals except Horse and Dogs
○ In Cattle first transfusion can be done without cross matching however, it is
essential if the recipient is given more than one transfusion
Blood Compatibility
9
11. Direct Method
Donor blood = 1 ml
Normal Saline = 3m
Mixing to form
Solution
Glass Slide
Solution = 2 drops
Recipient Serum= 2 drops
Agitation
3-5 Minutes
Agglutination indicate
incompatibility
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4
11
12. Indirect Method
Recipient
Donar
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 2 Sample 1
EDTA, Vacutainer
Yellow cap
Vacutainer
Yellow cap
Vacutainer
EDTA, Vacutainer
Centrifuge,
separate RBC
Serum Serum
Centrifuge,
separate RBC
Keep in 3 ml of
0.85% Saline
Solution
Keep in 3 ml of
0.85% Saline
Solution
12
14. Oehlecker’s Method
Step 1
Inject 10 ml blood
to Recipient
Step 2
Observe for 20
Minutes
Step3
If No Untoward Reaction,
then Transfuse remaining
blood
Most Suitable under Field Condition
14
15. Collection of Blood
Sites of Collection
Species Sites
Dog Saphenous, Cephalic or Jugular Vein
Cat Saphenous, Cephalic or Jugular Vein
Horse Jugular vein
Cattle Jugular vein, Caudal(Tail) vein or Mammary vein
Sheep/Goat Jugular vein or cephalic vein
15
16. Steps
1. Restraining and Sedation
2. Shaving and Vein Prominent
3. Sterilization
4. Insert Needle (16-18G)
5. Mixing with preservative
Collection of Blood
Link: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1194fSCEvXsvR_Yq9j7tj8wvcDELf_jsB/view?resourcekey
16
17. Dog
● 20 ml blood/kg body weight
● Maximum 450-500ml
Cat
● 10 ml blood/kg body weight
● Maximum 50ml
● 12% of B.W is blood
● 20% of blood can be donated
● 10-15 ml blood/kg B.W
Large Animals
Volume to be Donated
17
18. Different Preservatives
1. Acid Citrate Dextrose (ACD),
2. Citrate Phosphate Dextrose, Adenine (CPD-A)
3. Citrate 3.8% (1o ml for 100 ml blood)
4. Heparin 15 IU/ ml
Collection and Storage
18
19. Collection and Storage
ACD Solution
1. Dextrose
2. Tri-sodium Citrate
3. Citric Acid
4. Distilled Water
CPD-A Solution
1. Dextrose
2. Sodium Citrate(Dehydrate)
3. Citric Acid (Anhydrous)
4. Sodium Phosphate(Monohydrate)
5. Adenine (Anhydrous)
6. Water
It is used @ 15 ml/100 ml blood It is used @ 15 ml/100 ml blood
19
20. ● Room Temperature
○ Used within 4-8 hours of collection
● 4 C
○ At Least 3 weeks possibly as long as 6 weeks when
Collected in ACD, CPD, CPD-A
Storage
❏ Adequate levels of 2-3 Diphosphoglycerate DPG are to be Maintained in stored blood
❏ DPG helps to release O2 to RBC cells and other tissues
20
21. Direct
● Autotransfusion
● Actual quantity to be transfused
can not be determined
Indirect
● Most Commonly used
● Here stored blood is used
Administration
21
22. Routes
● Intravenous: Emergency Situation
● Intraperitoneal: Animal in incorporative
○ 50% absorb in 24 hours
○ Remaining absorb within week
Rate
● Rate depend upon
○ Hydration status
○ Degree of Anemia
● Normovolemic: 10-20 ml/kg/hr
● Hypovolemic: 20-60 ml/kg/hr
● Cardiac Failure: 4 ml/kg/hr
Route & Rate
22
23. Generally:
10-20 ml/kg Body weight
Dogs and Cats:
Volume
Blood (ml)= B.W * K* ( Desired PCV-Recipient PCV)/Donar PCV
K for, Dogs: 80, Cats: 60
23
25. ● Steps
○ Prewarming before 30 minutes ago upto 22-37 C
○ Inject Steroid or Antihistamine to recipient before Transfusion
○ Proper placement of Branula
○ Blood bag connected to BT set and immersed in warm water
○ In-line nylon mesh micro filter
○ No concurrent administration of drug or hypertonic solution
○ Manage Route and rate accordingly
○ Transfuse proper Calculated Volume
Administration of Blood
25
27. ● Monitor the Recipient Continuously
● Stop Blood Transfusion if any reaction Occur
● Mild Reaction:
○ Antihistamines and Corticosteroids (Decadron @ 0.1-0.5mg/kg )
● Severe Reaction:
○ Adrenaline 0.01-0.02ml/kg
● Citrate Toxicity:
○ Calcium Preparation IV @ 10 ml /liter of blood
● Congestive Heart Failure
○ Diuretic
Therapeutic Management
27
28. 1. Careful Selection of healthy Donor
2. Perform cross matching prior to transfusion
3. Warm the stored blood to body temperature before transfusion
4. Filter the blood through sterile gauze if froth is formed
5. Give antihistamine before transfusion
Precaution
28
29. 1. Textbook of Clinical Veterinary Medicine by Amalendu Chakrabarti
2. VETERINARY Medicine, A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats 9th EDITION O. M.
Radostits
References
29
30. — THANKS
“Until one has loved an animal,
a part of one's soul remains
unawakened.”
30
