with respect to veterinary

1. By: Dr. Deepak Patil
1st year M.V.Sc. (VMD)

2. INTRODUCTION
o Anaemia is a major problem in both farm animals
as well as pet animals.
o As it affects most of the farm animals Its
indirectly responsible for GDP loss.
o Anaemia affects both adults and young, although
pregnant animals and young ones are most
susceptible and most affected by this disease.
o It can be related to bad managemental practices.

3. Anaemia ( Greek word , An-without, emia-blood) is a
decrease in the RBC count, haemoglobin and/or
Haematocrit values resulting in a lower ability for the
blood to carry oxygen to body tissues .
Or
Reduction in the amount of Hb per unit of blood & may
or may not be accompanied with the reduction in red
blood cells.

4.  The average range of hemoglobin in cattle
8 to 15 gm/dl
 The average range of hemoglobin in buffalo
12 to 15 gm/dl
 The normal hemoglobin level for
Dog is 14-20 gm/dl,
Cat is 9-16.7 gm/dl
Sheep is 9.0 to 15.0 gm/dl,
Goat is 8.0 to 12.0 gm/dl,
Pigs is 10.0 to 16.0 gm/dl,
Horses is 11.0 to 19.0 gm/dl

5. PATHO PHYSIOLOGY

6. Classification by strength of erythropoiesis
Evaluation of bone marrow function divides anaemia into
1.Variably reduced or Ineffective erythropoiesis (non-regenerative) :
• Anaemia is classified as either regenerative or non regenerative based on
the number of circulating immature erythrocytes (polychromatophilic
erythrocytes or reticulocytes). A lack of circulating immature erythrocytes
indicates a non regenerative anaemia and provides evidence of marrow
dysfunction.
• Most non regenerative anemias are normocytic.
2.Active & effective erythropoiesis (Regenerative):
• By loss of erythrocytes from the body (external blood loss) or lysis of the
erythrocytes within the body (haemolytic anemias & internal blood loss )

8. Classification by erythrocyte volume & hemoglobin
concentration:
 Macrocytic Hypochromic anemia :
 Regenerative anemias with large, young RBC’s that are not fully
hemoglobinized.
 Normocytic Normochromic anemia:
 Non regenerative anemias
 Erythrocytes have normal staining properties but number of
granulocytes and thrombocytes is reduced. Usually seen in disease
or conditions where bone marrow activity is depressed .
 Microcytic hypochromic anaemia:
 Usually It is iron deficiency anemia

9.  Blood Smear evaluation is an essential procedure in
classification of anaemia, especially haemolytic
anaemias.
 Some example include :
o Identification of blood parasites
o Spherocytes
o Auto agglutination
Classification of anaemia by Blood Smear
Morphology:

10. Classification by Aetiology
 Rickettsia
1. Ehrlichiosis: Thrombocytopenia & mild to moderate non
regenerative anaemia.
2. Anaplasmosis: Thrombocytopenia , neutropenia,
leukopenia.
 Protozoa
1. Theileriosis: T. parva, T. annulata . Schizont stage affects
Lymphocyte.
Haemolytic disease. Mild & non-regenerative.
2. Babesiosis: B. canis, B. gibsoni , B.bovis, B. felis .
Sporozoites directly invade Erythrocyte

11. Anaemias Associated with Bacteria & Viral
infections

12. Immune mediated Anaemias
Antibodies binds to erythrocyte surface
Activate pathway of the complement system
Deposition of complement components on erythrocyte
surface
Complement activation pathway proceeds through terminal
pathway to the formation of Trans membrane channels
RBC destroyed by osmotic lysis

13. • An immune mediated hemolytic anaemia(IMHA)
arises when red blood cells (RBC’s) are destroyed via
the mechanism of type II hypersensitivity, following
attachment of immunoglobulin/antibodies to the cell
membrane.
• Diseases in this complement dependent category
include:
• Transfusion reactions: incompatible RBC's or serum is
transfused.
• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: antibody is made
against one's own RBC's.
• Erythroblastosis fetalis: maternal IgG crosses the
placenta and attaches to fetal RBC's.

14. Anaemia associated with
 Oxidative injury: RBC’s can’t synthesize new
proteins/replace cellular components, have limited ability to
respond to such stresses causing irreversible damage.
Acetaminophen, onion, diabetes mellitus etc.,
 Inflammation: “anaemia of chronic disease”,
“anaemia of inflammation”.
 Neoplasia: Both disease & treatment related factors.
 Renal diseases (CRF): Decreased production of EPO
erythropoietin
 Endocrine diseases: Diabetes mellitus, Hypothyroidism,
Hyperthyroidism, Hypoadrenocorticism.

15. CLINICAL FINDINGS
o PALENESS OF ALL THE VISIBLE MUCOUS MEMBRANE.
o MUSCULAR WEAKNESS,
DULL AND DEPRESSED.
o INAPPETANCE TO ANOREXIA.
o TACHYCARDIA
o SIGNS OF SHOCK IN
o HAEMORRHAGIC ANEMIA.
o OTHER SIGNS ARE:
JAUNDICE, HAEMOGLOBINURIA, HEATURIA AND OEDEMA

16. DIAGNOSIS
BASED ON :
o HISTORY.
o CLINICAL FINDINGS.
o CLINICO-PATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION.
1.Quantitative parameters:
Volume of packed cells i.e. the haematocrit
Haemoglobin concentration
Red cell concentration per unit volume
2.Qualitative parameters: CBC-complete blood count
Mean corpuscular volume
Mean corpuscular haemoglobin
Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration