Blood clotting
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Blood clotting is the body's defense strategy to prevent excessive blood loss from wounds. When a wound occurs, platelets and cells at the wound site produce chemical substances that synthesize the enzyme thrombin from prothrombin. Thrombin then converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin. The fibrin forms fine filaments that trap red blood cells and platelets, creating a network that results in a blood clot that controls blood flow and seals the wound.
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Blood Coagulation and Clotting Mechanism.pptx
The document summarizes the process of blood coagulation. It discusses that coagulation occurs through a series of reactions activating clotting factors, which convert fibrinogen into fibrin forming a mesh that traps blood cells. The stages are formation of prothrombin activator, conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Anticoagulants like heparin and warfarin prevent clotting by various mechanisms. Tests are used to detect disorders that cause excessive or insufficient clotting.
Mechanism of blood clotting
The document summarizes the process of blood clotting. It begins with an overview that clotting is a series of chemical reactions forming fibrin threads that trap blood cells. It then outlines the three stages of clotting: initiation through the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways producing prothrombinase; conversion of prothrombin to thrombin; and conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin. Key steps of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways are described. The role of vitamin K in clot factor synthesis is also summarized.
Blood physiology
Erythropoietin (EPO) secreted by kidney
Inhibitor: High concentration of O2 in kidney
Life span of RBC: 120 days
RBC metabolism: anaerobic glycolysis [reason for
Heinz body and G6PD deficiency anemia]
RBC destruction: spleen and macrophage in liver,
bone marrow [reason for spherocytosis and
elliptocytosis]
RBC regeneration: bone marrow
RBC reserve: about 25% of total RBC
RBC production: 2.4×1011/day
Platelets and Hemostasis.pptx
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This document summarizes plasma proteins and their functions. It discusses the three major types of plasma proteins - albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. Albumin provides colloidal osmotic pressure, globulins are responsible for immunity, and fibrinogen forms blood clots. The liver produces most plasma proteins at a high rate of up to 30g per day to replace losses. Conditions like burns or kidney disease that cause major protein losses can be compensated by the liver. Plasma proteins also act as carriers for hormones and provide a source of amino acids for tissues.
Erythropoiesis
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Capillary function
The document discusses capillary function and structure. It notes that capillaries are the smallest blood vessels, connecting arterioles and venules. They allow for exchange of water, gases, nutrients, and waste through diffusion, filtration, and active transport. Capillaries come in three types - continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal - depending on the thickness of their endothelial lining and presence of gaps or pores to facilitate exchange. Tight junctions between endothelial cells help control permeability at different capillary beds.
Blood physiology
- Red blood cells (erythrocytes) transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues via hemoglobin. Their biconcave shape allows them to deform and squeeze through narrow capillaries.
- In the bone marrow, pluripotent stem cells differentiate into committed stem cells and then proerythroblasts. Through multiple divisions, proerythroblasts mature into reticulocytes and then erythrocytes.
- Low oxygen stimulates kidney and liver production of erythropoietin hormone, which increases erythropoiesis and maturation in the bone marrow. Vitamins B12 and folic acid are also essential for erythrocyte maturation.
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Blood Coagulation and Clotting Mechanism.pptx
The document summarizes the process of blood coagulation. It discusses that coagulation occurs through a series of reactions activating clotting factors, which convert fibrinogen into fibrin forming a mesh that traps blood cells. The stages are formation of prothrombin activator, conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Anticoagulants like heparin and warfarin prevent clotting by various mechanisms. Tests are used to detect disorders that cause excessive or insufficient clotting.
Mechanism of blood clotting
The document summarizes the process of blood clotting. It begins with an overview that clotting is a series of chemical reactions forming fibrin threads that trap blood cells. It then outlines the three stages of clotting: initiation through the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways producing prothrombinase; conversion of prothrombin to thrombin; and conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin. Key steps of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways are described. The role of vitamin K in clot factor synthesis is also summarized.
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Erythropoietin (EPO) secreted by kidney
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RBC metabolism: anaerobic glycolysis [reason for
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The document discusses capillary function and structure. It notes that capillaries are the smallest blood vessels, connecting arterioles and venules. They allow for exchange of water, gases, nutrients, and waste through diffusion, filtration, and active transport. Capillaries come in three types - continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal - depending on the thickness of their endothelial lining and presence of gaps or pores to facilitate exchange. Tight junctions between endothelial cells help control permeability at different capillary beds.
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- In the bone marrow, pluripotent stem cells differentiate into committed stem cells and then proerythroblasts. Through multiple divisions, proerythroblasts mature into reticulocytes and then erythrocytes.
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Cardiac muscle physiology
This document provides an overview of cardiac muscle structure and function. It defines key terms related to the properties of cardiac muscle such as rhythmicity, excitability, conductivity, and contractility. It describes the cardiac syncytium and normal conduction pathway in the heart. It explains excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle and compares it to skeletal muscle. It also compares action potentials in the sinoatrial node and ventricular muscle. Finally, it discusses the significance of the plateau and refractory period in ventricular muscle action potentials.
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This document summarizes the process of hemostasis and coagulation. It begins with definitions of key terms like hemostasis, coagulation, and thrombosis. It then describes the three stages of hemostasis - vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and blood clot formation. The roles of platelets, thromboxane A2, and fibrin in coagulation are explained. Finally, it provides an overview of the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways and the role of calcium and vitamin K in blood clotting.
Red blood cell formation and fate of RBC
RBCs are formed through a process called erythropoiesis where hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow differentiate into red blood cells over 4 days. The kidney regulates RBC production by releasing erythropoietin in response to low blood oxygen levels. As RBCs age over 120 days, they are destroyed by macrophages in the spleen and liver, recycling the iron while the heme portion is broken down into bilirubin and excreted in the feces and urine.
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Blood clotting
The clotting process begins when blood vessels are damaged. Platelets are released from the bloodstream and stick to the damaged tissue, where they release enzymes that trigger a chain reaction. This leads to the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin threads, which weave together to form a blood clot that seals the break in the blood vessel. For patients with hemophilia, this clotting process does not work properly due to a genetic defect, so their blood does not clot normally and they are at risk of excessive bleeding from minor injuries. The document then describes the steps of clotting in more detail and discusses some blood clotting disorders.
BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY
Introduction
Blood –composition
-function
-volume
-physical properties
plasma
Plasma proteins
Hematopoiesis
Erythrocytes
Blood indices
Variations in RBC count, shape, size
Muscle contraction
The document describes various aspects of muscle contraction including:
1) Excitation-contraction coupling which involves depolarization of the muscle membrane leading to calcium release and muscle contraction.
2) The roles of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, t-tubules, and troponin-tropomyosin complex in regulating calcium levels and exposing actin binding sites during contraction.
3) The sliding filament theory of how myosin heads binding to actin causes muscle shortening through an ATP-driven cycling of cross-bridge formation and breaking.
Receptors properties
Receptors have several key properties:
1. Specificity - Each sensory pathway is labeled to identify its origin and modality.
2. Strength of stimulus - Stronger stimuli activate more receptors, including those with lower thresholds.
3. Adaptation - Sensitivity decreases over long stimulation, like a hot shower feeling comfortable after feeling hot initially. Receptors adapt through sodium channel inactivation.
muscle protein
This document summarizes the major proteins involved in muscle structure and contraction. It discusses the roles of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin in forming the thin filaments, and how actin polymerizes. Myosin forms the thick filaments and interacts with actin to generate force through ATP hydrolysis. The contraction cycle involves the actin-myosin complex forming and breaking through ATP binding and hydrolysis. Muscle derives ATP from glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and creatine phosphate to power continuous contractions. Genetic mutations can cause muscular dystrophy where muscles progressively deteriorate.
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This document provides an overview of general physiology concepts including:
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- Shivering occurs when we feel cold to help warm the body through involuntary muscle contractions
- The hypothalamus detects a fall in temperature and causes shivering to increase body temperature
- Homeostasis refers to maintaining a relatively constant internal environment through feedback mechanisms like negative feedback which acts to reverse changes and positive feedback which accelerates changes.
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This document summarizes the cardiac cycle and its phases. It begins with an introduction to the heart as a dual pump and defines the cardiac cycle. It then describes the normal duration of the cardiac cycle and its various phases, including atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole, and ventricular diastole. It discusses the pressure and volume changes that occur in the atria, ventricles, aorta and pulmonary artery during each phase of the cardiac cycle. It also summarizes the heart sounds and murmurs that can occur.
Leucopoiesis
1. The document discusses hematopoiesis, the formation and maturation of white blood cells (WBCs) including granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes from stem cells in the bone marrow.
2. It describes the stages of development for granulocytes and monocytes, from stem cell to mature cell, including the changes in physical characteristics at each stage.
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Hematopoiesis
Erythrocytes
Blood indices
Variations in RBC count, shape, size
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- The hypothalamus detects a fall in temperature and causes shivering to increase body temperature
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The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
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collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
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The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptx
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
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The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
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8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
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3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
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ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
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Blood clotting
- 2. WHAT IS BLOOD CLOTTING?
- 3. BLOOD CLOTTING IS A DEFENCE STRATEGY ADOPTED BY THE BODY TO PREVENT THE DANGERS DUE TO EXCESSIVE LOSS OF BLOOD.
- 4. HOW THE BLOOD CLOT IS FORMED AND THE FLOW OF BLOOD IS CONTROLLED?
- 6. CERTAIN CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES ARE PRODUCED FROM PLATELETS AS WELL AS CELLS IN THE WOUNDED PARTS . THEY SYNTHESIS THE ENZYME THROMBIN FROM A SUBSTANCE CALLED PROTHROMBIN.
- 7. FIBRINOGEN IN THE BLOOD FIBRIN
- 8. THROMBIN CONVERTS THE SOLUBLE FIBRINOGEN INTO INSOLUBLE FIBRIN.
- 10. FIBRIN FILAMENTS FORM FINE NETWORK . RED BLOOD CELLS AND PLATELETS GET TRAPPED IN THIS NETWORK AND BLOOD CLOT IS FORMED.