The document outlines safety protocols for blood administration, including recognizing adverse effects. It discusses the hematological system, components of blood, blood typing, guidelines for safe transfusion, and potential adverse reactions. Procedures at Sentara hospitals are described, such as verifying orders, consent, monitoring vitals, administration rates, and post-transfusion monitoring for reactions. Shelf life, infections, and additional topics are also covered.
Blood transfusion is the process through which blood and blood products are transferred to circulation intravenously. Early transfusions used whole blood but modern medical practice commonly used components of blood.It helps to replace blood lost during injury or surgery. It is a life saving procedure. before transfusion of blood it is necessary to know your blood group type. As blood group o is considered as universal donor and blood group AB considered as universal accepter.
Blood transfusion are relatively safe but can be fatal if incorrectly administered. Donated blood can be processed into components such as PCV, FFP, Platelets, Cryoprecipitate. Doctors and nurses plays a major role in blood transfusion. They should follows all safety precautions throughout all steps of administrating procedure.
Blood transfusion is the process through which blood and blood products are transferred to circulation intravenously. Early transfusions used whole blood but modern medical practice commonly used components of blood.It helps to replace blood lost during injury or surgery. It is a life saving procedure. before transfusion of blood it is necessary to know your blood group type. As blood group o is considered as universal donor and blood group AB considered as universal accepter.
Blood transfusion are relatively safe but can be fatal if incorrectly administered. Donated blood can be processed into components such as PCV, FFP, Platelets, Cryoprecipitate. Doctors and nurses plays a major role in blood transfusion. They should follows all safety precautions throughout all steps of administrating procedure.
A PowerPoint presentation outlining the physiology of blood transfusion, and clinical precautions to take in preventing and managing blood transfusion reactions.
It contains indications of blood and blood products and perioperative blood therapy that we usually follow in Aiims Patna ..its is most recent one made in April 2020
A PowerPoint presentation outlining the physiology of blood transfusion, and clinical precautions to take in preventing and managing blood transfusion reactions.
It contains indications of blood and blood products and perioperative blood therapy that we usually follow in Aiims Patna ..its is most recent one made in April 2020
Blood Transfusion
Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood based products from one person into the circulatory system of another. Safe blood transfusion should be safe to both the donor and the recipient. Blood transfusions can be life saving in some situations such as -Massive blood loss due to trauma or can be used to replace blood lost during surgery.BT may also be used to treat a severe anemia orThrombocytopenia caused by a blood disease.People suffering from hemophilia or sickle disease may require frequent transfusion.
Improving Patient Safety, Inventory Management, Quality and Cost Savings via ...Charles J. DiComo, PhD
Like many health systems, WellSpan Health experienced frequent fluctuations in demand for platelet transfusions. Sudden increases required emergency shipments, while decreases led to waste. Lab leadership needed an easier way to ensure the availability of safe platelet transfusions at all times.
The Pennsylvania-based integrated health system implemented
the Platelet PGD test in 2016 at its largest acute care facility,
WellSpan York Hospital. The testing enables the hospital to extend platelets to day six or seven by PGD testing for bacterial contamination. In turn, this extended dating allows the hospital
to stabilize inventory and generate cost savings by significantly
reducing wastage.
Current Component Therapy by Diane Eklund, MDbloodbankhawaii
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Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
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Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
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The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
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Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
2. Basic Pathophysiology of
Hematological System
Bone marrow is the blood-forming organ
Stem cell production within the marrow ultimately
differentiates into red blood cells, white blood cells,
and platelets
Growth factor and cytokines secreted from the kidneys
are responsible for the differentiation of these
unspecialized cells
•Erythropoietin is growth factor that potentiates the
differentiation of stem cells into RBCs (erythropoiesis)
(Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010).
3. Blood Components
Cellular Components
Erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs)
•Largest proportion of blood cells
•Enucleate, biconcave, and connective tissue
•Perfuse oxygen to all body cells
•O2 binds to hemoglobin
Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs)
• Neutrophils, eosinophil, basophil, monocytes, and
macrophages
•Immunological/inflammatory function
Platelets
•Fragments of precursor megakaryocyte
•Responsible for blood clotting (Ignatavicius &
Workman, 2010)
4. Blood Components (cont.)
Plasma
•Is an extracellular fluid (ECF) which contains vital
proteins
•Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen are the primary
plasma proteins found in the CV system
Albumin
•Increases osmotic pressure, which prevents capillary
leakage into the interstitial spaces
Globulins
•Responsible for transportation
•Protection against infection, main protein of antibodies
Fibrin
•Create the mesh scaffolding to allow for platelet
aggregation (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010)
5. Laboratory Reference Ranges
Lab Reference range
RBC Female: 4.2 to 5.4 million/mm^3
Male: 4.7 to 6.1 million/mm^3
Hemoglobin Females: 12 to 16 g/dL
Males: 14 to 18 g/dL
Hematocrit Females: 37 to 47%
Males: 42 to 52 %
WBC 5,000 – 10,000/mm^3
Platelet 150,000 – 400,000/mm^3
Fibrinogen 1.5 – 2.77 g/dL
Globulin 2.2 – 3.9 d/dL
Albumin 3.5- 5.0 g/dL
Note: lab values are indicated in adult s, children will have different
values
6. Key Definitions
Antibody: immune protein that neutralizes a threat to the
host i.e. Infectious organism, chemical, or foreign body
Antigen: substance which is capable of inducing an immune
response and triggering production of antibodies
Apheresis: process which separates blood into its constituent
components
Autologous: originating from the organism itself i.e. blood
which the host has banked for their own use
Cryoprecipitate: insoluble concentrate of coagulation factors
Hematocrit: the percentage of blood which is RBCs
7. Key Definitions (cont.)
Refractory: resistance to treatment; recipient immune
response which develops in response to frequent blood
transfusion
Serum: the clear, liquid component of blood that remains
after coagulation has occurred
Thrombocytopenia: a condition characterized by low
platelet count
9. RH System
When combined with the 4 blood types, this concept
can be a difficult one to understand, and lack of
understanding can contribute to fatal flaws in blood
administration
RF factors are classified based on the presence or
absence of major D antigen on the surface of RBCs
•Presence of antigen = RH +
•Lack of Antigen = RH –
The lack of antigen D, or RH-, is able to donate to RH+
individuals; however, RH+ individuals may only donate
to other RH+ recipients.
•This is because the presence of Antigen D would trigger an antibody
response in the RH- individual (ATI, 2012)
10. Benefits of Blood Component Therapy
The use of blood components rather than whole blood
transfusion has marked advantages, and is a more
efficient use of the blood supply
•Patients whom only need a specific component of the blood
for their therapy will only get the constituent which is indicated
for their condition i.e. anemic patient would only need RBCs
•One donor’s blood is able to treat multiple patients
•Blood components will be less likely to trigger an antibody
response
•More efficient use of supply (ATI, 2012)
Whole Blood
•Indicated for use in patients who have undergone significant
trauma and blood loss, need to restore blood volume
13. Sentara Procedural Guidelines for Safe
Blood Administration
1. Verify physicians order
2. Ensure informed consent has been obtained
3. Hand hygiene
4. Use two patient identifiers, verify that arm band is
correct before administration
5. Baseline vitals no older than 30 minutes, prior to blood
administration
6. Establish IV: large gauge IV catheter is preferred i.e. 18 or
20 gauge
7. Explain procedure, and articulate adverse reactions client
should notify nurse about
8. Pre-medication if ordered by physician
9. Position patient for optimal comfort
10. Assemble equipment: 100 or 250 mL NS to prime tube
14. Sentara Procedural Guidelines for Safe
Blood Administration
11. Verify availability of blood products with transfusion services
prior to administration of blood or components
12. Transfusion services will require patient identifiers, physician’s
name whom ordered treatment, date and time, reason for
transfusion, will release one unit at a time.
13. Inspect blood for integrity and evidence of contamination
14. Verify two patient identifiers at the bedside, and second check
performed by licensed clinical associate
15. Agitate blood or blood components gently prior to
administration
16. Hand hygiene and don gloves
17. Prime blood administration set tubing with NS, infuse with
standard Y-type IV adaptor or straight filter (170-260 micron
filter). Flush IV with 10 mL of NS prior to administration
18. Stop infusion of NS and insert administration set and spike into
unit of blood.
15. Sentara Procedural Guidelines for Safe
Blood Administration
19. Attach the administration set to the patients IV access device
using aseptic technique
20. Regulate the flow to 60 mL/hour via infusion pump or at
prescribed rate for first 15 minutes (as little as 30 mL of blood
can cause extreme adverse reactions)
21. Direct observation of patient for first 15 minutes
22. Adjust flow rate according to order or patient tolerance
23. Discard equipment in appropriate biohazard containers
24. Remove gloves and wash hands
25. Monitor and assess the patient’s VS throughout procedure, 15
minutes by 2, 30 minutes by 1, and 60 minutes by 3 for adverse
reactions
26. Document findings and VS on the blood transfusion flow sheet
27. Wash hands and don gloves at completion of infusion
28. Purge and discard blood transfusion set appropriately
29. Reassess IV patency
16. Sentara Procedural Guidelines for Safe
Blood Administration
30. Document post-procedure information on blood transfusion
flow sheet
31. Place transfusion tag and flow sheet in the patient’s medical
record at conclusion of therapy
32. Provide the patient with post-transfusion reaction education
and document in EMR with DAR note (Sentara, 2012)
Note: ER department has additional protocols not discussed here
17. Additional Infusion Information
Blood products are an exceptionally good growth medium
for bacteria; therefore, must be fully administered within 4
hours to reduce risk of bacteremia
Blood must be spiked and infusing within 30 minutes of
release from transfusion services, or must be returned
Blood can be left uninfused for extended periods in
approved cooler (thermo sticker affixed), but typically only
used ER. Return unused blood to infusion services
Two pre-serotype tests must be conducted to ensure
appropriate match to blood being infused (Sentara, 2012)
18. Additional Information
Shelf life of blood products
•Whole blood: within 24 hours
•RBCs “packed red blood cells”: 42 days or 10 years
when frozen
•Plasma proteins: 1-7 years frozen, must be used within
24 hours when thawed
•Immune globulin can withstand 10 hours at 140
degrees F – sterilization technique
•Cryoprecipitate: 1 year when frozen
•Platelets: 5 days at room temperature
•Highly susceptible to contamination
•Granulocytes: must be transfused within 24 hours (ATI,
2012)
19. Transfusion Related Infections
In the United States, transfusion related infections are
rare, and all blood units are ran through the gamut of
STD tests to ensure the safety of blood transfusion
However, there are other non-traditional risks which
many health care workers may fail to disclose because
of lack of knowledge or belief that it is too rare to
acknowledge
•Subclinical cancer cells can be transmitted through blood,
and metastasize in the recipient
•Atypical pathogens, helminthes, bacteria, fungus, protozoa,
and non-STD viruses, i.e. dengue fever or malaria.
Full disclosure is essential, and these topics should be
broached with the recipients of blood products.
20. References
ATI. (2012). Skills module: Blood administration. Assessment
Technologies Institute LLC. Retrieved from http://www.ati.com
Ignatavicius, D., & Workman, M. (2010). Medical-surgical nursing:
Patient-centered collaborative care (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO:
Saunders Elsevier.
Sentara. (2012). Blood and blood component administration for inpatient
and outpatient (Adult). Norfolk, Va: Sentara Health Care System.
Editor's Notes
AB positive is an universal recipient, and can accept blood from all blood types. O negative is a universal donor, and can give to all blood types