Air pollution air pollutants obesity malnutrition vitamins

1. EMANI APARNA
SRINIVAS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

2. What is Air Pollution?

3. Item % Contents
O2 20.946
N2 78.084
Ar 0.09340
CO2 0.035
Ne 0.001818
He 0.000524
CH4 0.0001745
H2 0.000005
Ozone (O3) Approx 6

4.  Natural
 Man- made or anthropogenic
 Natural- pollen grains, volcanic eruptions,
forest fires, dust storms, spores, bacteria
and other microorganisms.
 Man- made- industrial units, thermal power
plants, automobile exhausts, fossil fuel
burning, mining, nuclear explosions.

6.  Substance dwelling temporarily or
permanently in the air.
 Alters the environment by interfering with the
health, the comfort, or the food chain, or by
interfering with the property values of people.
 A pollutant can be solid (large or sub-
molecular), liquid or gas .
 It may originate from a natural or
anthropogenic source (or both).

7.  It is estimated that anthropogenic sources
have changed the composition of global air
by less than 0.01%.
 Even a small change can have a significant
adverse effect on the climate, ecosystem
and species on the planet.

8.  Pollutants can be grouped into two
categories:
(1) primary pollutants, which are emitted
directly from identifiable sources, and
(2) secondary pollutants, which are
produced in the atmosphere when certain
chemical reactions take place among
primary pollutants.

9. The major primary pollutants include:
◦ particulate matter (PM),
◦ sulfur dioxide,
◦ nitrogen oxides,
◦ volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
◦ carbon monoxide, and
◦ lead.

11.  Some primary air pollutants react with one
another or with other chemicals to form
secondary pollutants.

13.  Atmospheric sulfuric acid is one example of
a secondary pollutant.
 Air pollution in urban and industrial areas is
often called smog.
 Photochemical smog, a noxious mixture of
gases and particles, is produced when
strong sunlight triggers photochemical
reactions in the atmosphere.
 The major component of photochemical
smog is ozone.

14.  Carbon monoxide (CO)- colorless, odorless,
tasteless gas.
 No effect at normal conc. (0.1ppm)
but higher conc. seriously affect.
 Volcanoes, natural gas emissions,
seed germination contribute to CO.
 Transport sector contribute 75% CO.
 Residential wood burning 10%, industrial process
15% CO.

16.  Industrial uses
Industrial scale operations for purifying nickel
Methanol is produced by hydrogenation of CO
Conversion of coal to petrol is accompanied by Fischer
tropsch process- CO is hydrogenated to liquid
hydrocarbon fuels.
Monsanto process- carbon monoxide and the
methanol react in the presence of a homogenous
rhodium catalyst and HI to yield acetic acid.
 Preserving meat
CO combines with myoglobin to form
carboxymyoglobin which is more stable than the
oxygenated form of myoglobin i.e oxymyoglobin.
Stable red colour can persist much longer than in
normally packaged meat, giving the appearance of
freshness to meat.

17. Effects:
 Reduce oxygen carrying capacity of blood.
 Decrease in vision and causes cardio vascular
disorders.
 Severe effects of a pregnant woman
 Headaches and dizziness are the symptoms of
mild poisoning at concentrations less than
10ppm
 Carbon dioxide (C02)- Fossil fuel combustion.
 Jet plane use O2 and release CO2.
 Burning
Effects:
 Causes headache and nausea.
 Effect on climate, increase global temp.

18.  Oxides of nitrogen – NOx group contains NO,
NO2, N2O.
 Fuel combustion in automobiles and industries.
 Lightening.
 Forest fires.
 Natural ionizing radiations.
 Nitrogen oxide also changes in the atmosphere
to form acidic particles and liquid nitric acid.
Effects:
 Reduce blood carrying capacity.
 Causes lung problems.

19.  Technical applications
 Biological applications
 Pediatric uses
 Miscellaneous

20. Sources
 Internal combustion engines
 Thermal power stations
 Reddish colour in mushroom clouds

21. Nitric oxide is the main ingredient of nitrogen
dioxide. NO2 increases the amount of nitric
oxide in the body.
 Effects on vital organs- brain, lungs, kidney
and liver.
 Regulation of blood circulation
 Immune system
 Muscle building supplement.

22.  Nitrogen dioxide is toxic by inhalation but the
material is so acrid.
 For example, fuming nitric acid is often
contaminated with NO2.
 Symptoms of poisoning ( lung oedema) tend
to appear several hours after one has inhaled
a low but potentially fatal dose.

23.  Oxides of sulphur – generally called SOx, include
SO2, SO3.
 67% SOx pollution due to volcanic activities and
other natural sources.
 Remaining due to fossil fuel burning,
transportation.
 Industrial activities.
Effects:
 Respiratory problems- asthma, chronic lung or
heart disease are very sensitive to SO2.
 Marbles, clothes, paper, leather also affected.
 Constricts air passages for the people with
asthma and young children.

24.  SO2 and nitrogen oxides are the main
precursors of acid rain.
 This contributes to the acidification of lakes
and streams , accelerated corrosion of
buildings.
 SO2 causes formation of microscopic acid
aerosols when it comes into contact with
eyes- redness and pain persists.

25.  As a preservative
 In wine industry
 As a reducing bleach
 As a reagent and solvent
 Dechlorination

26.  Hydrocarbons (HC) – these include methane,
ethylene, acetylene, terpenes etc.
 Sources include coal fields, natural fires.
 Incomplete combustion
 Forest fires
 Agricultural burning
Effects:
 Carcinogenic effect
 Form ozone and PAN (peroxyacyl nitrates)
which are harmful.
 Damage plants, rubber materials, fabric and
paints.

27. The heavy metals arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb),
mercury (Hg) and nickel (Ni) are emitted mainly as a result
of various combustion processes and industrial activities.
• These chemicals are known as toxins and are linked to
thyroid disorders, cancer, women’s hormonal conditions,
chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia.

28.  VOC is emitted from a large number of sources
including paint application, road transport, dry-cleaning
and other solvent uses.
• Methane VOC
• Non methane VOC ( benzene, ethanol, formaldehyde,
cyclohexane)
• Benzene
• Methyl Chloride
• CFCs

29. • Methylene chloride is highly dangerous to human health. It can
be found in adhesive removers and aerosol spray paints and the
chemical has been proven to cause cancer in animals. In the
human body, methylene chloride is converted to carbon
monoxide and a person will suffer the same symptoms as
exposure to carbon monoxide.
• Benzene, is a chemical found in environmental tobacco smoke,
stored fuels, and exhaust from cars. Benzene has also been
known to contaminate food and water and if digested can lead to
vomiting, dizziness, sleepiness, rapid heartbeat, and at high
levels, even death may occur.
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) widely used cleaning products and
refrigerants. Tetrachloroethene is used widely in dry cleaning
harmful to ozone layer which prevents human by having skin
cancer and various skin diseases

30.  Particles of different substances suspended
in the air
 In the form of solid particles and liquid
droplets
 Particles vary widely in size
 Different particulate materials are aerosols,
dust, smoke, fumes, mist, fog, fly ash etc.

31.  Fine particles come from a variety of
sources:
-diesel trucks and buses
-construction equipment
-power plants
-woodstoves
-wildfires
 Also, Chemical reactions in the atmosphere
can transform gases into fine particles.

32. Effects:
 Premature death
 Aggravated asthma
 Acute respiratory symptoms
 Chronic bronchitis
 Decreased lung function (shortness of
breath)
 People with existing heart and lung
disease, as well as the elderly and
children, are particularly at risk

33. Ground level ozone (O3)
Is a major harmful ingredient in the photochemical smog.
It is not emitted directly into the air but produced in the
atmosphere where gases or vapours of organic chemicals called
hydrocarbons combine nitrogen oxide compounds in the presence
of sunlight.
Organic hydrocarbon gases- one of the raw materials for ozone
are released from a variety of sources related to human activities.
Sources- refineries, motor vehicles, chemical plants, paints and
solvents.

34.  Ozone reacts with lung tissue.
 It can inflame and cause harmful changes in
breathing passages, decrease the lungs
working ability and cause both coughing and
chest pains.

35.  A bluish gray metal that is heavy and soft.
Source
 Automobile exhaust
 Power plants, industries.
 The peeling out of paints in the houses and
old water pipes.
Effects
 Renal malfunction
 Anemia
 Damage to brain tissue.

36.  Water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane,
ozone and nitrous oxide.
Sources
 Vehicles exhaust, power plants, industries,
homes and deforestation
 Methane is formed during processing of fossil
fuels.
 Nitrous oxide is formed in industries.

37. Effects
 Rise in temperature can lead to melting of
polar icebergs.
 Leading to rise in sea levels.

39.  around 30-40% of cases of asthma and 20-
30% of all respiratory disease.
 effect our health in many ways with both
short term and long term effect.
 Short term effect are: irritation to nose, eye,
throat, bronchitis, headache etc.
 Long term affect are: lung disease, chronic
respiratory problem, damage to heart,
brain, eyes etc.
 Eye irritation due to NOx, O3, PAN,
particulates.
 Nose and throat due to SO2, NOx etc.

40.  Gaseous pollutants like H2S, SO2, NO2 and
hydrocarbons cause odor nuisance.
 Irritation of respiration tract caused by SOx,
NOx, CO, O3.
 Increase in mortality.
 High conc. of SO2, NO2 and SPM causes
bronchitis and asthma.
 CO and NO react with hemoglobin and
reduce O2 carrying capacity of blood.
 Heavy metals like lead can cause poisoning.
High conc. cause damage to liver and kidney.

41.  Cannot be fully prevented but can be
controlled.
1. Preventative measures
2. Control measures using equipments.
Preventative measures (source control)
 Selection of suitable fuel. (Low sulphur coal
in power plant, using of CNG)
 Modification in industrial process.
 Selection of suitable site and zoning for
industrial unit.

42. Control measures
 Use of proper filters or collectors to
control particulate matter
 Minimal consumption of fuel and
therefore reduces emissions to air.
 Encouraging people to use public
transport
 Usage of raw materials with cause less
pollution should be used
 Industries must be located far from the
residential areas.

43.  Smoking is a practice where a substance most
commonly tobacco is burned and the smoke
tasted or inhaled.
 Common methods of smoking today is by
cigarettes, hand-rolled from loose tobacco
and rolling paper.
 Pipes, hookahs, cigars and bongs

44.  Nicotine is the important constituent of
cigarette smoking.
 Cigarette smoke contains metals like arsenic,
nickel, cadmium, chromium, acetaldehyde
and carbon monoxide.

45.  Pharmacological effect
Nicotine crosses the BBB and stimulates the
nicotine receptors in brain.
 Increased heart rate
 Increased coronary artery blood flow
 Increased contractility
 Cardiac output

46. Effects on various organs.
 Hair
 Hair becomes smelly and stained
 Slow hair growth, thinning and graying
of hair.
 Eyes
 Graves disease, glaucoma, cataract and
age related macular degeneration.
 Permanent blindness
 Nose
 Loss of sense of smell

47.  Teeth and gums.
 Yellow and stained teeth
 Bleeding gums
 Subsequently lead to plaque, loose
teeth, gums disease and gingivitis.
 Mouth and throat
 Cancers of the larynx, oral cavity, and
esophagus
 Sense of taste, sore throat and smelly
breath

48.  Skin
 Premature aging, wrinkles, capillaries and
scarring.
 Digestive system
 Peptic ulcers
 Crohns disease
 Heartburn
 Gallstones
 Stomach cancer

49.  Lungs
 Lung cancer
 Pneumonia
 Asthma
 Cough and sputum
 Tuberculosis
 COPD
 Chronic bronchitis
 Emphysema

50.  Heart
 Increased heart beat
 Sharp rise in blood pressure
 Coronary artery disease
 Aneurysm
 Stroke
 Peripheral vascular disease.

51. Definition
 Obesity is defined as an excess of adipose
tissue that imparts health risk; a body weight
of 20% excess over ideal weight and height is
considered a health risk.

52. 1. Inadequate pushing of oneself away from the
dining table causing overeating.
2. Insufficient pushing of oneself out of the
chair leading to inactivity and sedentary life
style.
3. Genetic predisposition to develop obesity.
4. Diets largely derived from carbohydrates and
fats than protein-rich diet.
5. Secondary obesity may result following a
number of underlying diseases such as
hypothyroidism, Cushing’s disease, insulinoma
and hypothalamic disorders.

53.  The lipid storing cells, adipocytes
comprise the adipose tissue, and are
present in vascular and stromal
compartment in the body.
 Adipose mass is increased due to
enlargement of adipose cells due to
excess of intracellular lipid deposition
as well as due to increase in the
number of adipocytes.
 The most important environmental
factor of excess consumption of
nutrients can lead to obesity.

54.  However, underlying molecular mechanisms
of obesity are beginning to unfold based on
observations that obesity is familial and is
seen in identical twins.
 Recently, two obesity genes have been found:
ob gene and its protein product leptin, and
db gene and its protein product leptin
receptor.

55.  Hyperinsulinaemia.
 Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
 Hypertension
 Hyperlipoproteinaemia.
 Atherosclerosis
 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
(NAFLD).
 Cholelithiasis.
 Hypoventilation syndrome (Pickwickian
syndrome).
 Osteoarthritis
 Cancer.

56.  Starvation is a state of overall deprivation of
nutrients. Its causes may be the following:
i) deliberate fasting—religious or political;
ii) famine conditions in a country or community;
or
iii) secondary undernutrition such as due to
chronic wasting diseases (infections,
inflammatory conditions, liver disease),cancer
etc. Cancer results in malignant cachexia as a
result of which cytokines are elaborated e.g.
tumor necrosis factor-α, elastases, proteases
etc.
 A starved individual has lax, dry skin, wasted
muscles and atrophy of internal organs.

57.  Glucose
 Proteins
 fats

58.  The inadequate consumption of protein and
energy as a result of primary dietary
deficiency or conditioned deficiency may
cause loss of body mass and adipose tissue,
resulting in protein energy or protein calorie
malnutrition (PEM or PCM).
 The impact of deficiency is marked in infants
and children.

59.  The spectrum of clinical syndromes
produced as a result of PEM includes the
following
 1. Kwashiorkor which is related to protein
deficiency though calorie intake may be
sufficient.
 2. Marasmus is starvation in infants
occurring due to overall lack of calories.

62. Vitamins are organic substances which cannot
be synthesized within the body and are
essential for maintenance of normal structure
and function of cells.
Vitamin deficiencies- often seen in children,
adolescent, pregnant and lactating women.

63. Vitamins are classified as
 Fat soluble vitamins
 Water soluble vitamins

64. There are 4 fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E and
K. They are absorbed from intestine in the
presence of bile salts and intact pancreatic
function. Their deficiencies occur more
readily due to conditioning factors (secondary
deficiency). Beside the deficiency syndromes
of these vitamins, a state of hypervitaminosis
due to excess of vitamin A and D also occurs.

65. This group conventionally consists of vitamin
C and members of B complex group. Besides,
choline, biotin and flavonoids are new
additions to this group. Water-soluble
vitamins are more readily absorbed from
small intestine. Deficiency of these vitamins
is mainly due to primary (dietary) factors.
Being water soluble, these vitamins are more
easily lost due to cooking or processing of
food.

66. SOURCES
 Preformed vitamin A (retinol)
◦ Fat-containing animal foods: liver, butter, cream,
whole milk, cheese, egg yolk
 Beta carotene
◦ Carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, broccoli,
pumpkin, squash, mango, and cantaloupe

67.  Maintenance of normal vision in reduced
light.
 Maintenance of structure and function of
specialised epithelium.
 Maintenance of normal cartilaginous and
bone growth.
 Immunity against infection in children

68. This fat-soluble vitamin exists in 2 activated
sterol forms:
 Vitamin D2 or calciferol; and
 Vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol

69. ENDOGENOUS SYNTHESIS:
80% of body’s need of vitamin D is met by
endogenous synthesis from the action of
ultraviolet light on 7-dehydrocholesterol
widely distributed in oily secretions of the
skin. The vitamin so formed by irradiation
enters the body directly through the skin.
Pigmentation of the skin reduces the
beneficial effects of ultraviolet light.
EXOGENOUS SOURCES:
The other source of vitamin D is diet such as
deep sea fish, fish oil, eggs, butter, milk,
some plants and grains.

71.  Maintenance of normal plasma levels of
calcium and phosphorous.
 Anti proliferative effects.

72. SOURCES
Out of many naturally-occurring tocoferols
and tocotrienols, α-tocopherol is biologically
the most active fat soluble compound for
humans. Vitamin E is found in most of the
ordinary foods such as vegetables, grains,
nuts and oils.

73.  Anti oxidant activity
 Scavenger of free radicals
 Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis
 Activates protein kinase C and phospholipase
A2.

74.  Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone)
 Vitamin K2 (menaquinone)
 Synthetic vitamin K (menadione)
SOURCES
 Green leafy vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage,
spinach, and kale
 Dairy products, cow’s milk, eggs, meats, fruits,
and cereals
 Bacteria in small intestine synthesizes some
vitamin K, but must be supplemented by dietary
sources.

75. Hepatic microsomal carboxylation reaction
for vitamin K dependent coagulation factors
(most importantly factor II or prothrombin;
others are factors VII, IX and X).

76. VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID)
SOURCES
Natural sources exist as L- ascorbic acid
closely related to glucose.
Citrus fruits- lemon, oranges, grape fruit
Vegetables- potatoes, tomatoes

77.  Antioxidant properties and can scavenge
free radicals.
 Hydroxylation of proline to form
hydroxyproline which is an essential
component of collagen.
 Reducing substance has other functions
such as:
1. Hydroxylation of dopamine to
norepinephrine.
2. Role in iron metabolism in its abosrption,
storage and keeping it in reduced state.

78. SOURCES
Peas, beans, pulses, beans,yeast, green
vegetable roots, fruits, meat,pork,rice and
wheat bran

79. Thiamine is in carbohydrate metabolism.
Thiamine after absorption is phosphorylated
to form thiamine pyrophosphate which is the
functionally active compound. This
compound acts as coenzyme for carboxylase
so as to decarboxylate pyruvic acid,
synthesises ATP and also participates in the
synthesis of fat from carbohydrate.

80. SOURCES
Liver, beef, mutton, pork, egg, milk, green
vegetables
FUNCTIONS.
Necessary for the metabolism of
carbohydrates, protein, and fats; tissue
maintenance (especially the skin around the
mouth); and healthy eyes.

81. SOURCES
Liver, kidney, meat, green vegetables and whole grain
cereals.
FUNCTIONS
Niacin includes biologically active derivative
nicotinamide which is essential for the formation of 2
oxidative coenzymes (dehydrogenases):
 NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) which is
required for dehydrogenation in the metabolism of
fat, carbohydrates and proteins.
 NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
which is essential for dehydrogenation in the hexose
monophosphate shunt of glucose metabolism.

82. SOURCES
 Poultry, fish, liver, kidney, potatoes,
bananas, spinach, and unrefined whole grains
(oats and wheat).
 Pyridoxine exists in 3 closely related
naturally-occurring substances— pyridoxine,
pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. All of these can
be converted into biologically active
coenzyme, pyridoxal 5phosphate.

83.  Fat metabolism;
 Protein metabolism;
 Amino acid metabolism such as
decarboxylation of amino acids,
transmethylation of methionine, conversion
of tryptophan to niacin;
 Steroid metabolism;
 Neurotransmitter synthesis;
 Haem synthesis.

84. SOURCES
Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin and a
member of vitamin B complex group. It
is available in food sources such as
organ meat, soya beans, egg yolk.
FUNCTIONS
1. In gene expression
2. In gluconeogenesis
3. In fatty acid synthesis
4. In catabolism of certain amino acids
such as leucine
5. As carrier of CO2 in carboxylase
enzymes.

85. SOURCES
organ meats, lean meat, seafood, eggs, and
dairy products.
FUNCTIONS
 Cobalamin: contains mineral cobalt
 Involved in folate metabolism, maintenance
of the myelin sheath, and healthy red blood
cells
 To be absorbed, must bind with intrinsic
factor in stomach.