This document provides an overview of blasting in open cast mines, including the various types of explosives used. It discusses low explosives like gunpowder as well as high explosives like nitroglycerin, dynamite, ANFO, LOX, slurry, and emulsion explosives. The advantages and disadvantages of each type are outlined. The document also discusses the use of bulk explosives and various bulk delivery systems. Key conditions for safely using bulk explosives on site are described.
This document provides an overview of blasting in open cast mines, including the various types of explosives used. It discusses low explosives like gunpowder as well as high explosives like nitroglycerin, dynamite, ANFO, LOX, slurry, and emulsion explosives. The advantages and disadvantages of each type are outlined. The document also discusses the use of bulk explosives and various bulk delivery systems. Key conditions for safely using bulk explosives on site are described.
This document provides information on different types of explosives and blasting accessories used in mines. It defines explosives and classifies them based on their sensitivity, risk level, strength, and other factors. It describes various high and low explosives like dynamite, ANFO, emulsion, and their properties. It also discusses blasting accessories like non-electric and electric detonation systems, detonating cords, and their advantages. In conclusion, the document is an overview of explosives and detonation tools commonly used for rock fragmentation in mining operations.
This document discusses blasting in mining operations. It begins by explaining that blasting is used to break rock into smaller pieces for mining and quarrying, or to create space. The objectives of blasting are to extract material at minimum cost while meeting production quality and quantity requirements. It then covers the different types of explosions, explosives, detonation and deflagration processes, properties and types of explosives, initiating systems including electrical, non-electric, detonating cord, and blast design considerations like burden, spacing, stemming, and bench height.
This document provides an overview of rock blasting fundamentals, including the types of explosives, initiation systems, circuits, blasthole loading, blast design, and geology considerations. It describes the main categories of explosives as nitroglycerin-based, dry blasting agents, and slurries. Detonators and delay series are discussed as the means of initiation. The three main circuit types - series, parallel-series, and parallel - are also summarized. Guidelines for blasthole loading, blast design based on geology, and selecting powder factors are presented at a high level.
The document discusses different types of explosives and their properties. It defines explosives as substances that rapidly decompose to generate gases upon detonation. Explosives are classified as low explosives which burn or high explosives which detonate. Key high explosives discussed include nitroglycerin, dynamite, ANFO (ammonium nitrate fuel oil), and liquid oxygen explosives. The document outlines the compositions, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of different explosives types. ANFO is currently the most widely used explosive due to its low cost and safety. Other explosives discussed include nitroglycerin based explosives and slurry explosives.
Optimization of Blasting Parameters in open cast minesAnurag Jha
The document discusses drilling and blasting techniques used in large open cast mines. It describes the different types of drilling systems including percussion, rotary, and rotary-percussion drilling. It also discusses the various explosives and blasting patterns used, including single and multi-row firing patterns. Finally, it introduces the concept of optimizing blasting parameters to improve fragmentation and reduce costs.
Explosives, Theory Of Breakage And Blasting Operationspartha sharma
This document discusses explosives and blasting operations. It defines different types of explosives and their ingredients and functions. It explains how to compare explosives based on their properties like strength, detonation velocity, density etc. It describes drilling systems and the theory of rock breakage through radial cracking and flexural rupture. Finally, it discusses blast design factors and different controlled blasting techniques like line drilling, cushion blasting, smooth-wall blasting and pre-splitting used to control overbreak.
This document discusses rock fragmentation in mining through blasting. It describes the objectives of fragmentation and factors that control fragment size, such as specific charge, spacing and burden. It explains the mechanisms of blasting including detonation shock waves and gas pressure. Methods for quantifying and optimizing fragmentation are provided, such as mean fragment size and oversize content. A case study reports on blasting results from a Tata Steel mine in India. The document also discusses secondary blasting and modeling fragmentation using the Kuz-Ram model and software.
This document provides an overview of blasting in open cast mines, including the various types of explosives used. It discusses low explosives like gunpowder as well as high explosives like nitroglycerin, dynamite, ANFO, LOX, slurry, and emulsion explosives. The advantages and disadvantages of each type are outlined. The document also discusses the use of bulk explosives and various bulk delivery systems. Key conditions for safely using bulk explosives on site are described.
This document provides information on different types of explosives and blasting accessories used in mines. It defines explosives and classifies them based on their sensitivity, risk level, strength, and other factors. It describes various high and low explosives like dynamite, ANFO, emulsion, and their properties. It also discusses blasting accessories like non-electric and electric detonation systems, detonating cords, and their advantages. In conclusion, the document is an overview of explosives and detonation tools commonly used for rock fragmentation in mining operations.
This document discusses blasting in mining operations. It begins by explaining that blasting is used to break rock into smaller pieces for mining and quarrying, or to create space. The objectives of blasting are to extract material at minimum cost while meeting production quality and quantity requirements. It then covers the different types of explosions, explosives, detonation and deflagration processes, properties and types of explosives, initiating systems including electrical, non-electric, detonating cord, and blast design considerations like burden, spacing, stemming, and bench height.
This document provides an overview of rock blasting fundamentals, including the types of explosives, initiation systems, circuits, blasthole loading, blast design, and geology considerations. It describes the main categories of explosives as nitroglycerin-based, dry blasting agents, and slurries. Detonators and delay series are discussed as the means of initiation. The three main circuit types - series, parallel-series, and parallel - are also summarized. Guidelines for blasthole loading, blast design based on geology, and selecting powder factors are presented at a high level.
The document discusses different types of explosives and their properties. It defines explosives as substances that rapidly decompose to generate gases upon detonation. Explosives are classified as low explosives which burn or high explosives which detonate. Key high explosives discussed include nitroglycerin, dynamite, ANFO (ammonium nitrate fuel oil), and liquid oxygen explosives. The document outlines the compositions, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of different explosives types. ANFO is currently the most widely used explosive due to its low cost and safety. Other explosives discussed include nitroglycerin based explosives and slurry explosives.
Optimization of Blasting Parameters in open cast minesAnurag Jha
The document discusses drilling and blasting techniques used in large open cast mines. It describes the different types of drilling systems including percussion, rotary, and rotary-percussion drilling. It also discusses the various explosives and blasting patterns used, including single and multi-row firing patterns. Finally, it introduces the concept of optimizing blasting parameters to improve fragmentation and reduce costs.
Explosives, Theory Of Breakage And Blasting Operationspartha sharma
This document discusses explosives and blasting operations. It defines different types of explosives and their ingredients and functions. It explains how to compare explosives based on their properties like strength, detonation velocity, density etc. It describes drilling systems and the theory of rock breakage through radial cracking and flexural rupture. Finally, it discusses blast design factors and different controlled blasting techniques like line drilling, cushion blasting, smooth-wall blasting and pre-splitting used to control overbreak.
This document discusses rock fragmentation in mining through blasting. It describes the objectives of fragmentation and factors that control fragment size, such as specific charge, spacing and burden. It explains the mechanisms of blasting including detonation shock waves and gas pressure. Methods for quantifying and optimizing fragmentation are provided, such as mean fragment size and oversize content. A case study reports on blasting results from a Tata Steel mine in India. The document also discusses secondary blasting and modeling fragmentation using the Kuz-Ram model and software.
This document provides information about drilling and blasting techniques used at Suez Cement quarries. It discusses drilling methods, including rotary and rotary percussion drilling. It also covers topics like blast hole patterns, burden calculations, deviation control, and factors that affect drilling and blasting performance. The document then discusses explosive types like ANFO, emulsion, and dynamite used in quarry blasting and compares their properties.
This document provides an overview of explosive initiation systems and their components. It describes various initiation methods including safety fuse and plain detonators, detonating cord, electric detonators, and nonel or shock tube detonators. Electric detonators come in instantaneous or delay varieties, with half-second, millisecond, and short delay series available. Nonel initiation systems use plastic shock tubes coated with explosive powder to transmit detonation signals. Relay connectors like detonating relay connectors and nonel trunkline delays are used to sequence blasting. Exploders or blasting machines are also described, ranging from single detonator to 100 detonator models powered by generators or batteries.
Blast hole drilling is a technique used in mining where holes are drilled into rock, packed with explosives, and detonated. The seminar discusses the blast hole drilling process, which involves drilling holes, loading explosives into the holes, detonating the explosives to blast the rock, ventilating smoke and fumes, removing blasted rock, and installing ground support. Different drill hole patterns, explosives, and the typical drilling and blasting cycle are also covered.
Its a presentation about the design aspect of open cast mine. The author believes it will surely help the mining engineering students at the beginning level.
ANFO, Emulsion and Heavy ANFO blends - Useful explosive and blasting agent fo...partha sharma
AN being oxygen positive, is often used as oxygen supplier in addition to being an explosive base. It forms the explosive base in ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate – Fuel Oil) explosives,which are now widely used.
The document summarizes drilling and blasting equipment used in mining and construction. It describes various types of drills like percussion drills, abrasion drills, and fusion piercing. It also discusses components of drilling like drills, drill bits, and different drilling patterns. The document then explains the blasting process which involves using explosives like dynamite, detonators, fuses, and blasting caps. Proper handling and transportation of explosives is important for safety. The blasting procedure involves making blast holes, inserting charges, tamping, and detonating with a fuse or detonator.
The document discusses different types of explosives and their properties. It describes explosives as substances that rapidly decompose to produce gases when initiated, and classifies them as low explosives that burn or high explosives that detonate. The document provides details on various commercial explosives including ANFO, dynamite, emulsion explosives, liquid oxygen explosives, and slurry explosives, outlining their compositions, characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages.
This document discusses drilling and blasting techniques used for rock excavation. It describes the necessity of drilling holes in rock for placing explosives. The main types of drills are abrasion drills like short drills and diamond drills, and percussion drills like jackhammers and rotary drills. Factors for selecting appropriate drilling equipment include rock hardness, depth, terrain, and purpose. Explosives discussed include dynamite, ammonium nitrate, slurry, ANFO, and RDX. The blasting process involves cleaning holes, placing a primer, stemming, and detonating with a fuse or electric spark.
Drilling and blasting involves different types of drilling like rotary and percussive drilling. Rotary drilling uses tricone bits and drag bits while percussive uses hammers. Factors like burden, spacing, stemming affect blast design. Explosives like TNT, dynamite and safety fuses are used. Blasted rocks undergo processes like radial cracking and flexural rupture. Controlled blasting techniques like presplitting and cushion blasting reduce overbreak. Explosives have risks but when used properly can efficiently fracture rocks for excavation.
This document discusses several controlled blasting techniques used to control blasting results, including line drilling, pre-splitting, cushion blasting, smooth blasting, air-decking, and muffle blasting. It focuses on describing the pre-splitting technique, which involves drilling a row of holes along the final excavation line, loading them with light explosives charges, and firing them before the main blast to create a fracture zone and prevent overbreak of the wall. The document provides details on parameters for pre-splitting like hole spacing, loading density, and linear charge concentration based on hole diameter. It emphasizes the importance of selecting the right parameters for the specific rock conditions when using pre-splitting.
This document discusses various types of gases and dusts found in mines. It describes five common gas mixtures called damps: white damp (CO and air), black damp (CO2, N2 and air), stink damp (H2S and air), after damp (CO, CO2, CH4, O2, N2 and H2), and fire damp (methane and air). It also discusses mine dusts and provides a classification system for dusts based on their health hazards and explosion properties, including fiberogenic, carcinogenic, toxic, radioactive, and explosive dusts.
This document discusses mine explosions caused by methane gas (firedamp) ignition. It provides details on:
1) What mine explosions are, their main causes being firedamp or coal dust ignition. The worst Indian disaster killed 268 miners at Dhori Colliery in 1965.
2) The properties of firedamp (methane gas), including its flammable limits and factors influencing ignitability like temperature and concentration.
3) Potential ignition sources in mines including blasting, fires, sparks from damaged safety lamps or friction from cutting or drilling equipment. Negligence by miners is also a cause.
Longwall mining is a major method of underground coal extraction worldwide. In India, coal accounts for over 50% of energy production, though most is still extracted via opencast mines. Longwall mining was introduced to India in the 1970s but has seen limited improvement and adoption since. Key longwall equipment includes powered roof supports, shearers, conveyors, and monitoring is important for strata control and safety. Organizing longwall panels and transferring equipment between panels is a complex operation involving dismantling, transport and reassembly of machinery.
This document discusses various drilling methods and equipment used in surface mining operations. It describes common drilling methods like rotary, percussion, and DTH drilling. It also covers different types of drilling equipment based on mounting and motive power. The document discusses factors affecting drilling and classifications of drilling methods and rock drill bits. It provides details on suitable conditions for different drilling methods and considerations for drill selection.
This document discusses the bord and pillar mining method. It begins by introducing bord and pillar mining and explaining that it involves driving parallel roads separated by coal pillars.
It then explains some key aspects of bord and pillar design, including that the optimal pillar size is critical to ensure stability without leaving too much coal behind. Pillar size needs to increase with depth and road width.
The document also provides details on factors that influence pillar design, such as seam strength and thickness, roof and floor conditions, extraction percentage, and depth. Formulas are presented for calculating pillar stress, strength, and safety factors.
This document discusses parameters for blast design in surface mining operations. It defines key blast design terms like burden, spacing, hole depth, explosive column, and stemming. The objectives of blasting are outlined as optimizing performance, safety, highwall stability, fragmentation, and rock movement. Controlled blasting techniques like presplitting, smooth blasting, line drilling and cushion blasting are described for minimizing overbreak beyond design boundaries. Blast measurements and calculations involving powder factor, loading density, and fragmentation distribution are also summarized.
The document discusses techniques for open pit mining blasts, including:
- Major factors like attitude, communication, blast design, and geological effects influence blast efficiency
- Proper blast design considers uniform energy distribution, confinement, energy level, and design adjustments for conditions
- Geological effects like rock properties, structure, water, and seam orientations impact blasting results more than explosive properties
- Basic blast design considerations include bench height, hole diameter, burden, spacing, stemming, and decking
This document introduces Royex Generation II propellant systems from Etken Teknologi for rock breaking applications. It summarizes the key issues with existing propellant technologies and outlines Etken's solutions. The Royex Generation II uses a new propellant formula that is stronger and oxygen balanced to eliminate noxious gases. It also introduces the Maxclip initiation system which provides a complete 1.4S pyrotechnical timing solution worldwide. Trials in quarries demonstrated the improved performance and reduced vibrations. The new systems and production methods lower costs and make propellant rock breaking safer and more practical.
This document provides information about drilling and blasting techniques used at Suez Cement quarries. It discusses drilling methods, including rotary and rotary percussion drilling. It also covers topics like blast hole patterns, burden calculations, deviation control, and factors that affect drilling and blasting performance. The document then discusses explosive types like ANFO, emulsion, and dynamite used in quarry blasting and compares their properties.
This document provides an overview of explosive initiation systems and their components. It describes various initiation methods including safety fuse and plain detonators, detonating cord, electric detonators, and nonel or shock tube detonators. Electric detonators come in instantaneous or delay varieties, with half-second, millisecond, and short delay series available. Nonel initiation systems use plastic shock tubes coated with explosive powder to transmit detonation signals. Relay connectors like detonating relay connectors and nonel trunkline delays are used to sequence blasting. Exploders or blasting machines are also described, ranging from single detonator to 100 detonator models powered by generators or batteries.
Blast hole drilling is a technique used in mining where holes are drilled into rock, packed with explosives, and detonated. The seminar discusses the blast hole drilling process, which involves drilling holes, loading explosives into the holes, detonating the explosives to blast the rock, ventilating smoke and fumes, removing blasted rock, and installing ground support. Different drill hole patterns, explosives, and the typical drilling and blasting cycle are also covered.
Its a presentation about the design aspect of open cast mine. The author believes it will surely help the mining engineering students at the beginning level.
ANFO, Emulsion and Heavy ANFO blends - Useful explosive and blasting agent fo...partha sharma
AN being oxygen positive, is often used as oxygen supplier in addition to being an explosive base. It forms the explosive base in ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate – Fuel Oil) explosives,which are now widely used.
The document summarizes drilling and blasting equipment used in mining and construction. It describes various types of drills like percussion drills, abrasion drills, and fusion piercing. It also discusses components of drilling like drills, drill bits, and different drilling patterns. The document then explains the blasting process which involves using explosives like dynamite, detonators, fuses, and blasting caps. Proper handling and transportation of explosives is important for safety. The blasting procedure involves making blast holes, inserting charges, tamping, and detonating with a fuse or detonator.
The document discusses different types of explosives and their properties. It describes explosives as substances that rapidly decompose to produce gases when initiated, and classifies them as low explosives that burn or high explosives that detonate. The document provides details on various commercial explosives including ANFO, dynamite, emulsion explosives, liquid oxygen explosives, and slurry explosives, outlining their compositions, characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages.
This document discusses drilling and blasting techniques used for rock excavation. It describes the necessity of drilling holes in rock for placing explosives. The main types of drills are abrasion drills like short drills and diamond drills, and percussion drills like jackhammers and rotary drills. Factors for selecting appropriate drilling equipment include rock hardness, depth, terrain, and purpose. Explosives discussed include dynamite, ammonium nitrate, slurry, ANFO, and RDX. The blasting process involves cleaning holes, placing a primer, stemming, and detonating with a fuse or electric spark.
Drilling and blasting involves different types of drilling like rotary and percussive drilling. Rotary drilling uses tricone bits and drag bits while percussive uses hammers. Factors like burden, spacing, stemming affect blast design. Explosives like TNT, dynamite and safety fuses are used. Blasted rocks undergo processes like radial cracking and flexural rupture. Controlled blasting techniques like presplitting and cushion blasting reduce overbreak. Explosives have risks but when used properly can efficiently fracture rocks for excavation.
This document discusses several controlled blasting techniques used to control blasting results, including line drilling, pre-splitting, cushion blasting, smooth blasting, air-decking, and muffle blasting. It focuses on describing the pre-splitting technique, which involves drilling a row of holes along the final excavation line, loading them with light explosives charges, and firing them before the main blast to create a fracture zone and prevent overbreak of the wall. The document provides details on parameters for pre-splitting like hole spacing, loading density, and linear charge concentration based on hole diameter. It emphasizes the importance of selecting the right parameters for the specific rock conditions when using pre-splitting.
This document discusses various types of gases and dusts found in mines. It describes five common gas mixtures called damps: white damp (CO and air), black damp (CO2, N2 and air), stink damp (H2S and air), after damp (CO, CO2, CH4, O2, N2 and H2), and fire damp (methane and air). It also discusses mine dusts and provides a classification system for dusts based on their health hazards and explosion properties, including fiberogenic, carcinogenic, toxic, radioactive, and explosive dusts.
This document discusses mine explosions caused by methane gas (firedamp) ignition. It provides details on:
1) What mine explosions are, their main causes being firedamp or coal dust ignition. The worst Indian disaster killed 268 miners at Dhori Colliery in 1965.
2) The properties of firedamp (methane gas), including its flammable limits and factors influencing ignitability like temperature and concentration.
3) Potential ignition sources in mines including blasting, fires, sparks from damaged safety lamps or friction from cutting or drilling equipment. Negligence by miners is also a cause.
Longwall mining is a major method of underground coal extraction worldwide. In India, coal accounts for over 50% of energy production, though most is still extracted via opencast mines. Longwall mining was introduced to India in the 1970s but has seen limited improvement and adoption since. Key longwall equipment includes powered roof supports, shearers, conveyors, and monitoring is important for strata control and safety. Organizing longwall panels and transferring equipment between panels is a complex operation involving dismantling, transport and reassembly of machinery.
This document discusses various drilling methods and equipment used in surface mining operations. It describes common drilling methods like rotary, percussion, and DTH drilling. It also covers different types of drilling equipment based on mounting and motive power. The document discusses factors affecting drilling and classifications of drilling methods and rock drill bits. It provides details on suitable conditions for different drilling methods and considerations for drill selection.
This document discusses the bord and pillar mining method. It begins by introducing bord and pillar mining and explaining that it involves driving parallel roads separated by coal pillars.
It then explains some key aspects of bord and pillar design, including that the optimal pillar size is critical to ensure stability without leaving too much coal behind. Pillar size needs to increase with depth and road width.
The document also provides details on factors that influence pillar design, such as seam strength and thickness, roof and floor conditions, extraction percentage, and depth. Formulas are presented for calculating pillar stress, strength, and safety factors.
This document discusses parameters for blast design in surface mining operations. It defines key blast design terms like burden, spacing, hole depth, explosive column, and stemming. The objectives of blasting are outlined as optimizing performance, safety, highwall stability, fragmentation, and rock movement. Controlled blasting techniques like presplitting, smooth blasting, line drilling and cushion blasting are described for minimizing overbreak beyond design boundaries. Blast measurements and calculations involving powder factor, loading density, and fragmentation distribution are also summarized.
The document discusses techniques for open pit mining blasts, including:
- Major factors like attitude, communication, blast design, and geological effects influence blast efficiency
- Proper blast design considers uniform energy distribution, confinement, energy level, and design adjustments for conditions
- Geological effects like rock properties, structure, water, and seam orientations impact blasting results more than explosive properties
- Basic blast design considerations include bench height, hole diameter, burden, spacing, stemming, and decking
This document introduces Royex Generation II propellant systems from Etken Teknologi for rock breaking applications. It summarizes the key issues with existing propellant technologies and outlines Etken's solutions. The Royex Generation II uses a new propellant formula that is stronger and oxygen balanced to eliminate noxious gases. It also introduces the Maxclip initiation system which provides a complete 1.4S pyrotechnical timing solution worldwide. Trials in quarries demonstrated the improved performance and reduced vibrations. The new systems and production methods lower costs and make propellant rock breaking safer and more practical.
This document provides a summary of innovative stimulation technologies for shale gas recovery. It discusses various fracturing methods including hydraulic, pneumatic, dynamic loading, and other methods. Specific technologies are described in more detail, including liquid carbon dioxide fracturing, LPG fracturing, energized fluids, HiWAY flow channel fracturing, various perforating technologies like FracGun, StimGun, GasGun, and a proposed Multistage Perforator. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods are presented. The goal is to review these technologies to inspire discussion between industry and academia around developing environmentally friendly and economically viable solutions for Polish shales.
This document provides a summary of innovative stimulation technologies for shale gas recovery. It discusses various fracturing methods including hydraulic, pneumatic, dynamic loading, and other methods. Specific technologies are described in more detail, including liquid carbon dioxide fracturing, LPG fracturing, energized fluids, HiWAY flow channel fracturing, various perforating technologies like FracGun, StimGun, GasGun, and a proposed Multistage Perforator. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods are presented. The goal is to review these technologies to inspire discussion between industry and academia around developing environmentally friendly and economically viable solutions for Polish shales.
1. The document discusses the behavior of low rank high moisture coal stored in small stockpiles under controlled ambient conditions. Laboratory tests were conducted on coal samples from Indonesia to analyze properties like moisture content, calorific value, and reactivity.
2. Small-scale stockpile tests showed that natural drying can significantly reduce coal moisture content over time. However, rainfall negatively impacts the drying process. Staging the coal by size and sheltering stockpiles enhances moisture loss.
3. Analysis methods like XRD, FTIR, and TGA provided insights into the coal's amorphous structure and functional groups, which influence its moisture holding capacity. Understanding these relationships can help optimize stockpile management and drying.
Inspection of Fire Fighting Equipments | NFPA Regulations | Gaurav Singh RajputGaurav Singh Rajput
This document provides an overview of regulations regarding inspection of firefighting equipment as outlined by NFPA standards. It discusses principles of fire and explosion, classifications of dangerous substances, fire growth rates, factors affecting growth rates, types of fire accidents including explosions, and considerations for dry chemical fire suppression systems including applications, agent types, system requirements, and operation/control. The key topics covered include fire triangle principles, explosion definitions, gas detection systems, hazard identification, and risk assessment processes.
The document discusses using plasma torch technology to dispose of municipal and industrial waste in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Plasma torch technology uses an ionized gas heated to extreme temperatures to break down waste on a molecular level into gases like CO, H2, and CO2 while melting inorganic waste. It would reduce waste volume and produce a stable non-toxic glass material. However, plasma torch technology is more expensive than traditional disposal methods and would require a larger financial investment and environmental permits.
The document discusses integrated green technologies for municipal solid waste (MSW) management. It describes an automated waste collection system and various MSW thermo-chemical conversion technologies, including recycling, combustion, incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, and advanced thermal gasification. Incineration can generate energy from MSW but requires effective pollution controls. Emerging technologies like gasification and pyrolysis produce syngas and oils while advanced thermal gasification vitrifies waste into inert materials. Overall, thermal conversion technologies allow for more sustainable MSW management compared to landfilling but require further commercialization and environmental assessment.
Application and development trend of flue gas desulfurization (fgd) process a...hunypink
In 1927, the limestone desulfurization process was first applied in the Barthes and Bansside Power Plants (total
120MW) beside the Thames River in UK to protect high-rise building in London. Up to now, over 10 desulfurization processes have been launched and applied. Based on the desulfurizing agent being used, there include calcium process (limestone/lime), ammonia process, magnesium process, sodium process, alkali alumina process, copper oxide/zinc process, active carbon process, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate process, etc. The calcium process is commercially available and widely used in the world, i.e. more than 90%. Flue gas desulfurization processes, survey made by the coal research institute under the International Energy Agency shows that the wet-process desulfurization accounts for 85% of total installed capacity of flue gas desulfurization units across the world. The wet-process desulfurization is mainly applied in countries, like Japan (98%), USA (92%), Germany (90%), etc. The limestone-gypsum wet desulfurization process, the most mature technology, the most applications, the most reliable operation in the world, may have rate of desulfurization of more than 90%. Currently, the flue gas desulfurization technology used at thermal power plants at home and abroad tends to be higher rate of desulfurization, bigger installed capacity, more advanced technology, lower investment, less land acquisition, lower operation cost, higher level of automation, more excellent reliability, etc. This paper briefs current situations and trends of flue gas desulfurization technology also append short descript of different type of FDG and their category.
This document provides an overview of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes and their development trends. It discusses that over 10 desulfurization processes have been developed and applied since 1927, with the calcium process being the most widely used. The wet FGD process accounts for 85% of global installed capacity. It also summarizes the three generation of improvements made to the wet limestone/lime FGD process that have simplified the design. Current trends toward FGD include higher desulfurization rates, larger capacities, lower costs, and byproduct utilization.
Advancement in surface engineering processes by spraymetAnand, P T Bindagi
This document provides an overview of various surface coating processes including a timeline of their development. It describes processes such as nitriding, hard chrome plating, electroless nickel plating, physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, plasma spraying, detonation gun spraying, high-velocity oxy-fuel spraying, and high-velocity air-fuel spraying. It discusses the working mechanisms, advantages, applications and comparison of these different coating techniques. The document aims to outline the key advancements in surface engineering processes for modifying material properties.
Flue gas desulfurization is commonly known as FGD and is the technology used for removing sulfur dioxide (SO2) from the exhaust combustion flue gases of power plants that burn coal or oil to produce steam for the turbines that drive their electricity generators.
The document discusses thin film deposition techniques for industrial applications. It describes electron beam evaporation and magnetron sputtering methods. Examples are given of thin film applications in architectural glass coatings, photovoltaics, and web coating systems. Rotatable and planar sputtering targets are compared, showing higher deposition rates and uniformity are achieved with rotatable targets. Reactive sputtering is detailed for depositing oxides and nitrides. The document emphasizes von Ardenne's equipment for high-rate production coating of large glass or flexible polymer substrates.
A new method is proposed that can be implemented in case of mine fire. One of the most fatal accidents in Mining is outbreak of mine fire, this method helps to isolate the area under fire and simultaneously tries to diminish the fire to prevent coal loss.
Standard practices for handling, storing, and transporting chlorine tonners/cylinders involve careful procedures due to safety hazards. Chlorine is transported over long distances by road in India. Training programs educate transporters, drivers, and cleaners on emergency procedures. Strict safety checks of vehicles and emergency response plans are required when transporting hazardous chemicals like chlorine.
This document summarizes Vahid Ebadat's presentation on dust explosion hazard assessment and the OSHA combustible dust National Emphasis Program (NEP). The key points are:
1) Five conditions must exist simultaneously for a dust explosion to occur, including an explosible dust cloud, ignition source, and proper fuel-oxidizer-ignition source mixture.
2) OSHA's NEP inspects facilities that handle combustible dusts and can issue citations. Inspections include dust sampling and analysis, and auditing dust management practices.
3) Managing dust explosion risks involves controlling flammable atmospheres through ventilation, eliminating ignition sources, and using explosion protection systems.
1. The document describes a process to remove moisture from off-gas containing NOx and SOx from a zirconium oxide plant. The wet cake is dried, producing 450kg/hr of water vapor and visible plume from the stack.
2. A pilot plant test showed condensing 130kg/hr of the off-gas produced 3.55kg of condensate in 1 hour, indicating a condenser could capture around 460kg/hr. The document then details the design of a shell and tube condenser to remove the moisture.
3. The condenser design was based on pilot plant results and aimed to reduce the visible plume from the stack while meeting regulatory standards. Modeling
Eksplosjonshendelser og eksperimenter v/ Professor Dag Bjerketvedt, Høyskolen...Lloyd's Register
Temaene i foredraget er erfarte eksplosjoner i prosessindustrien og forskning på eksplosjoner. Funn fra granskning av hendelser knyttes til eksperimenter og testing av eksplosjoner.
This document discusses flame retardant nanocomposites. It outlines how nanocomposites using layered silicates can provide flame retardancy properties comparable to conventional composites using lower filler content, improving mechanical properties and processability. The key mechanisms of flame retardancy in nanocomposites involve the formation of a thermal insulating and low permeability char layer that acts as a physical and chemical barrier. Proper dispersion of the nanofillers is critical to maximize these effects.
The UniCase Master® system provides a revolutionary innovation for precision case hardening using a single-piece flow with low pressure carburizing and 4D quenching. This allows for lean manufacturing integration, 100% traceability, reduced distortion, flexibility, and clean processing compared to traditional batch technologies. Key benefits include improved quality, precision, throughput, and reduced costs.
- Mining is a hazardous profession with high accident and injury rates in India. There were 117 and 101 fatalities and 509 and 52 serious injuries in coal and metalliferous mines respectively in 2010.
- On average over the last ten years, there were 83 and 49 fatalities and 729 and 94 serious accidents annually in coal and metalliferous mines respectively.
- The average death rate per 1000 persons employed annually is around 0.26 and 0.42 and the serious injury rate is around 1.95 and 0.74 in coal and metalliferous mines respectively.
- Several factors ranging from personal to management issues contribute to the high injury rates in Indian mines.
This document provides information on various topics related to tunnelling including introduction, role of geology, factors improving tunnelling, problems associated with tunnelling, future considerations, terms related to mining practices and tunnelling, tunnel service classification, methods of tunnelling, development of drills, equipment used, drilling processes, and specific drilling equipment. It discusses the importance of tunnels, describes different types of tunnels based on use and ground conditions, and outlines key factors to consider for tunnel design and construction methods.
Role of management information systems in a mine.Safdar Ali
The document presents information on using a management information system (MIS) in a mine to optimize different operations such as drilling, blasting, loading, and transportation. It discusses using MIS to monitor these operations, provide operational and production data to managers, and help with decision making. Specific software solutions mentioned include blast information management systems, mine management reporting systems, and workforce management reporting systems. These systems can collect, analyze, and report various data like blast details, safety incidents, production figures, and personnel information to support mine planning and operations.
The document discusses various topics related to blasting and mucking in mines. It describes different types of cuts used for blasting weaker vs tougher rocks. It explains the common pattern of charging blast holes, with 2/3 filled with explosive and the remaining 1/3 with stemming material. It provides a formula for calculating the number of blast holes needed based on the powder factor and weight of explosives and rock. Finally, it discusses mucking, the loading of exploded materials, and the main machinery used for this in coal mines: side discharge loaders and load haul dump vehicles.
Marine operations require consideration of natural systems like weather, hydrology, geology, and biology. They also require ships and platforms, power sources, navigation tools, communication systems, and other technologies. Ships and platforms can be airborne, floating, submerged, or seabed-contacting, and are used to support equipment, work with seabed materials, and transport personnel and cargo. They come in various types including self-propelled or stationary, manned or unmanned designs. Power sources for marine operations face limitations similar to remote land areas and must be selected based on required power levels, available equipment, and cost.
Nuclear devices can be used for various applications in exploration and mining by creating large cavities. They offer a cheaper alternative to traditional earth moving and mining methods. Specifically, nuclear explosions could help remove overburden for a large non-ferrous metal deposit located in an extreme northern territory. A test explosion is planned to determine the optimal explosion parameters for displacing 900 million cubic meters of the total 2.3 billion cubic meters of overburden, with an expected cost savings of 1 billion roubles. Nuclear devices provide a way to mine remotely and in difficult climates by fragmenting rock and creating cavities.
Mining of manganese nodules from sea floorSafdar Ali
Mining of Manganese nodules from sea floor
Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are rock concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. There are three main concepts for mining systems for deep-sea minerals like nodules: hydraulic mining using pumps, a continuous line bucket system using a chain of buckets, and a modular mining system using a self-propelled collector shuttle. The economic feasibility and delineation of a mine-site are important considerations for nodule mining based on the availability and demand for metals like nickel, copper, cobalt, and manganese.
Mine water risk in open pit slope stabilitySafdar Ali
The document discusses mine water risk and its impact on open pit slope stability. It analyzes the slope stability of a chromite mine in India under three conditions: dry, drained, and undrained. Slope stability analysis was performed using the SLOPE/W software. The factor of safety was highest for the dry condition (1.277) and lowest for the undrained condition (1.230). Proper drainage is required to maintain stability as water can reduce shear strength and increase pore pressure.
Innovations and trend in metal mining & tunnellngSafdar Ali
Underground mining technologies have advanced with innovations like raise boring, trackless haulage systems, ore sorting, tele-remote operation, and fuel cells. New methods access deeper ore bodies through declines and improve productivity with longer hole drilling, bulk explosives charging, and fully automated material handling. Monitoring systems and hydraulic roof supports enhance safety, while leaching and biotechnology may enable extraction from additional mineral deposits.
Lighting terminology and units can be complex, but essentially come down to three main concepts:
1) Luminous flux refers to the total amount of visible light emitted by a source, measured in lumens. 2) Illuminance refers to the amount of light falling on a surface, measured in lux. 3) Luminance refers to the amount of light emitted from or reflected off a surface, measured in candelas per square meter. Understanding these core photometric concepts and the related units like lumens, lux, and candelas is essential for working with lighting.
Evaluation of slope stability for waste rock dumps in a mineSafdar Ali
This document evaluates the slope stability of waste rock dumps in an open cast mine. It discusses factors affecting dump stability such as shear strength, permeability, and hydrological issues. Modes of slope failure like planar, wedge, and circular failures are examined. A case study site is modeled using FLAC/Slope numerical software to analyze stability under varying conditions. Parametric studies show that stability decreases with steeper slopes and increases with higher cohesion and friction angle. The model provides accurate stability assessments and recommendations to optimize dump slopes.
This document provides information on grouting systems, freezing methods, shaft drilling and boring, and shaft sinking. It discusses grout hole specifications, selection of cement parameters, equipment used, and testing. It also covers freezing hole specifications, the freezing process, equipment, and periods of active and passive freezing. Finally, it outlines equipment needed for shaft sinking such as temporary buildings, drilling and blasting, mucking, dewatering pumps and devices, typical numbers of equipment, and purposes and brakes for hoists.
Digitization and 3d modelling of a mine planSafdar Ali
This document describes digitizing and 3D modeling of a mine plan. The plan was scanned and imported into AutoCAD for digitization. The digitized file was then imported into Surpac software to generate a 3D model. Contours were triangulated to create terrain models of the underground mine surfaces and other features. Sections and views of the 3D model provided advantages over paper plans such as accurate volume calculations, reserve estimations, and teaching applications. Future work could include using the model for reserve calculations and pit design.
Variety of mine plans and sections & second scheduleSafdar Ali
The document lists 20 types of mine plans and sections that are required by mining regulations. They include surface plans, underground plans, vertical sections, ventilation plans, combined seam plans, geological plans, rescue plans, water danger plans, abandoned mine plans, stone dusting plans, sampling plans, firefighting plans, joint survey plans, electrical plans, subsidence plans, systematic support plans, manpower distribution plans, accident plans, and any other plans required by inspectors. The plans must show details of the mine workings, geology, infrastructure, ventilation, hazards, personnel, and accidents.
Statutory provisions for the preaparation of mine plans and sectionsSafdar Ali
This document outlines 12 situations that require mine plans and sections to be prepared or updated according to regulations:
1) When a mine is abandoned, 2) When ownership of a mine changes, 3) When an old mine is re-opened, 4) When a tracing of a plan is prepared, 5) When workings are approaching the mine boundary, 6) When doubts arise about plan accuracy, 7) Before starting pillar extraction, 8) When working near railways/roads, 9) When working below rivers/canals, 10) When approaching disused workings, 11) Before constructing underground water dams, 12) For multi-section workings within 9m of each other. In each case, the document specifies what information must
Gps & its applications in opencast mine surveyingSafdar Ali
This document discusses the use of GPS technology for surveying applications in opencast mines. It provides information on the basic components and operation of GPS including its satellite constellation, signal structure, positioning principles, sources of error, and different receiver types. It then describes how GPS can be used for applications like surveying benches, faces, machines, boreholes, and establishing surface and control plans in opencast mines. Different GPS modes like static, rapid-static, kinematic and stop-and-go are outlined with their achievable accuracies for various surveying tasks.
This document discusses the applications of lasers in mining. It mentions that lasers are used for airborne scanning to detect mine subsidence over large areas, and for 3D scanning underground to create digital mine plans. Lasers are also used for distance measurement between points that are difficult to access, for shaft deepening, measuring shaft depths, underground surveying, and large hole drilling while maintaining orientation.
The document summarizes a gyro-theodolite, which uses a spinning gyroscope integrated with a theodolite to determine true north underground. It describes the main components, including the Wild GAK1 and more modern Gyromat 3000 suspended gyroscope systems. It provides details on operating and calibrating the gyro-theodolite, including running up the gyroscope, making observations of the moving shadow mark on the gyro scale, and equations to determine the midpoint of motion and calculate true north from the observations.
The document discusses GPS receivers and positioning methods. It provides details on:
- How GPS receivers obtain data from at least 4 satellites to determine position through measuring pseudo-ranges or carrier phase.
- Modern receivers can track all visible satellites simultaneously through multiple channels.
- Basic positioning involves measuring distances to 3 satellites, but using 4 eliminates clock bias errors.
- Carrier phase measurements provide more accurate positioning needed for engineering surveys.
The document discusses the Global Positioning System (GPS). It describes the three segments of GPS - the space segment consisting of satellites, the control segment which monitors the satellites and uploads navigation data, and the user segment which receives signals from satellites using a receiver. It provides details on satellite orbits, atomic clocks, signal generation, navigation messages, and how trilateration is used to determine user position from multiple satellite ranges.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
1. www.MINEPORTAL.in
ONLINE TEST SERIES FOR
GATE MINING
COAL/METAL FIRST/SECOND CLASS
COAL INDIA MT MINING EXAM
OVERMAN/SIRDAR EXAM
OTHER PSU MANAGEMENT TRAINEE EXAM
FREE STUDY MATERIAL/VIDEO LECTURES
ONLINE ORDER MINING BOOKS
CALL/WHATSAPP-8804777500 www.fb.com/mineportal.in
3. COURSE PROGRAMME
1. INTRODUCTION
2. EXPLOSIVES USED IN SURFACE MINES
3. BLASTING ACCESSORIES
4. SELECTION OF EXPLOSIVES
5. DESIGN OF BLAST PATTERN –
INFLUENCING PARAMETERS
6. BLAST DESIGN IN SURFACE MINES – AN
APPROACH
4. COURSE PROGRAMME
7. SECONDARY BLASTING
8. AREAS OF CONCERN IN BLASTING
9. MEASURES TO CONTROL ENVIRONMENTAL
HAZARDS IN BLASTING
10. HANDLING OF MISFIRES IN BLASTING
11. WALL CONTROL TECHNIQUES
12. NEW DEVELOPMENTS / CASE STUDIES
5. 1. INTRODUCTION
i. Current / Future Status of Surface Mining
ii. Importance of Blasting in Opencast mines
iii. Search for Better Blasting
6. Current / Future Status of Surface
Mining
Surface mining practiced in Coal, Non-Coal
mines – Copper, Iron ore, Zinc, Bauxite
and Non-metallic sectors
Global Mineral Production
- More than 70% from Surface mines
- Less than 30% from Underground mines
Indian Mineral Production
- More than 80% of coal from surface mining
- Large volume of waste need to be removed
7. Importance of Blasting in Opencast
mines
Objective of Blasting-Good Fragmentation
Fragmentation required simply to loosen
the rock for easy excavation and
transportation.
Efficient and Economic removal of
Overburden and Ore/Coal.
Impacts of Environmental mandates and
Safety requirements on Surface Mine
Blasting Technology.
8. Search for Better Blasting
It has centered on safer, more powerful, less
expensive blasting materials and techniques.
New explosives –Slurry, Emulsion from NG
Development of Bulk Loading Concepts
Development of Initiation systems – low energy
detonating cords, SBM, NONEL, Electronic
Detonators
Managing the Environmental threats!
Searching is an unremitting effort!!
9. 2. EXPLOSIVES USED IN
SURFACE MINES
What do mean by ‘Explosive’?
Explosive is a substance, which under the
influence of heat, shock or both, is capable of
generating a large volume of gas at high
temperature in an extremely short space of
time on confined rock mass, thus breaking it.
Types of Explosives
Low Explosives
High Explosives
For Explosive Initiation
10. Low Explosives
It burns and develop much low pressure
Gun powder/ black powder
It is a mechanical mixture of KNO3 (72-75%),
charcoal (15-16%) and sulphur (10-12%)
20 KNO3+30 C+10S
(6K2CO3+K2SO4+3K2)+(14CO2+10CO+10N2)+600 cal/g
Speed is 450m/sec
Poor fragmentation with heaving effect
Used in manufacture of safety fuse; extraction of
ornamental blocks; breakage of elasto-plastic
materials
11. High Explosives
Characterized by very high rate of reaction and high detonation pressure.
Nitroglycerin (1845)
Dynamite (1860)
Dynamite perfected and Non-NG, High AN, Cap Sensitive (1930 – 50)
ANFO (1947)
LOX (1930, in India)
Slurry (1960-62)
Cap-sensitive Slurry (1970)
Emulsion (1978)
Bulk Explosives (1980 -90)
12. NG Based Explosives
Compositions: NG-5%-90%; NC-
Gelling/thickening agent & senstizer;
Oxidizer-AN & SN; Fuel ingredients- Starches,
wood flours, sulfur; NaCl-in permissible exp.
Sensitive to shock, friction & heat
High VOD of 7800m/sec ; temp@detn.- 3150
deg. C
Chemical reaction:
(NG) 4C3H5 (NO3)3 12CO2+10H2O+6N2+O2+1500 cal/g
Density:0.8-1.45, RBS: 73-79%, Temp.Res:-17 deg
13. NG Based Explosives
Advantages:
High strengths
High densities
High detonation velocity
Greater water resistance and chemical stability
Disadvantages:
Risk of accidents
Sensitive to friction and heat
Handling problems
High manufacturing cost
Examples: TELGEX-80/90/LD (TEL), OCG(ICI).
14. Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil
94.3% AN +5.7% FO (Oxygen Balanced)
Fuel Oil –Diesel Oil No.2 ( for 50 kg of AN-3.7 liters)
It is a cheap, low-density, cap-insensitive explosive,
requiring primer charge of high explosives.
Sensitivity and Performance of AN, depends on
‘quality’ of the Prill supplied
Sensitivity or Energy increased by adding Fuel
grade Aluminum and affected by water
Chemical Reaction:
94.3%AN+5.7%FO (Oxygen balanced) - 3NH4NO3+CH2
3N2+7H2O+CO2+930 cal/g
Density: 0.8-0.9, RBS: 51-55%, Temp. Res:32 degC
15. ANFO
Advantages:
Superior in cost effectiveness
Safe to handle
Best suitable for dry holes
Explosive is prepared only at the site
No storage in magazine required
Disadvantages:
Desensitized in water
Inefficient in small dia holes
Unsuccessful blasting in hard rocks
Lower sensitivity
Not suitable for sleeping holes & hot holes
Examples: Deepak Fertilizers, Pune
16. Liquid Oxygen Explosive (LOX)
It is made by soaking cartridge of activated charcoal-27%
(combustible ingredient) - in liquid oxygen (73%).
High detonation pressure (14*10000 atmos.) and explosion
temperature (6600 degree C)
Large volume of gas is released at high temperature
Advantages:
Suitable for dense and medium rocks
No emission of noxious gases
It causes less vibrations than conventional explosive
Misfires can be handled safely after lapse of certain duration
Disadvantages:
Cost is high
Quicker evaporation ( life is shorter)
Unsafe
Example: LOXITE (IOL)
17. SLURRY
Addition of colloid such as ‘Guargum’ in ANFO,
which builds up ‘Viscosity’, followed by Cross-
linking agent which forms a gelled mixture.
Compositions:
Oxidizer: AN, SN; Fuel: Sugar, Coal, Amines,
Paraffin; Thiourea & Guragum –Viscosity;
Nitrostarch-Thickner; Cross linking agent-
Potassium or Sod. Di-Chromates or Borax oxides;
TNT, Al- Sensitizer
Plant or Truck mixed
Detonation velocity: 3000-4500 m/sec
Density:1.1-1.2, RBS: 53-65%
Temperature resistance: 4 deg.C
18. SLURRY
Advantages:
Water resistant
Effective utilization of explosives
Not subjected to friction or impact
It produces low non-toxic fumes
Disadvantages:
Life is only 6 months
Not suitable for high temperature conditions
Example: TELGEL (TEL)
19. EMULSION
Consists of oxiders dissolved in water
surrounded by a fuel – fine particle size
Senstizer: air/gas bubbles or artificial glass micro
balloons-hot spot; Emulsifier-waxes, gums
VOD: 4000-5000 m/s
Density range of 1.1 to 1.35 g/cc
High water resistant in full concentration
Plant of Truck mixed
High velocity and bulk strength
Temperature resistance: 4 deg. C
Example: Powergel (Orica)
20. Emulsion
Advantages:
High output of thermo-chemical energy
Cap sensitivity in low temperatures
Safety
Maximum Reaction factor of 0.97
Low cost
Low Post-detonation fumes
Disadvantages:
It causes problems when loading holes with
fissures
Consistency in toe clearances
Sympathetic detonation
21. DEMERITS OF PACKAGED EXP
Manual charging
Cumbersome charging process (Slow rate)
Cycle time is more
No product flexibility
Partial energy utilisation due to decouping
Safety issues
22. BULK EXPLOSIVES
Explosives directly delivered into the blast
hole through mechanised and mobile
delivery system
Supplied to large opencast mines and civil
construction projects
Useful, annual explosive consumption-
2000 t
Types – Bulk ANFO, Bulk Watergel, Bulk
Emulsion, HANFO
23. BULK ANFO
Prilled AN (94%) + Diesel oil (6%)
Initiation by DF or NONEL
Suitable for medium hard rock
Not suitable for wet holes
Very limited shelf life
Not suitable for variable climatic
conditions
Economically cheaper than the rest
24. HEAVY ANFO
Loose Emulsion matrix physically with
ANFO for creating voids to provide
sensitivity
Mixture depends on required sensitivity,
energy, water resistance and economics
Emulsion : ANFO – 70:30 or 30:70
Relative RBS and strength increases with
emulsion content but sensitivity reduces.
25. HEAVY ANFO
Advantages:
Higher RBS of 130 compared to ANFO
(expansion of drill pattern by 11%)
Cost of Drilling is reduced by 15%
Muckpile was low and well spread
(suitable for Dragline benches – Cast
blasting)
26. Benefits of Bulk Explosives
Safety
Inventory
Explosive vans
Manpower
Speed of operation
Explosive product
Blasting efficiency
Other features
27. Bulk Delivery Systems
Plant Mixed Explosive Delivery System
Mixed Slurry Pump Truck Delivery System
Gelmaster System
Blend Masters
ANFO and HANFO Delivery System
Repumpable Bulk Emulsion
28. Conditions for use of Bulk Explosives
at Site
Making SMS, Charging and Firing under technical experts from
manufacturer
Blasting crew shall observe the general precautions and relevant
rules at site
Only minimum no. of persons to be present
No smoking, open flame, etc with in 3 m of site
No spillage of explosives while pumping
Proper record about charging and firing
Drilling should be completed before taking up charging
Area of charged hole marked by Red-flag /Red-light
Stemmed immediately after the charging, only short length of DF is
exposed
Collar area of the hole should be covered with soft material as it
does not come in contact with any discharge of static electricity or
local strike of lightening energy.
29. U/G BULK EXPLOSIVES
Reasons for delay-introduction in U/g:
Harsh mining conditions in underground
Relatively smaller diameter drill holes
Advantages:
Speed
Product flexibility (density & energy)
Perimeter control
Post blast fumes minimized
Safety and security
No Magazine and minimum inventory
Improvement in pull (17%)
Improvement in Charge factor
30. EXPLOSIVE TYPES
Heavy Weight Cord (Cordtex 80 g/40 g)
- for perimeter holes
Decoupled Packaged Explosives (Powergel-801 –
25/32 mm – in 45 mm holes)
- for perimeter blastholes
Decoupled Bulk (Powerbulk Drive T)
- produces good results & low cost
Low Density Bulk (Powerbulk Drive)
- produces good results in hard ground and
lowest cost
31. POWERBULK DRIVE T (Orica)
Charging Unit
- Emulsion bin
- Pumping systems
- Minipump – 650 kg premix bin +
charging rate of 15 kg/min + loading
accuracy of 65 g
- Maxipump – 2.5 MT + 80 kg/min +
accuracy of 125 g
32. Condition for Bulk Transport of
Explosives
Trial shall be carried out under direct supervision of
technical personnel of manufacturer for conversant of
vehicle
No person allowed to ride upon, drive, load or unload
the vehicle while smoking or under the influence of
intoxicants
Caution shall be exercised while moving vehicle within
the blasting area
Materials shall not be mixed while in transit
During loading, a positive grounding device shall be used
to prevent accumulation of static charge
The hose shall be of semi-conductive discharge type.
33. 3. BLASTING ACCESSORIES
Initiation / Firing Systems
Non-Electric System
Electric System
Exploders
Detonating Delay
Cord Relays
34. Non-Electric System
Safety fuse and Plain detonator
Plastic igniter cord (PIC) Combination
Detonating cord
Non-Electric Initiation System (NONEL)
Shock Tube System
LEDC
Gas Initiated System
35. Safety fuse
Developed in 1831, is used to ignite low
explosive and detonator to initiate high
explosive.
It has a core of special black powder tightly
wrapped with various layers of waterproof
textile yarn/tape.
It burns at uniform rate of 100-130 sec/m
It has inaccurate timing, poor
fragmentation, poor safety, and high
incidence of cut off
36. Plastic igniter cord (PIC)
It is used to ignite several safety fuses in
quick succession in any desired sequence.
It is 1.8-2.5 mm diameter, highly water
resistant and capable of withstanding
rough handling,.
It burns at uniform rate, either slow
(33s/m) or fast (3.3s/m).
These can be ignited by flame or
electrically by exploder.
37. Detonating cord (DF)
It gets initiated by a detonator and in turn
propagates the shock wave to the
explosive column.
It has a core of PETN (varying from 3 to
80 gm/m), wrapped in plastic tape/nylon
cord layer, textile layer and finally a plastic
covering to give strength of 50 to 60 kg.
VOD of 6500 to 7000m/s.
It is insensitive to shock and flame.
38.
39. Shock Tube System
It is the down the line initiation system.
It comprising of high strength plastic/ polyfin
polymer shock tube of 3-4mm outside
diameter.
It is coated inside with a thin film of reactive
explosive substance, HMX of 15-20mg/m.
There is a delay detonator attached at the end
of tube. ‘Raydet’-developed by IDL, ‘Excel’-
developed by ICI, ‘Amardet’- by Premier
explosive Ltd.
42. Advantages of Shock Tube System
True bottom initiation
Less air & ground vibration
Better high wall, roof and side stability
Not susceptible to stray electric currents, current
leakage, radio frequency or static electricity,
friction and impact
Better fragmentation.
Minimum pre mature venting through stemming.
Reduction in boulder generation
Improved toe- breakage
Reduced fly rock.
Improved cycle time
Improved (130%) tooth life
43.
44. LEDC
Low energy detonating cord (LEDC)
initiates a delay detonator crimped at one
end.
Various cord lengths and delay periods are
available.
‘Primadet’ of Ensign Bickford
‘Cordline’ of ICI
45. Gas Initiated System
Explosive mixture is used to fire detonators.
Two hollow plastic tubes are present in the place
of lead wires.
No fuse head present in the shell
Detonators connected to one another in series
thro’ plastic tubes and push fit connectors.
Two leads of blast hookup connected to a unit
which mixes and pumps the explosive gas
mixture through the hookup.
Spark delivered by ‘Fire’ Button, detonated the
mixture which fires the detonators in the circuit.
‘Hercudet’ of M/s. Hercules Inc (USA)
46. Electric System
Ordinary / Plain Detonator
Electric Detonator
Instantaneous
Delay Detonator
Long delay
Short Delay
Sequential Blasting Machine
Electronic Detonator
47. Ordinary / Plain Detonator
Available in two categories, # 6(35mm long)
& # 8(48mm long).
This has base charge of 0.22/0.48g of PETN
and prime charge of 0.2g of ASA
ASA - lead Azide (A) + lead Styphnate (S) +
Aluminum powder (A)
Fired by safety fuses, the spark or ‘spit’ from
the fuse causing the detonator to explode.
48. Base charge
Prime charge Copper or Aluminum tube
Copper or Al. tube Neoprene plug
Lead wire
Fuse head
Enlarged view of fuse had
Card boardBrass foil
Solder
Bridge wire
Ignition compound
Flashing compound
Nitro celluse
LT Electric Detonator
Base charge
Prime charge Aluminum tube
Open end
ORDINARY DETONATOR
A B
Explosive charge A & B
C D
Delay element C & D
Metal sleeve
Neoprene connecting sleeve
Open ends for insertion
& crimping of DF
Open ends for insertion
& crimping of DF
DETONATING & CORD RELAY
49. Electric Detonator -
Instantaneous
Priming charge and base charge are the same as
for Plain detonator.
Fired by passing electric current through fuse
head.
The current ignites a flashing composition in the
fused head, which in turn, initiates the priming
charge.
Current required for ignition of fuse head is 0.5
amps so that a single detonator can be blasted
with a min. voltage of 3.5v
Copper tube – U/g coal; Aluminum - Others
50. Electric Detonator - Delay
Basic features
Essentially low tension electric detonators with a
delay element.
Delay element is by means of ‘Pyrotechnics’.
Pyrotechnics = use of ‘fire’ in actuation of a
process, commonly, referred to as fireworks.
This delay element used to phase the firing of
shots.
The statistical probability of two consecutive delay
periods overlapping of 1% - 5% in timing is
possible.
51. Electric Detonator - Delay
Basic Types
Long Delay Detonator (Half-second)
Available in delay numbers of 0 -10 in Al. tube
Delay interval is 300 ms
For quarries, shaft sinking, drifting
Short Delay Detonator (Milli-second)
Available in delay numbers of 0-10 with Al. tube
Delay interval is 25 to 75 ms
Used for surface mine blasting purposes, quarries
52.
53. Benefits of Delay Detonators
Ground vibration control
Effective use of explosive energy for improved
powder factor
Better fragmentation due to availability of free face
after every delay
Control of noise, air-blast and fly rock due to less
charge per delay
Improved machinery performance
Higher Productivity
54. Sequential Blasting Machine
It has been developed by research Energy of Ohio.
It is a solid state condenser discharge blasting
machine that can initiate up to 10 individual blasting
circuits in a sequence.
With programmable time intervals between circuit
can be adjusted from 1 ms to 999 ms.
Accessories-Extension cable, Terminal board, Load
plug, Corrosion resistant cable reel, Energy tester.
Used in large size blasts, to attain uniformity of
interval of firing between rows and limit the charge
per delay.
55. Electronic Detonator
Detonator
It utilize stored electrical energy inside the detonator as a
means of providing the time delay and initiation energy.
It consists of an electronic delay unit in combination with an
instantaneous detonator.
Microchip circuitry includes an oscillator for timing, memory,
and communication functions
It has a capacitor, which can store sufficient energy to run
the microchip and also to separate circuits.
The fuse head for initiating the primary charge with a
minimum of time scatter.
Each detonator has its own time reference, but the final delay
time is determined through interaction between the detonator
and the blasting machine only immediately before initiation.
56.
57. Electronic Detonator
Logger
It is used to communicate with the detonators during the
hookup.
The required delay time for each detonator is entered and
written into logger memory.
At any stage the logger can be used to check the hook-up and
get the response from every detonator.
Blasting Machine
It communicates to each detonator in turn via the logger.
It is basically microcomputer controlled.
A panel with lamp indicates the current status and gives
proceed signal when the round is ready to be fired.
58. Characteristics of Electronic
Detonator
The detonator initially has no initiation energy of its
own.
The detonators can be programmable from 1 to 8000
milliseconds in one-millisecond increments.
The detonator is equipped with over-voltage protection.
The short delay time between two adjacent period
numbers (equal to the shortest interval time) is 1 ms.
The long delay time is 6.25 seconds.
The maximum number of detonators connected to each
blasting machine is about 1600.
The electronic detonators scatter percentage varies
around 0.01 percent for any programmed delay period.
59.
60. Advantages of Electronic Detonator
Inherent safety
Electronic detonators can be programmed to fire at any
time from 0 ms to 8000 ms in steps of 1 ms.
A factory-programmed security code unique to the
operator that will provide more security and prevent
unauthorized use.
Interactive facilities with full two way communication
ability.
Improved fragmentation.
It improves face advance and provide safe working
environment.
Reduced stock management.
61. ACCESSORIES
CIRCUIT TESTER
In electric shotfiring, the circuit is tested to
ensure that there is no open or short circuit
and such tests are being done by ‘Blastometer’.
CRIMPER
It is a pair of pliers to crimp or press the end of
a plain detonator tube on a safety fuse inserted
into it.
62. ACCESSORIES
EXPLODER
- Machines which give us the required electrical
power to fire a series of detonators or single
detonator.
- Two types: Generator (Magneto) & Generator
discharge type
- Capacity of Exploder – 1.5 to 2 times the needed
capacity (to be fired detonators).
- Dry batteries should not be used.
- Use low voltage Exploder in case of conducting
ore bodies due to ‘arching effect’.
63. ACCESSORIES
Shot firing cables
To fire the shots from the long distance
Wooden stemming rod
To stem the holes
Scraper
To clean the holes and detect cracks
Pricker
To prick the cartridge prior to inserting the
detonator or detonating fuse and it is made of
brass, aluminum or wood.
64. SELECTION OF EXPLOSIVES
Overall Objectives
The lowest cost per unit volume of rock
broken
The desired degree of fragmentation and
muckpile looseness and profile
Avoidance of undesirable environmental
effects, such as vibrations, air blast and fly-
rock.
66. SELECTION OF EXPLOSIVES
1. Physical Selection Parameters
2. Detonation Performance Selection
Parameters
3. Site Specific Selection Parameters
4. Safety and Overall Economics
67. Physical Selection Parameters
1. Density
Weight of explosives per unit of volume
Expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc)
Loading density – kg of explosive per meter
2. Sensitivity
Measure of the ease of initiation of explosive or
minimum booster size required
Vary according to explosive composition,
diameter, temperature, ambient pressure
68. 3. Water resistance
Ability of explosive to withstand exposure to
water without losing sensitivity or efficiency
4. Chemical Stability
Ability to remain chemically unchanged and
retain sensitivity when stored under specified
conditions
Factors that effect chemical instability
Heat, cold, humidity, quality of raw materials,
contamination, packaging and storage facilities
5. Fume characteristics
At the time of detonation, explosive produce
non toxic and toxic fumes
69. Detonation Performance
Selection Parameters
1. Absolute weight strength (AWS)
Maximum theoretical explosive heat energy based on the
ingredients in the explosive
Energy per unit of weight expressed in kilo-calories per
gram
2. Relative weight strength (RWS)
It is an explosive’s weight strength compared to ANFO
3. Absolute bulk strength (RBS)
Energy per unit of volume, in cal/cc
Equal to the explosive’s AWS multiplied by its density
70. 4. Relative bulk strength (RBS)
It is an explosive’s (actual) bulk strength compared to
ANFO
5. Detonation velocity (VOD)
Rate at which detonation wave travels through the
explosive, m/sec
Varies with charge diameter, explosive density, explosive
particle size and degree of confinement for non-ideal
explosives
It is the main component of shock energy and responsible
for rock breakage
It should meet or exceed the sonic velocity of the
rockmass (impedance matching)
It can be measured to determine the explosive efficiency
6. Detonation Pressure
Pressure produced in reaction zone of explosive, Mpa
It is obtained by multiplying explosive density with its
square of VOD (km/sec), and 250
71. 7. Borehole pressure
Pressure on the walls of the blasthole from the
expansion of detonation gases
The volume and rate that gas is produced by the
explosive controls the heave or displacement of
the rockmass
8. Explosive energy/power
The rate of doing work or amount of useful
energy liberated in the detonation process
‘Bubble energy’ and ‘Brisance energy’
It depends on both AWS and detonation velocity
9. Effective energy
The total energy released by an explosive until
the gases vent
72. Site Specific Selection Parameters
1. Cost of drilling / availability
2. Rock type
3. Blasthole diameter
4. Ambient temperature
5. Water
6. Explosive cost
Safety and Overall Economics
Safety characteristics are the property to enable
transportation and use of explosive under normal forms.
Aggregated drilling and blasting costs
73. CLASSIFICATION OF EXPLOSIVES
Class 1: Gun powder
Class 2: Nitrate Mixture
Class 3: Nitro compunds
Div I: BG, SG, etc
Div II: Guncotton, PETN, TNT, etc
Class 4: Chlorate mixture
Class 5: Fulminate
Class 6: Div I- Safety fuse, Ignitor cord
Div II- DF, Plastic ignitor cord
Class 7: Fire works
Class 8: LOX
Category X: fire/slight risk of explosion
Category Y: mass fire or moderate explosion risk but not the risk of mass
explosion
Category Z: mass explosion risk and major missile effect
Category ZZ: mass explosion risk and minor missile effect
74. STORAGE, HANDLING AND
TRANSPORTATION OF EXPLSOIVES
Magazine
All explosives meant for use in mines stored
License issued by C.C.O.E, Nagpur
Essential requirements:
Separate chamber for detonators
Different racks for storing different classes of
explosives
Windows and doors made up of steel plate
Steel fittings connected to an efficient earth system
A good earthing system should be provided
75. ‘Z’ type staggered ventilators should be
provided
Barbed wire fencings or a brick wall not less
than 1 m high wall shall be provided around
the magazine, 8-10 m from building
Buildings must be constructed on a site away
from high tension power lines, public roads,
dwelling houses, railways, etc.
Shed may be constructed over the building
to cutoff heat during summer.
Provision shall also be made to keep the area
dry and clean.
76. PORATABLE MAGAZINE
The walls should be made of 1/4” mild
steel plates
Inside wall, floor and ceilings should be
lined with wood planks
Ventilators are provided for free circulation
of air
The whole structure is anchored to
basement of brick work.
77. RESERVE STATION
Cases or containers of explosives shall be
kept underground only in reserve station.
It shall be kept clear, dry, white washed and
secure.
All places within 18 m of the station shall be
kept clear and secure.
The floor of the surrounding places shall be
covered heavily with stone dust.
No energised cable is allowed to pass within
the distance of 90 m from station
78. TRANSPORTATION
As per Reg.157(4)/MMR & 163(4)
Bulk transport of explosives
10 t / half carrying cap of wagons
Not more than 90 min before charging
Jeep for detonators ( not more than 200)
2 fire extinguishers
Speed of 25 kmph
Explosives and detonators not together