This document is a summer intern project report on bituminous (asphalt) roads submitted by Shubham Paliwal to GLA University. It discusses the key steps in bituminous road construction including preparing the base, applying a tack coat, laying down the asphalt concrete layer, and compacting it. It also covers materials used like aggregates, asphalt, and tests performed on samples like flakiness index and bitumen extraction tests. The report provides an overview of bituminous road technology and construction methods.
The document discusses different types of pavements used for highways. It describes flexible pavements which transmit wheel loads through grain-to-grain contact and consist of multiple layers including the surface course, binder course, base course, and sub-base course. Rigid pavements have sufficient strength to distribute loads over a wider area and typically consist of concrete over a single granular or stabilized layer. The document also covers pavement materials like soils, aggregates, and asphalt concrete and tests used to evaluate soil strength properties important for pavement design like the California Bearing Ratio test.
This document is a summer internship project report submitted by Shubham Paliwal to the Department of Civil Engineering. It provides introductions and definitions related to bitumen and bituminous roads. It describes the different layers of a bituminous road, including the subgrade, sub-base, base, and wearing surface layers. It also discusses operations used in bituminous roads like seal coats, tack coats, and prime coats. References used in the project are listed at the end.
This document provides information on bitumen, which is used as a binding material in pavements. It discusses the types of bitumen including paving grade, modified, cutback and emulsion. Cutback bitumen has solvents added to increase fluidity while bitumen emulsion uses water. Modified bitumen has additives added to improve properties. The document also describes various tests conducted on bitumen like penetration, ductility, softening point and viscosity to determine hardness and grading. Bitumen requirements include adequate viscosity and adhesion properties. The grading of bitumen depends on the results of penetration tests.
The document describes a summer training presentation on road construction for a 25 km mega highway project between Bhilwara and Chittore in India. It provides details on the project, discusses key aspects of road construction including earthwork, pavements, road types, and the bitumen road construction procedure. It emphasizes the importance of road development for connectivity and describes India's large road network of over 3 million km divided into categories for management.
This document discusses the use of bitumen in road construction. It notes that bitumen has unique properties that make it suitable for use in flexible roads. There are four main types of bitumen: paving grade, modified, cutback, and emulsion. The document outlines several factors that influence how bitumen hardens over time when used in roads, including oxidation, loss of volatiles, and physical hardening. It lists some advantages as a smooth ride surface, quick repair ability, staged construction, lower life costs, and temperature resistance. Disadvantages include less durability, lower tensile strength compared to concrete, and higher construction costs during extreme temperatures.
The document discusses the different layers of flexible pavement, including the granular sub-base, granular base course, and bituminous layers. It describes the materials, construction processes, and quality control tests for each layer. Specifically, it outlines the objectives and materials used for the granular sub-base layer, including crushed stone aggregates, gravel, coarse sand, and requirements for material passing sieves. It also discusses the compaction and testing requirements for constructing the granular sub-base layer.
The Marshall Method of Mix Design involves selecting an asphalt binder content that provides suitable density and satisfies requirements for minimum stability and flow values. The method includes selecting aggregates and asphalt cement suited for the climate, compacting specimens at varying asphalt contents, and determining volumetrics and performance properties to identify the optimum asphalt content. Specimens are compacted using 35, 50, or 75 blows based on design traffic loads then tested to calculate properties like unit weight, voids, and stability as a function of asphalt content.
This document is a summer intern project report on bituminous (asphalt) roads submitted by Shubham Paliwal to GLA University. It discusses the key steps in bituminous road construction including preparing the base, applying a tack coat, laying down the asphalt concrete layer, and compacting it. It also covers materials used like aggregates, asphalt, and tests performed on samples like flakiness index and bitumen extraction tests. The report provides an overview of bituminous road technology and construction methods.
The document discusses different types of pavements used for highways. It describes flexible pavements which transmit wheel loads through grain-to-grain contact and consist of multiple layers including the surface course, binder course, base course, and sub-base course. Rigid pavements have sufficient strength to distribute loads over a wider area and typically consist of concrete over a single granular or stabilized layer. The document also covers pavement materials like soils, aggregates, and asphalt concrete and tests used to evaluate soil strength properties important for pavement design like the California Bearing Ratio test.
This document is a summer internship project report submitted by Shubham Paliwal to the Department of Civil Engineering. It provides introductions and definitions related to bitumen and bituminous roads. It describes the different layers of a bituminous road, including the subgrade, sub-base, base, and wearing surface layers. It also discusses operations used in bituminous roads like seal coats, tack coats, and prime coats. References used in the project are listed at the end.
This document provides information on bitumen, which is used as a binding material in pavements. It discusses the types of bitumen including paving grade, modified, cutback and emulsion. Cutback bitumen has solvents added to increase fluidity while bitumen emulsion uses water. Modified bitumen has additives added to improve properties. The document also describes various tests conducted on bitumen like penetration, ductility, softening point and viscosity to determine hardness and grading. Bitumen requirements include adequate viscosity and adhesion properties. The grading of bitumen depends on the results of penetration tests.
The document describes a summer training presentation on road construction for a 25 km mega highway project between Bhilwara and Chittore in India. It provides details on the project, discusses key aspects of road construction including earthwork, pavements, road types, and the bitumen road construction procedure. It emphasizes the importance of road development for connectivity and describes India's large road network of over 3 million km divided into categories for management.
This document discusses the use of bitumen in road construction. It notes that bitumen has unique properties that make it suitable for use in flexible roads. There are four main types of bitumen: paving grade, modified, cutback, and emulsion. The document outlines several factors that influence how bitumen hardens over time when used in roads, including oxidation, loss of volatiles, and physical hardening. It lists some advantages as a smooth ride surface, quick repair ability, staged construction, lower life costs, and temperature resistance. Disadvantages include less durability, lower tensile strength compared to concrete, and higher construction costs during extreme temperatures.
The document discusses the different layers of flexible pavement, including the granular sub-base, granular base course, and bituminous layers. It describes the materials, construction processes, and quality control tests for each layer. Specifically, it outlines the objectives and materials used for the granular sub-base layer, including crushed stone aggregates, gravel, coarse sand, and requirements for material passing sieves. It also discusses the compaction and testing requirements for constructing the granular sub-base layer.
The Marshall Method of Mix Design involves selecting an asphalt binder content that provides suitable density and satisfies requirements for minimum stability and flow values. The method includes selecting aggregates and asphalt cement suited for the climate, compacting specimens at varying asphalt contents, and determining volumetrics and performance properties to identify the optimum asphalt content. Specimens are compacted using 35, 50, or 75 blows based on design traffic loads then tested to calculate properties like unit weight, voids, and stability as a function of asphalt content.
Includes introduction, Why DBM, design criteria, plants and equipment, weather and seasonal limitations, materials required and construction procedure.
cement concrete road construction procedure jaknap123456
1) A concrete road provides advantages over bituminous and gravel roads in high rainfall areas by having better drainage and not producing dust.
2) The document describes the construction of a thin flexible concrete road 100mm thick that can support up to 50 commercial vehicles per day at a lower cost than a bituminous road.
3) The constructed road had a 5.5m wide formation and 3.75m wide carriageway, with a murrum sub-base and 100mm thick concrete surfacing layer reinforced with plastic cells.
This document discusses different types of bitumen, asphalt, and tar used in civil engineering materials. It provides details on:
- Bitumen is derived from petroleum distillation and exists in liquid, semi-solid or solid forms. Its main uses include making flexible pavements for roads and waterproofing buildings. The main types of bitumen are straight-run, blown, emulsion, cut-back, and plastic bitumen.
- Asphalt is a mixture of bitumen and inert materials left after petroleum distillation. It is used mainly in road construction. The two types are natural asphalt found in lakes/rocks, and residual asphalt from petroleum distillation.
This document discusses the construction and maintenance of bituminous roads. It describes the different types of pavements including flexible and rigid pavements. For bituminous construction, it explains the procedures for subgrade preparation, application of tack coats and prime coats, and construction of different layers using techniques like penetration macadam, bituminous macadam, and seal coating. It also discusses the use of hot mix and cold mix methods using emulsions and cutbacks for construction and maintenance of bituminous roads.
Soil cement is a construction material made by mixing soil, cement, and water. It has good compressive strength but low tensile strength, making it prone to cracking. Soil cement can be used to reinforce road bases and salvage failing gravel roads in an efficient and economical way. Laboratory tests are conducted to determine the right proportions of soil, cement, and water for the project. Soil cement differs from concrete in that it binds soil particles together rather than just aggregates. It forms a rigid slab that distributes loads well and resists damage from weathering.
This document discusses different methods of soil stabilization, including mechanical and chemical stabilization. It provides details on two primary stabilization methods - mechanical and chemical/additive. The document also lists the advantages of soil stabilization and describes the basic ingredients and process for cement stabilization of soils for pavement construction. It gives an overview of a project rehabilitating roads in Trincomalee District, Sri Lanka after the 2004 tsunami, including photos showing the road construction and stabilization process.
Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB) for Road ConstructionJOMSON MATHACHAN
Bitumen is a by-product of fractional distillation of crude oil.
Current world consumption of bitumen is approximately 120 million tons per year.
In India, flexible pavements with bituminous surfacing are widely used.
Rapid development, exponential increase in traffic, and significant variations in daily and seasonal temperatures have shown some limitations in bitumen binder performance.
This document provides information on flexible pavement design and theory. It discusses the typical layers of a flexible pavement including the surface course, base course, and subgrade. It also outlines several factors that affect pavement design such as wheel load, climate, and material characteristics. Additionally, the document examines failures like fatigue cracking and rutting that pavement design aims to prevent. It provides guidance on mechanistic-empirical design as prescribed by the Indian Roads Congress.
The document discusses different aspects of road construction including blacktop, concrete pavement, equipment used, and hilly roads. It provides details on construction techniques for bituminous construction such as interface treatments, surface dressing, and seal coats. It also outlines the construction process for cement concrete pavement slabs including preparation, forms, batching, transporting, compaction, and curing. Common equipment used for road construction that are described include crawler tractors, hydraulic excavators, and motor scrapers.
The document outlines the process of constructing a bituminous road, including site preparation, layers, machinery used, and costs. It discusses preparing the natural ground through cutting and filling, then laying sub-base and base course layers. Machinery like loaders, graders, tanks, and compactors are used in site preparation. The road will include a camber, kerb stones, and asphalt surface. At a cost of over 67 million rupees, the project involves constructing a bituminous road due to advantages like flexibility, safety, and environmental friendliness.
A critical review of commonly used bituminous paving mixes has attempted based on
Mix selection based on function and location within flexible pavement.
Capabilities of present day hot mix asphalt plants
This document summarizes the construction of a 6.5 km private road located in Ranipur, Haridwar, India. It describes the various layers that make up the roadway, including earthwork, granular sub-base, wet mix macadam, bituminous macadam, bituminous concrete, and finishing touches like kerbs and shoulders. The layers are constructed in sequential order, with careful compaction and mixing of aggregates and binders at each stage to support vehicular traffic on the carriageway. Proper camber is built into the road surface to allow for water drainage off the sides of the paved area.
Presentation on Summer internship on Road ConstructionSelf-employed
This is an presentation on training in LODHA Palava, In this internship, I learned about an overview of the road construction which I mentioned in this presentation.
This document summarizes research on polymer modification of bitumen. It discusses the history and types of polymers used, including plastomers like polyethylene and thermoplastic elastomers like styrene-butadiene-styrene. While polymer modification improves properties, challenges include poor compatibility, instability, and lack of durability. Researchers are attempting to address these issues through techniques like sulfur vulcanization, antioxidants, and functionalization to chemically link the polymer and bitumen. Overall, the document reviews advances in and ongoing challenges for polymer modification of bitumen.
The document provides information on bitumen mixes used for road construction. It discusses the constituents of bitumen mixes, which include aggregates, filler, and binders like bitumen. It describes different types of mixes like dense graded, stone matrix, and open graded mixes. It also covers characteristics of materials used in mixes and production methods for both hot and cold bitumen mixes. Cold mixes use bitumen emulsions and avoid heating of aggregates and binders.
This document provides an overview of pavement design. It discusses the different types of pavements including flexible, rigid, and composite pavements. For flexible pavements, it describes the layers of base course, sub-base course, and subgrade. It also discusses requirements for an ideal pavement and considerations for pavement design such as material characteristics and traffic volume.
The document discusses various ground improvement techniques including removal and replacement, in-situ densification methods like dynamic compaction, preloading, use of vertical drains and stone columns. It provides details on specific in-situ densification methods like vibro-float compaction using a vibrating probe, dynamic compaction using heavy weights, and explosive compaction using detonated charges. The document also summarizes advantages and limitations of preloading using surcharge fills and uses of vertical drains and geosynthetics to accelerate consolidation.
The document discusses various materials used in pavement construction including road aggregates, subbase, and base course materials. It describes desirable properties for road aggregates including resistance to crushing, abrasion, impact, and weathering. It explains that a subbase layer provides a cost-effective way to build thick pavements and can consist of select gravels or stabilized soils. A base course improves load distribution and support. The document also discusses soil-aggregate mix properties, grading requirements, and construction considerations for pavement materials.
ROAD CONSTRUCTION(BITUMEN) SUMMER TRAINING REPORTssuser5fea8f
The document is a summer training report submitted by Sudhanshu Kumar to the Uttar Pradesh Public Works Department about bituminous (asphalt) roads. It includes an introduction to bitumen and bituminous roads, descriptions of the different layers in a flexible bituminous pavement including sub-grade, sub-base, base, binder and wearing courses. It also details test procedures for determining the Marshall stability of bituminous mixtures and the key steps for constructing a bituminous road which include preparing the base with a water bound macadam layer, applying a tack coat, constructing layers from bottom to top, and compacting each layer.
This document is a summer internship project report submitted by Shubham Paliwal to the Department of Civil Engineering. It contains an introduction to bitumen and bituminous roads. It defines bitumen and its origins and composition. It also defines a bituminous road as a flexible pavement made of layers including a subgrade, sub-base, base, and wearing surface. It describes the constituents and functions of each layer in detail. It also discusses operations like tack coats, prime coats, and seal coats used in bituminous roads. Finally, it provides references used in preparing the report.
Highway Construction Materials and PracticeSenthamizhan M
Sub grade soil is an integral part of the road pavement structure as it provides the support to the pavement from beneath.
The sub grade soil and its properties are important in the design of pavement structure.
The main function of the sub grade is to give adequate support to the pavement and for this the sub grade should possess sufficient stability under adverse climatic and loading conditions.
Includes introduction, Why DBM, design criteria, plants and equipment, weather and seasonal limitations, materials required and construction procedure.
cement concrete road construction procedure jaknap123456
1) A concrete road provides advantages over bituminous and gravel roads in high rainfall areas by having better drainage and not producing dust.
2) The document describes the construction of a thin flexible concrete road 100mm thick that can support up to 50 commercial vehicles per day at a lower cost than a bituminous road.
3) The constructed road had a 5.5m wide formation and 3.75m wide carriageway, with a murrum sub-base and 100mm thick concrete surfacing layer reinforced with plastic cells.
This document discusses different types of bitumen, asphalt, and tar used in civil engineering materials. It provides details on:
- Bitumen is derived from petroleum distillation and exists in liquid, semi-solid or solid forms. Its main uses include making flexible pavements for roads and waterproofing buildings. The main types of bitumen are straight-run, blown, emulsion, cut-back, and plastic bitumen.
- Asphalt is a mixture of bitumen and inert materials left after petroleum distillation. It is used mainly in road construction. The two types are natural asphalt found in lakes/rocks, and residual asphalt from petroleum distillation.
This document discusses the construction and maintenance of bituminous roads. It describes the different types of pavements including flexible and rigid pavements. For bituminous construction, it explains the procedures for subgrade preparation, application of tack coats and prime coats, and construction of different layers using techniques like penetration macadam, bituminous macadam, and seal coating. It also discusses the use of hot mix and cold mix methods using emulsions and cutbacks for construction and maintenance of bituminous roads.
Soil cement is a construction material made by mixing soil, cement, and water. It has good compressive strength but low tensile strength, making it prone to cracking. Soil cement can be used to reinforce road bases and salvage failing gravel roads in an efficient and economical way. Laboratory tests are conducted to determine the right proportions of soil, cement, and water for the project. Soil cement differs from concrete in that it binds soil particles together rather than just aggregates. It forms a rigid slab that distributes loads well and resists damage from weathering.
This document discusses different methods of soil stabilization, including mechanical and chemical stabilization. It provides details on two primary stabilization methods - mechanical and chemical/additive. The document also lists the advantages of soil stabilization and describes the basic ingredients and process for cement stabilization of soils for pavement construction. It gives an overview of a project rehabilitating roads in Trincomalee District, Sri Lanka after the 2004 tsunami, including photos showing the road construction and stabilization process.
Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB) for Road ConstructionJOMSON MATHACHAN
Bitumen is a by-product of fractional distillation of crude oil.
Current world consumption of bitumen is approximately 120 million tons per year.
In India, flexible pavements with bituminous surfacing are widely used.
Rapid development, exponential increase in traffic, and significant variations in daily and seasonal temperatures have shown some limitations in bitumen binder performance.
This document provides information on flexible pavement design and theory. It discusses the typical layers of a flexible pavement including the surface course, base course, and subgrade. It also outlines several factors that affect pavement design such as wheel load, climate, and material characteristics. Additionally, the document examines failures like fatigue cracking and rutting that pavement design aims to prevent. It provides guidance on mechanistic-empirical design as prescribed by the Indian Roads Congress.
The document discusses different aspects of road construction including blacktop, concrete pavement, equipment used, and hilly roads. It provides details on construction techniques for bituminous construction such as interface treatments, surface dressing, and seal coats. It also outlines the construction process for cement concrete pavement slabs including preparation, forms, batching, transporting, compaction, and curing. Common equipment used for road construction that are described include crawler tractors, hydraulic excavators, and motor scrapers.
The document outlines the process of constructing a bituminous road, including site preparation, layers, machinery used, and costs. It discusses preparing the natural ground through cutting and filling, then laying sub-base and base course layers. Machinery like loaders, graders, tanks, and compactors are used in site preparation. The road will include a camber, kerb stones, and asphalt surface. At a cost of over 67 million rupees, the project involves constructing a bituminous road due to advantages like flexibility, safety, and environmental friendliness.
A critical review of commonly used bituminous paving mixes has attempted based on
Mix selection based on function and location within flexible pavement.
Capabilities of present day hot mix asphalt plants
This document summarizes the construction of a 6.5 km private road located in Ranipur, Haridwar, India. It describes the various layers that make up the roadway, including earthwork, granular sub-base, wet mix macadam, bituminous macadam, bituminous concrete, and finishing touches like kerbs and shoulders. The layers are constructed in sequential order, with careful compaction and mixing of aggregates and binders at each stage to support vehicular traffic on the carriageway. Proper camber is built into the road surface to allow for water drainage off the sides of the paved area.
Presentation on Summer internship on Road ConstructionSelf-employed
This is an presentation on training in LODHA Palava, In this internship, I learned about an overview of the road construction which I mentioned in this presentation.
This document summarizes research on polymer modification of bitumen. It discusses the history and types of polymers used, including plastomers like polyethylene and thermoplastic elastomers like styrene-butadiene-styrene. While polymer modification improves properties, challenges include poor compatibility, instability, and lack of durability. Researchers are attempting to address these issues through techniques like sulfur vulcanization, antioxidants, and functionalization to chemically link the polymer and bitumen. Overall, the document reviews advances in and ongoing challenges for polymer modification of bitumen.
The document provides information on bitumen mixes used for road construction. It discusses the constituents of bitumen mixes, which include aggregates, filler, and binders like bitumen. It describes different types of mixes like dense graded, stone matrix, and open graded mixes. It also covers characteristics of materials used in mixes and production methods for both hot and cold bitumen mixes. Cold mixes use bitumen emulsions and avoid heating of aggregates and binders.
This document provides an overview of pavement design. It discusses the different types of pavements including flexible, rigid, and composite pavements. For flexible pavements, it describes the layers of base course, sub-base course, and subgrade. It also discusses requirements for an ideal pavement and considerations for pavement design such as material characteristics and traffic volume.
The document discusses various ground improvement techniques including removal and replacement, in-situ densification methods like dynamic compaction, preloading, use of vertical drains and stone columns. It provides details on specific in-situ densification methods like vibro-float compaction using a vibrating probe, dynamic compaction using heavy weights, and explosive compaction using detonated charges. The document also summarizes advantages and limitations of preloading using surcharge fills and uses of vertical drains and geosynthetics to accelerate consolidation.
The document discusses various materials used in pavement construction including road aggregates, subbase, and base course materials. It describes desirable properties for road aggregates including resistance to crushing, abrasion, impact, and weathering. It explains that a subbase layer provides a cost-effective way to build thick pavements and can consist of select gravels or stabilized soils. A base course improves load distribution and support. The document also discusses soil-aggregate mix properties, grading requirements, and construction considerations for pavement materials.
ROAD CONSTRUCTION(BITUMEN) SUMMER TRAINING REPORTssuser5fea8f
The document is a summer training report submitted by Sudhanshu Kumar to the Uttar Pradesh Public Works Department about bituminous (asphalt) roads. It includes an introduction to bitumen and bituminous roads, descriptions of the different layers in a flexible bituminous pavement including sub-grade, sub-base, base, binder and wearing courses. It also details test procedures for determining the Marshall stability of bituminous mixtures and the key steps for constructing a bituminous road which include preparing the base with a water bound macadam layer, applying a tack coat, constructing layers from bottom to top, and compacting each layer.
This document is a summer internship project report submitted by Shubham Paliwal to the Department of Civil Engineering. It contains an introduction to bitumen and bituminous roads. It defines bitumen and its origins and composition. It also defines a bituminous road as a flexible pavement made of layers including a subgrade, sub-base, base, and wearing surface. It describes the constituents and functions of each layer in detail. It also discusses operations like tack coats, prime coats, and seal coats used in bituminous roads. Finally, it provides references used in preparing the report.
Highway Construction Materials and PracticeSenthamizhan M
Sub grade soil is an integral part of the road pavement structure as it provides the support to the pavement from beneath.
The sub grade soil and its properties are important in the design of pavement structure.
The main function of the sub grade is to give adequate support to the pavement and for this the sub grade should possess sufficient stability under adverse climatic and loading conditions.
The document discusses bitumen, asphalt and gypsum. It provides details on:
- Bitumen is a semi-solid hydrocarbon produced from crude oil refining and is used mainly in road construction as the binder in asphalt.
- Asphalt is a mixture of small stones, sand, filler and bitumen used as a road paving material.
- Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate used in construction materials like plasterboard and as a fertilizer.
Bitumen is a substance produced through crude oil distillation that is known for its waterproofing and adhesive properties. It is commonly used in construction, mainly for making flexible pavements like roads and highways. There are different types of bitumen including straight-run bitumen, blown bitumen, bitumen emulsion, and cut-back bitumen. Asphalt is a solid or semi-solid product left after petroleum distillation that is a mixture of bitumen and inert mineral matter. It is used in construction due to its binding power and insulation properties. The document provides details on the manufacturing process and types of bitumen and asphalt used in construction applications.
Damian Trevor is well known as a respected founder of Team Sun Construction Company which is based in Rancho Mirage, California.
According to Damian Trevor -
Homogeneous and perfect mixture of portland cement concrete and water gives strength and durability. Water quality must be good for that. Curing is also must homogeneous.
This document discusses the reuse of fly ash from coal power plants. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion that can be used in concrete production as a substitute for cement and sand, for construction fills and road bases, and in agriculture and soil amendments. Using fly ash in concrete reduces costs and improves strength, permeability, and durability. Fly ash bricks are also discussed as an alternative to clay bricks that is more environmentally friendly through waste reuse. Overall fly ash utilization provides environmental and economic benefits.
Use of bitumen in tank foundation and as a joint filling materialAshish kumar Yadav
This document defines bitumen and describes its properties and composition. It is a viscous liquid or solid consisting mainly of hydrocarbons that is obtained through petroleum refining or found naturally. The document discusses how bitumen is used in construction applications like roads, waterproofing, and joint fillers. It also addresses the environmental and health impacts of bitumen production and alternatives to reduce pollution.
This document discusses the typical layers of a flexible pavement. It begins by describing seal coat, tack coat, and prime coat layers. It then outlines the layers of a carriageway from bottom to top: earth work, granular sub base, wet mix macadam, bituminous macadam, bituminous concrete. Details are provided on the materials and construction procedures for some of these layers. The document also discusses cement concrete pavements and their advantages over flexible pavements.
This document provides information on various construction materials. It discusses river sand as a preferred fine aggregate and its characteristics. It also outlines the types, grades, and uses of cement, as well as reinforcement steel and structural steel shapes. Ready-mix concrete is defined as concrete produced in a batch plant according to a mix design and delivered via transit mixers. Various concrete mix designs and ready-mix concrete types are also summarized.
This document presents information on bituminous pavements. It introduces bitumen as a semi-solid hydrocarbon product used in construction since 3500 BC. Bituminous or asphalt roads are flexible pavements made of layers that include a sub-grade, sub-base, base, binder, and surface course containing aggregates and asphalt. The document describes the materials and layers used in bituminous roads. It also discusses common failure modes like slippage, cracks, and discusses tests used to evaluate bitumen and aggregate materials. In conclusion, bituminous roads provide advantages like a jointless smooth ride but have limitations like less durability compared to concrete pavements.
Aggregates are coarse materials such as sand, gravel, crushed stone and recycled concrete that are used as a component of composite materials like concrete and asphalt concrete. Sources of aggregates include mining deposits, waste slag from iron and steel manufacturing, and recycling of concrete. Prices of common aggregate grades range from approximately Rs. 324 to Rs. 386 per tonne.
Special concrete not made using portland cementJ C
The document discusses several types of concrete that do not use Portland cement as the primary binder, including polymer concrete, geopolymer concrete, sulfur concrete, and potassium silicate concrete. It provides details on the composition, production process, properties, advantages, applications, and limitations of each type. The goal is to reduce the environmental impact of concrete production by substituting other materials for Portland cement.
Thanx to see our report again and here we talked about concrete just like a roadway but enough information to understand about it. things we talked about are advantages and disadvantages, manufacturing, types, test. Here in every point we compared to asphalt. So if you have any questions or if you have noticed anything you can send a message to me to this email
Alirizgar234@gmail.com
The document provides an outline and overview of construction materials and concrete. It discusses what concrete is, its composition including water, aggregates, reinforcement, chemical admixtures, and cement. It describes the concrete production process of mixing, workability, and curing. It also outlines the properties of concrete including strength, elasticity, cracking, and types of concrete. Testing methods and concrete recycling are briefly covered.
Epoxy, polished concrete, vinyl, and rubber are four common types of industrial flooring. Epoxy is very durable and can handle heavy traffic and weights. Polished concrete is also durable but can be hard on employees. Vinyl is moisture resistant and comes in many colors but requires more maintenance. Rubber provides cushioning, is sound absorbent, and anti-slip, but can be easily scratched. Other industrial flooring options include cement concrete, granolithic, precast tiles, stone, and various properties and applications are discussed for each.
This document discusses different types of modified bituminous materials used in pavement construction including polymer modified bitumen, bitumen rubber mixes, stone matrix asphalt, and warm mix asphalt. It provides details on the composition and properties of these materials. Polymer modified bitumen involves adding polymers like SBS or EVA to bitumen to improve its high temperature stability and resistance to deformation. Stone matrix asphalt contains a high percentage of coarse aggregate that forms an interlocking skeleton structure, filled with bitumen and filler, to provide durability and resist permanent deformation on heavily trafficked roads.
Concrete is a versatile construction material made by mixing portland cement, water, aggregates like sand and gravel, and sometimes admixtures. Its strength and properties depend on the proportions of these components. Proper mixing, placing, finishing, and curing of concrete are necessary to achieve high quality results. When ordering concrete, customers should discuss specifications like intended use, cement type, minimum cement content, water-cement ratio, admixtures, air content, desired strength, and any other special considerations.
Evaluation of strength and performance characteristics of cold mix bitumen us...IJLT EMAS
An attempted has been made to evaluate the strength
and performance characteristics of cold mix bitumen using
reclaimed asphalt. An experimental result obtained from
laboratory testing of the physical and mechanical parameters of
the recycled material, in which the material from the existing
pavement layers were analyses. The air void content, Marshall
stability and flow of the recycled mixtures were investigated. The
tests were performed on the road base mixtures incorporating
reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) with bituminous emulsion. It
was observed that the reclaimed asphalt was having impact
strength of 10%, crushing strength of 8.2%. It is significant to
note that the reclaimed aggregate which was subjected to loading
condition already was still showing very good strength properties.
The maximum stability obtained from optimum binder content
was 384 kg which is a very good value for a cold mix made up of
reclaimed asphalt aggregate. The flow value obtained was also
5.06 mm as observed. The aim of the tests was to evaluate the
properties of the mixes in terms of the recycled aggregates.
Satisfactory results were obtained.
Overview of Soil Stabilization :Cement / Lime:ReportAniket Pateriya
Soil-cement is frequently used as a construction material for pipe bedding, slope protection, and road construction as a sub-base layer reinforcing and protecting the subgrade. It has good compressive and shear strength, but is brittle and has low tensile strength, so it is prone to forming cracks.
Lime can be used to treat soils to varying degrees, depending upon the objective. The least amount of treatment is used to dry and temporarily modify soils. Such treatment produces a working platform for construction or temporary roads. A greater degree of treatment supported by testing, design, and proper construction techniques--produces permanent structural stabilization of soils.
Similar to BITUMEN FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION AND ITS APPLICATION (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
1. SUBMITTED BY : AKBAR JAMAL SUBMITTED TO : VIKAS SIR
17EAYCE010 ASST. PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
2. INTRODUCTION TO BITUMEN
INTRODUCTION TO BITUMEN ROAD
OBJECTIVE OF BITUMEN ROAD
PROPERTIES OF BITUMEN
APPLICATION OF BITUMEN
3. Asphalt, also known as bitumen. It is a sticky, black, highly viscous liquid or
semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in natural deposits or may be a
refined product, and is classed as a pitch. Before the 20th century, the term
asphalt was also used..
Bitumen is a black or dark colored solid or viscous cementitious substance
having an adhesive properties.
It consists chiefly high molecular weight hydrocarbons derivedfrom distillation
of petroleum or natural asphalt.
The primary use (70%) of asphalt is in road construction, where it is used as the
glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its
other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including
production of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs.
The Pitch Lake is the largest natural deposit of asphalt in the world, estimated to
contain 10 million tons. It is located in La Brea in southwest Trinidad, within
the Regional Corporation.
4. A bituminous road is an asphalt concrete road, although it is rarely called a
bituminous road where I come from. Bitumen is by definition any of various
natural substances, such as asphalt, consisting of mainly hydrocarbons.
Bitumen is often confused with tar. Although bitumen and coal tar are
similarly black and sticky, they are distinctly different substances origin,
chemical composition and in their properties
Bituminous road is a road constructed by using bitumen. It is also called
flexible pavement because it changes its shape according to nature of load
and sub base
A road or pavement is a structure consisting of super imposed layers of
processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade, whose primary
function is to distribute the applied vehicle loads to the subgrade.
7. Adhesion:
The adhesive property of bitumen binds together all the
components without bringing about any positive or negative
changes in their properties. Bitumen has the ability to adhere to a
solid surface in a fluid state depending on the nature of the surface.
The presence of water on the surface will prevent adhesion.
Economical:
It is available in cheaper rates almost all over the world which
makes it feasible and affordable in many applications.
Strength:
Though the coarse aggregates are the main load bearing
component in a pavement, bitumen or asphalt also play a vital role
in distributing the traffic loads to the layers beneath.
8. Resistance to Water:
Bitumen is insoluble in water and can serve as an
effective sealant Bitumen is water resistant. Under
some conditions water may be absorbed by minute
quantities of inorganic salts in the
Versatility:
Due to versatility property of Bitumen it is relatively
easy to use it in many applications because of its
thermoplastic property. It can be spread easily along
the underlying pavement layers as it liquefies when
heated making the job easier and hardens in a solid
mass when cooled.
9. There are many uses of bituminous materials in civil engineering works like:
For paints: The industrial blown or R grade of bitumen is mainly used for
bituminous paints and other surfaces.
Damp proofing: For damp proofing, prefabricated mats that are sprayed with
blown bitumen are used. They are also used to prevent pollution from spreading
in the form of small water-retaining, bituminous walls at refuse disposal sites.
Roofing: Coverings of Roofs (Shingles) and Roofing felts are made of fibers or
plastics. These are impregnated with penetration-grade bitumen and coated with
blown-grade bitumen.
Tanking of basements: Bitumen is the usual choice for waterproofing of
Basements like Asphalt.
10. Pavements: Largely used for the construction of roads, runways, taxiways,
etc.
Protection of structures: It is used as a protective coating by impregnation
for concrete elements such as slabs, piles, etc. Organic binders of 10-15 mm
thickness are also applied over these coatings, to prevent the bitumen from
corroding off.