BIOTRANSFORMATION OF NON-STEROID COMPOUNDS BIOTRANSFORMATION Oxidation Reduction Hydrolysis Isomerization Condensation Formation of new carbon bond Introduction of functional group

1. BIOTRANSFORMATION OF
NON-STEROID COMPOUNDS
PRESENTED BY:
PRASHANT V C
DEPT OF ZOOLOGY
GUK

2. BIOTRANSFORMATION
• Biotransformation is chemical modification made by an organism on a chemical
compound;
such as nutrient, amino acids, toxins and drugs in the body.
• Process is aided by major range of microorganisms and their product such as
bacteria, fungus, and enzymes.
• Natural transformation is slow, non specific and less productive
hence, microorganism are more efficient ‘Transformers’.
Biotransformation is the process by which a substance changes from one
chemical to another (transformed) by a chemical reaction via living organism.

3. Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrolysis
Isomerization
Condensation
Formation of new carbon bond
Introduction of functional group
Biotransformation can be congregated under the categories:-

4. Microbial Transformation
Living cells such as bacteria, filamentous fungi, animals, plants, algae, yeast and
actinomycetes are used as Biotransformers.
Microbial cells are ideal choice for biotransformation due to certain reasons like:
Surface-volume ratio: Microbial biotransformation has high surface-volume ratio.
Growth Rate: Higher growth rate of microbial cells reduces the time of biomass
transformation.
Metabolism Rate: Higher rate of the metabolism in microbes leads to efficient
transformation of substrate.
Sterility: It is easier to maintain sterile conditions when microbes are used.
Gene transfer: can perform horizontal gene transfer.

5. Biotransformation of non-steroid compounds
Prostaglandin
• The prostaglandins (PG) are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds
called eicosanoids having diverse hormone-like effects in animals.
• These are unsaturated fatty C-20 fatty acids hormones.
• Cryptococcus neoformans fungal pathogen has the ability to synthesize eicosanoids
which are potent lipid-soluble hormones.
• Enzyme cyclooxygenase present is C. neoformans act on Arachidonic acid resulting in
synthesis of prostaglandin.
• This activity result in the formation of 5-carbon ring structure in PGH.
• PGH can be further modified into specific class of PG;
such as PGE2 and PGF2α .

6. Synthesis of
prostaglandin by
Cryptococcus
neoformans by
producing
Arachidonic acid.

7. L-Ascorbic acid
• Process of formation of L-Ascorbic acid is also known as Reichstein-Grussner
synthesis.
• Steps involved in transformation:-
1. The process is started with chemical catalytic reduction of D-Glucose to
D-Sarbitol, which is a polyhydric alcohol.
2. Oxidation of D-Sorbitol into L-Sarbose, completed with help of Acetobactor
suboxydans and A. xylinum.
3. Ascorbic acid is then produced from L-sarbose via 2-keto-L-gluconic acid.
NOTE:- A direct way of production of Ascorbic acid by glucose can be
sattained by inserting gene encoding 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid
reductase from Corynebacterium to Erwinia

9.  Pollutants
The biotransformation of various pollutants using microorganisms have
gathered much momentum in order to clean up the polluted environment.
Both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria are used for this process.
Aerobic
 Bacillus
 Pseudomonas
 Rhodococcus
 Gordonia
Anaerobic
 Methanospirillum
 Pelatomaculum
 Syntrophobacteria
 Disullfovibrio

10. Bacteria
Pollutants
biotransformed
Mycobacterium vaccae Acetone, benzene, cyclohexane, styrene
Pseudomonas and Bacillus PCB (Polychlorinated biphenyls)
Acetobater and Klebsiella Carcinogenic Azo compound
Pseudomonas
Low Ethoxylated non-phenol
polyethoxylates
Methanospirillum, Syntrophobacter
Phthalate compound
Cunninghamella
Pollutant bearing Pentafluorosulfanyl
(SF5) functional group

11. CONCLUSION
• Biotransformation is current necessity of quality life.
• Microbes have been widely applied for non-steroid biotransformation to prepare
specific derivatives, the production of which is difficult by traditional synthetic
methods.
• Biotransformation is also good to handle the environmental problems like
degradation of xenobiotic and petroleum hydrocarbons as they are real world
problem.
Therefore, based on the present review:
It may be concluded that microbial biotransformation is a boon for
progressive development of mankind and current world with its wide as well as
diverse range of applications in various fields.

12. REFERENCE:-
• Smitha, M. S., Singh, S., & Singh, R. (2017). Microbial biotransformation: A
process for chemical alterations. J Bacteriol Mycol Open Access, 4(2),
00085.
• Shea, J. M., Henry, J. L., & Del Poeta, M. (2006). Lipid metabolism in
Cryptococcus neoformans. FEMS yeast research, 6(4), 469-479.
• https://www.scribd.com/doc/52569336/Vitamin-c-production
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