Biosphere
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The document discusses the biosphere, which is the thin layer around the Earth's surface where life exists. It is about 32 miles thick and includes the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. The atmosphere is the thin layer of gases above the Earth's surface consisting mainly of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. The lithosphere is the land surface divided into biomes. The hydrosphere covers 71% of the Earth as water, with only 2.5% being freshwater.
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The document discusses the importance of water and the hydrosphere. It notes that water is essential to life as it nourishes cells and removes waste, and is also essential for plants, homes, factories, and producing goods. Additionally, it states that rainfall determines whether humanity survives or perishes. The document provides statistics on the composition of Earth's water, noting that 70% of the surface is water, 96.5% of which is in oceans. It explains that only 2.5% of water is freshwater, most of which is locked in ice caps and glaciers or underground.
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1) The crust is the outermost layer and is made up of continental and oceanic plates.
2) Below the crust is the mantle, the largest layer which makes up over 80% of Earth's volume. The mantle is divided into the lithosphere and asthenosphere.
3) The core is the innermost layer and consists of a liquid outer core and solid inner core made mostly of iron.
4) Separating the layers are discontinuities like the Mohorovicic discontinuity between the crust and mantle and the Gutenberg and Jeffreys discontinuities within the core.
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Carbon is the fundamental component of all organic compounds. It is one of the primary elements of life, involved in the fixation of energy by photosynthesis. The biosphere includes a complex mixture of carbon compounds. They are originated, transformed and decomposed within this sphere. This module highlights the importance of carbon on the globe.
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The document discusses the four main spheres that make up the Earth's system - the geosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere. It describes each sphere in detail, including what they contain and their interactions. The spheres - land, water, living things, and air - work together as a complex, interconnected system powered by both internal and external energy sources.
Summary 0f the earth system, origin...
The document discusses the structure and components of the Earth system. It states that the Earth can be considered a closed system that receives energy from the Sun and exchanges heat with space. It also notes that the universe is around 13.8 billion years old and the diameter of the observable universe is at least 91 billion light years. The Earth system consists of four main interacting subsystems: the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Materials cycle continuously between these subsystems, such as in the carbon, rock, and water cycles. The subsystems also receive and redistribute energy, with the main external energy source being the Sun and internal sources being radioactive decay and gravitational energy.
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The document discusses the factors that make Earth habitable for life. It notes that Earth is the only planet known to support life and identifies some key characteristics, including its distance from the Sun, protective magnetic field, insulating atmosphere, and presence of water and carbon. It then describes Earth's four main subsystems - the atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It provides details on the layers of the atmosphere and explains how matter and energy flow between the different subsystems in processes like the carbon cycle.
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The document discusses the four main subsystems that make up the Earth: the atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It provides details on each subsystem, including the composition and layers of the atmosphere. The subsystems interact with each other through flows of matter and energy. For example, the atmosphere provides heat and energy to the geosphere while the biosphere receives gases, heat, sunlight and water from the other subsystems. This dynamic interaction between the subsystems creates a habitable environment for life on Earth.
Evolution of biosphere and cryosphere
This document provides an overview of the biosphere and cryosphere. It begins with introductions to the biosphere, defining it as the totality of living organisms and their environment on Earth. It describes the evolution of the biosphere from the Archaean period to modern stages. It also outlines important biomes and ecosystems. The document then discusses the cryosphere, defining it as the frozen parts of the Earth system, including glaciers, snow, ice sheets, and sea ice. It explains the role of the cryosphere in the climate system and provides examples of snow and ice distribution. In concluding, the document emphasizes the significance of the cryosphere in global climate responses to changes.
earth systems spheres use.ppt
The document discusses the four major spheres of Earth: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and key features of each sphere. For example, it notes the atmosphere contains different layers and is mostly nitrogen and oxygen, the biosphere is the zone of life on Earth structured through food chains, and the hydrosphere contains all water on the planet including oceans, lakes, and groundwater. The document also explains how Earth system science studies the interactions between these four spheres, like volcanic eruptions releasing gases into the air and affecting surrounding forests.
Social & Science PPT
This document provides a summary of key topics from a social science presentation, including:
- The lithosphere refers to the hard, rocky surface of Earth including the land masses.
- The large land masses above sea level are called continents, of which there are seven.
- Oceans are vast stretches of water that extend thousands of kilometers, with five major oceans.
- The biosphere includes the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere, collectively known as the living world.
Elements of the physical environmentElements of the Physical E.docx
Elements of the physical environment
Elements of the Physical Environment
The environment can basically described to be everything that surrounds man, interacts with man and influences the way he exists. The elements therefore can be put to four different categories: the atmosphere which contains the air, gases, climate and water, the hydrosphere that includes water in oceans, seas, rivers and lakes, the lithosphere that describes things on the earth’s surface like rocks, soil and landforms and finally the biosphere that contains life or living things like the flora – plants and fauna – animals. Environment means the surroundings. Land, water, air, plants, animals, solid wastes and other things that are surrounding us constitute our environment. Man and environment are closely intertwined with each other, to maintain a balance or equilibrium in nature.
The Earth's atmosphere is a thin layer of gases that surrounds the Earth. It made up of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, 0.03% carbon dioxide, and very minimal amounts of other gases. This thin gaseous layer insulates the Earth from extreme temperatures; it keeps heat inside the atmosphere and it also blocks the Earth from much of the Sun's incoming ultraviolet radiation. It’s approximated to be about 480 km thick, but most of the atmosphere (about 80%) is within 16 km of the surface of the Earth. There is no exact place where the atmosphere ends; it just gets thinner and thinner, until it merges with outer space. The atmospheric air pressure at sea level, is about equals 760 mm (29.92 inches) of mercury, 14.70 pounds per square inch the air pressure decreases. At an altitude of 10,000 feet, the air pressure is 10 pound per square inch and there is less oxygen to breathe. The atmosphere is made up of layers namely: the thermosphere which includes the exosphere and part of the ionosphere, the exosphere which is the outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere. The exosphere goes from about 640 km high to about 1,280 km, the ionosphere that starts at about 70-80 km high and continues for hundreds of kilometers like 640 km. It contains many ions and free electrons. The ions are created when sunlight hits atoms and tears off some electrons. Auroras occur in the ionosphere. Others include the mesosphere characterized by decreasing temperatures as you rise, the stratosphere characterized by slight temperature increase with altitude, the tropopause which sits between the stratosphere and the troposphere and finally the troposphere which is the lowest region in the earth’s atmosphere.
A hydrosphere is the total amount of water on a planet. The hydrosphere includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air. A planet's hydrosphere can be liquid, vapor, or ice. On Earth, liquid water exists on the surface in the form of oceans, lakes and rivers. It also exists below ground—as groundwater, in wells and aquifers. Water vapor is most visible as clouds and fog. The frozen part ...
The Earth SystemEarth is the third planet from the sun in our so.docx
The Earth System
Earth is the third planet from the sun in our solar system. Earth orbits the sun in an elliptical (oval) path. Earth’s orbit is sometimes called the “Goldilocks zone.” Mercury and Venus travel too close to the sun to sustain life—they’re “too hot.” Planets beyond Earth travel too far from the sun—they’re “too cold.” But Earth is “just right.” (Note that there’s evidence that Mars—the Red Planet—once may have sustained microscopic life on its surface. However, conditions on the Red Planet no longer seem favorable.)
The term “Earth system” refers to the different processes and cycles that exist on the planet. All of these work together to sustain life. The four domains of the Earth system include the geosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere. Let’s quickly review each of these.
Layers of Earth
(NASA public domain image)
The geosphere refers to the solid portion of the planet. It includes the rocks and minerals that make up the continents as well as the ocean floor. It also includes structures within Earth, including the liquid mantle and the dense, solid, metallic core. Nonliving surface ground layers, such as desert sands and volcanic rock, are part of the geosphere.
The hydrosphere includes all the water on or near Earth’s surface. The oceans are the major component of the hydrosphere. They make up 97 percent of the Earth’s water. Glaciers and polar ice caps make up about 2 percent of the hydrosphere. Only about 1 percent of the hydrosphere is made up of the liquid freshwater found in ponds, streams, rivers, lakes, and underground water reservoirs (aquifers).
Aquifers are the main freshwater source in America’s “breadbasket” states of the Midwest and Great Plains. (“Breadbasket” states get their name from the volume of wheat, a primary ingredient in bread, grown there.) The hydrosphere extends several miles above the surface of the planet into the atmosphere, mainly in the form of water vapor.
Water vapor is water in its gaseous state. Precipitation is water released from the clouds. It may take the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail. It’s part of the water cycle.
For more information on the hydrosphere, follow this link: What is the HYDROSPHERE?
The atmosphere is the planet’s blanket. It allows living beings on the planet to breathe. It also protects us from the unfriendly features of the universe, such as meteors, cosmic radiation, and the effects of solar flares.
The atmosphere is made up of a variety of layers, as follows:
Earth’s Atmosphere
(NASA public domain image)
· The troposphere is the densest part of the atmosphere. It starts at Earth’s surface and extends upward from about 5 miles (in the higher or lower latitudes) to 9 miles (over the equatorial regions). Most of our weather takes place here.
· The stratosphere extends from the troposphere upward about 31 miles. The ozone layer, which protects the planet from solar ultraviolet radiation, is located in this region.
· The mesosph.
2 Earth_and_Life_Science-Earth Subsystem.pptx
The document discusses the four subsystems that make up the Earth:
1. Atmosphere - The gaseous layer composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen that supports life.
2. Biosphere - The zone where all life exists on land, in water, and in the sea.
3. Geosphere - The solid portion of the Earth consisting of the core, mantle, and crust.
4. Hydrosphere - The water portion of the Earth found in oceans, glaciers, and the atmosphere, comprising 71% of the Earth's surface.
Matter and energy flow continuously between these four interconnected subsystems.
Teens Y2 The Natural Way (Notes)
The document discusses order and balance in various natural systems. It describes how rainforests provide oxygen and habitat for many species. The solar system's order allows life on Earth through the planet's stable orbit and position from the sun. Oceans cover most of Earth's surface and contain most life and fresh water. The ocean's currents and tides are influenced by the moon and Earth's rotation, and oceans help regulate global temperatures and support marine life and commerce. Any disruption to these natural systems could be catastrophic.
earth systems spheres use.ppt
The document discusses the four major spheres of Earth: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and key features of each sphere. The atmosphere contains different layers and is mostly nitrogen and oxygen. The biosphere is the zone of life on Earth, structured through food chains. The hydrosphere contains all water on the planet, including oceans, lakes, ice, and vapor. The geosphere is the solid part of Earth from the core outward, including rocks and minerals. Earth system science studies how these spheres interact constantly, affecting one another.
earth systems spheres use.ppt
The document discusses the four major spheres of Earth: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and key features of each sphere. The atmosphere contains different layers and is mostly nitrogen and oxygen. The biosphere is the zone of life on Earth, structured through food chains. The hydrosphere contains all water on the planet, including oceans, lakes, ice, and vapor. The geosphere is the solid part of Earth from the core outward, including rocks and minerals. Earth system science studies how these spheres interact constantly, affecting one another.
earth systems spheres use.ppt
The document discusses the four major spheres of Earth: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and key features of each sphere. The atmosphere contains different layers and is mostly nitrogen and oxygen. The biosphere is the region that supports life through food chains. The hydrosphere contains all water on Earth, including oceans, lakes, ice, and vapor. The geosphere is the solid part of Earth, including rocks and minerals. Earth system science studies how these spheres interact, such as how volcanoes can impact the atmosphere, biosphere, and surrounding area.
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Biosphere
- 1. Test is Thursday – these notes are pretty straight forward. I will have a test review sheet for you tomorrow and will be here for a review Thursday before school. If the following notes are in italics – no need to write them.
- 2. Now that we have discussed nutrient cycles, energy flow, and some of the types of symbiotic relationships that occur to pass energy and nutrients along, lets discuss where this happens.
- 4. The Biosphere is the thin layer around the Earth’s surface in which life exists.
- 5. 1. It is about 32 miles thick.
- 9. 2. The biosphere is divided into three sections.
- 15. … those other gases …. A. water vapor (varies with latitude and proximity to an ocean) B. O3 Ozone C. Hydrogen gas, carbon monoxide, methane, etc.
- 21. The next slides are about that 2.5% that is freshwater.
- 22. a. About 75% of Earth’s freshwater is frozen in glaciers and at the poles (changing)
- 26. When you consider that we are trapped, with all other life, in a thin film around the Earth’s surface that provides us with the water, soil, and air we need to survive, it should be of the highest priority that we take care of it to insure our health and survival.
- 27. When you consider that we are trapped, with all other life, in a thin film around the Earth’s surface that provides us with the water, soil, and air we need to survive, it should be of the highest priority that we take care of it to insure our health and survival. Unfortunately that hasn’t been the case. Instead a relative few of one species (Homo sapiens) has exploited the biosphere to the detriment of ourselves and all other life on Earth.
- 28. When you consider that we are trapped, with all other life, in a thin film around the Earth’s surface that provides us with the water, soil, and air we need to survive, it should be of the highest priority that we take care of it to insure our health and survival. Unfortunately that hasn’t been the case. Instead a relative few of one species (Homo sapiens) has exploited the biosphere to the detriment of ourselves and all other life on Earth. Recognizing and understanding the damage and how to fix it is what Environmental Science is all about.