Bioremediation and phytoremediation 45
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PHYTOREMEDIATION
This document summarizes various phytoremediation processes. Phytoremediation uses plants to remove contaminants from soil, water, or sediment. It includes processes like phytoextraction where plants absorb and concentrate contaminants, phytostabilization where plants reduce contaminant mobility and uptake, and phytotransformation where plants or associated microbes break down organic contaminants. Specific examples are given of plants used to remediate heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium, and lead through phytoextraction. Processes like rhizodegradation, phytovolatilization, and rhizofiltration are also outlined. The document notes advantages of phytoremediation being more environmentally friendly and cost effective
Mycoremediation
This document discusses the use of white rot fungi in mycoremediation to degrade various xenobiotics and pollutants. It provides examples of studies using white rot fungi to degrade compounds such as phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dyes, and industrial effluents. White rot fungi produce extracellular enzymes like peroxidases and ligninases that can oxidize pollutants. Many fungal species have shown abilities to degrade persistent and toxic waste into less toxic or non-toxic forms. The document reviews the current state of research on mycoremediation using white rot fungi and their enzyme systems.
Phyto stabilisation
Phytostabilization refers to establishing a plant cover on the surface of the contaminated soils, which reduces their exposure to wind, water, and direct contact with humans or animals. Phytostabilization reduces the mobility, and therefore the risk, of inorganic contaminants without necessarily removing them from the site.
Importance of microorganisms in nutrient management
The document discusses the important role of soil microorganisms in nutrient management and cycling. It explains that microbes are actively involved in decomposing organic matter, producing humus, and increasing the availability of nutrients like phosphorus. Certain microbes also support plant growth by producing vitamins, hormones, and stimulating natural defenses against pathogens. Microorganisms are key players in soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles through processes like nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, and mineralization. The document also discusses different types of biofertilizers containing beneficial microbes.
Biodegradation of Environmental Pollutants
The USEPA defines biodegradation as a process by which microbial organisms transform or alter (through metabolic or enzymatic action) the structure of chemicals introduced into the environment.
According to the definition by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the term biodegradation is “Breakdown of a substance catalyzed by enzymes in vitro or in vivo.
The term is often used in relation to ecology, waste management, biomedicine, and the natural environment (bioremediation) and is now commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are capable of decomposing back into natural elements.
Biodegradable matter is generally organic material such as plant and animal matter and other substances originating from living organisms, or artificial materials that are similar enough to plant and animal matter to be put to use by microorganisms.
Bioremediation
This document provides information about bioremediation. It begins with an introduction defining bioremediation as using microorganisms to degrade hazardous chemicals into less toxic forms. It then discusses the types of microorganisms involved, including Pseudomonas genus and Xenobiotics-degrading microorganisms. Several examples of pollutants and degrading microorganisms are given. The mechanisms of bioremediation include aerobic and anaerobic transformations such as respiration, fermentation, and methane fermentation. Factors affecting bioremediation like moisture, nutrients, oxygen levels, pH, temperature, and pollutant characteristics are outlined. Methods of bioremediation include in-situ and ex-situ techniques
Abiotic stress resistance @ sid
This document discusses breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses like drought, salt, and cold in fruit crops. It provides information on the characteristics, effects, and mechanisms of different abiotic stresses. It also outlines strategies for breeding resistance, including selecting from cultivated varieties, landraces, and wild relatives. The key mechanisms of resistance include avoidance, tolerance, and acclimation. Traits like early maturity, reduced transpiration, and accumulating osmolytes can provide drought and salt resistance.
Bioherbicides
This document discusses commercial bioherbicides for weed control. It begins by outlining the problems caused by weeds in agriculture and the need for more sustainable weed control technologies. It then describes the three main types of weed control - mechanical, chemical, and biological. The document focuses on biological control, explaining what bioherbicides are and the process of discovering, developing, mass producing, formulating, and applying them. It provides examples of commercially registered bioherbicides and concludes by stating that bioherbicides are typically narrow-spectrum and intended to be used as part of integrated weed management.
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PHYTOREMEDIATION
This document summarizes various phytoremediation processes. Phytoremediation uses plants to remove contaminants from soil, water, or sediment. It includes processes like phytoextraction where plants absorb and concentrate contaminants, phytostabilization where plants reduce contaminant mobility and uptake, and phytotransformation where plants or associated microbes break down organic contaminants. Specific examples are given of plants used to remediate heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium, and lead through phytoextraction. Processes like rhizodegradation, phytovolatilization, and rhizofiltration are also outlined. The document notes advantages of phytoremediation being more environmentally friendly and cost effective
Mycoremediation
This document discusses the use of white rot fungi in mycoremediation to degrade various xenobiotics and pollutants. It provides examples of studies using white rot fungi to degrade compounds such as phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dyes, and industrial effluents. White rot fungi produce extracellular enzymes like peroxidases and ligninases that can oxidize pollutants. Many fungal species have shown abilities to degrade persistent and toxic waste into less toxic or non-toxic forms. The document reviews the current state of research on mycoremediation using white rot fungi and their enzyme systems.
Phyto stabilisation
Phytostabilization refers to establishing a plant cover on the surface of the contaminated soils, which reduces their exposure to wind, water, and direct contact with humans or animals. Phytostabilization reduces the mobility, and therefore the risk, of inorganic contaminants without necessarily removing them from the site.
Importance of microorganisms in nutrient management
The document discusses the important role of soil microorganisms in nutrient management and cycling. It explains that microbes are actively involved in decomposing organic matter, producing humus, and increasing the availability of nutrients like phosphorus. Certain microbes also support plant growth by producing vitamins, hormones, and stimulating natural defenses against pathogens. Microorganisms are key players in soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles through processes like nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, and mineralization. The document also discusses different types of biofertilizers containing beneficial microbes.
Biodegradation of Environmental Pollutants
The USEPA defines biodegradation as a process by which microbial organisms transform or alter (through metabolic or enzymatic action) the structure of chemicals introduced into the environment.
According to the definition by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the term biodegradation is “Breakdown of a substance catalyzed by enzymes in vitro or in vivo.
The term is often used in relation to ecology, waste management, biomedicine, and the natural environment (bioremediation) and is now commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are capable of decomposing back into natural elements.
Biodegradable matter is generally organic material such as plant and animal matter and other substances originating from living organisms, or artificial materials that are similar enough to plant and animal matter to be put to use by microorganisms.
Bioremediation
This document provides information about bioremediation. It begins with an introduction defining bioremediation as using microorganisms to degrade hazardous chemicals into less toxic forms. It then discusses the types of microorganisms involved, including Pseudomonas genus and Xenobiotics-degrading microorganisms. Several examples of pollutants and degrading microorganisms are given. The mechanisms of bioremediation include aerobic and anaerobic transformations such as respiration, fermentation, and methane fermentation. Factors affecting bioremediation like moisture, nutrients, oxygen levels, pH, temperature, and pollutant characteristics are outlined. Methods of bioremediation include in-situ and ex-situ techniques
Abiotic stress resistance @ sid
This document discusses breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses like drought, salt, and cold in fruit crops. It provides information on the characteristics, effects, and mechanisms of different abiotic stresses. It also outlines strategies for breeding resistance, including selecting from cultivated varieties, landraces, and wild relatives. The key mechanisms of resistance include avoidance, tolerance, and acclimation. Traits like early maturity, reduced transpiration, and accumulating osmolytes can provide drought and salt resistance.
Bioherbicides
This document discusses commercial bioherbicides for weed control. It begins by outlining the problems caused by weeds in agriculture and the need for more sustainable weed control technologies. It then describes the three main types of weed control - mechanical, chemical, and biological. The document focuses on biological control, explaining what bioherbicides are and the process of discovering, developing, mass producing, formulating, and applying them. It provides examples of commercially registered bioherbicides and concludes by stating that bioherbicides are typically narrow-spectrum and intended to be used as part of integrated weed management.
Bioremediation and phytoremediation
This document discusses bioremediation and phytoremediation. It defines bioremediation as using microorganisms, fungi or plants to return a contaminated environment to its original condition. Phytoremediation specifically uses green plants. Methods include using bacteria to decompose oil spills or degrade chlorinated hydrocarbons. Bioremediation works by microbes breaking down hazardous substances into less toxic forms. It has advantages like lower cost than traditional methods and preserving the natural environment. However, some chemicals are not readily biodegradable and factors like nutrients, moisture and temperature must be considered.
Bioremediation and Phytoremediation
Bioremediation uses living organisms like microbes and plants to degrade environmental pollutants into less toxic or non-toxic substances. Key bioremediation strategies include adding genetically engineered microbes, using indigenous microbes, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and phytoremediation using plants. Bioremediation aims to break down pollutants so they are undetectable or at safe concentrations set by regulatory agencies. New techniques include using chelates to help plants extract heavy metals from soil or microbes that can transform toxic chromium VI into less toxic chromium III.
Bioremediation and phytoremediation
This document discusses various strategies for pollution mitigation through bioremediation. It begins with an introduction to bioremediation and outlines different bioremediation strategies including in situ and ex situ approaches. In situ bioremediation strategies discussed include intrinsic bioremediation, bioventing, biosparging, and bioaugmentation. Ex situ strategies include composting, land farming, and biopile systems. The document also discusses factors that influence bioremediation effectiveness such as microorganisms, environmental conditions, and contaminant type. It provides examples of contaminants that are bio-degradable, partially degradable, and recalcitrant.
Abiotic stresses in plant
This document discusses abiotic stress in plants. It defines plant stress and describes how environmental factors like water deficit, salinity, temperature extremes, and mineral deficiencies can stress plants. It explains how plants acclimate and adapt to stress through physiological and morphological changes. The document outlines various stress sensing, signaling pathways and hormonal responses in plants, as well as developmental and antioxidant mechanisms that help protect plants from abiotic stress. Developing crop varieties with enhanced stress tolerance is an important goal.
Bio degradation of pesticides and herbicides
Microorganisms play a major role in biodegrading pesticides and herbicides in soil. Various bacteria, fungi, and other microbes secrete enzymes and metabolites that can break down these chemicals into less toxic compounds. The rate of biodegradation depends on genetic and environmental factors. Common strategies to enhance pesticide and herbicide degradation include biostimulation, bioaugmentation, composting, and phytoremediation. Examples are provided of specific microorganisms involved in degrading pesticides like DDT, lindane, malathion, and various herbicides.
Bioremediation
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to return contaminated environments to their original condition. There are two main types: in situ bioremediation, which cleans up contamination on site, and ex situ bioremediation, which removes waste for off-site treatment. In situ bioremediation can occur intrinsically or be engineered through additions like fertilizers or microbes. Ex situ approaches include solid phase treatments like composting of wastes or slurry phase treatments where contaminated materials are mixed into liquid in bioreactors. Key factors that affect bioremediation include moisture, pH, temperature, nutrients, contaminant concentration, and microbial populations.
Phytoremediation
Phytoremediation uses plants to remove, detoxify, or immobilize environmental pollutants like metals and organic compounds from soil and water. It works through natural processes of plants like absorption, accumulation, precipitation, volatilization, and stimulation of degrading microbes. Common mechanisms include phytoextraction, phytostabilization, phytotransformation, phytostimulation, and rhizofiltration. While cost-effective and environmentally friendly, phytoremediation is slow and not suitable for highly contaminated sites. Plant species are chosen based on their ability to uptake and process contaminants as well as adapt to soil and climate conditions.
Bioindicators
A bioindicator is any an "indicator species" or group of species whose function, population, or status reveal the qualitative status of the environment.
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This document discusses various engineering strategies for bioremediation. It begins by outlining the importance of site characterization, pollutant characterization, and geohydrochemical characterization. It then discusses approaches like biotreatability tests, bioaugmentation, biopiling, biosparging, and different ex-situ techniques like land farming and composting. The key factors that affect bioremediation like nutrient requirements, oxygen supply, and mass transfer are also summarized.
Control of pollution by genetically engineered microorganisms
Pollution refers to the presence of a substance or substances in the environment that are harmful or toxic. The substances or pollutants may be harmful to human health, other animals, and plants. When something harmful enters the environment at a faster rate that it can be dispersed, there is pollution.
Mechanism of aerobic & an aerobic biodegradation
The document discusses the mechanisms of aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation. It explains that aerobic biodegradation breaks down organic contaminants using oxygen, while anaerobic biodegradation occurs without oxygen. The key stages of anaerobic biodegradation are hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. It also compares aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation, noting that aerobic is faster but anaerobic produces less waste. Various microorganisms involved in each process are also identified.
Bioremediation
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants. It defines bioremediation and describes how it works to break down hazardous substances. There are three main types of bioremediation: biostimulation adds nutrients to stimulate microbial growth; bioaugmentation adds microbes to degrade specific contaminants; and intrinsic bioremediation relies on natural attenuation. Methods of bioremediation include in-situ and ex-situ approaches. In-situ techniques like bioventing treat pollution on-site, while ex-situ methods involve removing material to above-ground bioreactors for treatment. Bioremediation has applications in controlling water, soil and air
Bioremediaion
The document discusses bioremediation techniques for treating fish processing waste. It provides background on the large quantities of solid waste and wastewater generated by fish processing plants. Both aerobic and anaerobic bioremediation techniques can be used, including intrinsic and accelerated bioremediation which use indigenous or added microorganisms. Specific in situ techniques mentioned are bioventing, biostimulation, and bioaugmentation. Essential factors for effective microbial bioremediation include suitable microbial populations, oxygen, water, nutrients, temperature, and pH. Bioremediation is seen as a cost effective and environmentally friendly way to treat fish processing waste and other pollutants.
Resistance_Mechanism_and_Molecular_Responses_to_the_Salinity.pptx
In this presentation, I would like to provide the Resistance Mechanism and Molecular Responses to the Salinity.
There are two types of plants Halophytes and Glycophytes (categories on the basis of their responses to the salinity) examples are Thellungiella halophila and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively.
Earlier Arabidopsis was considered as Model organism incase of plants but it can't tolerate high saline condition that's the reason for the limited study of plant towards salinity responses. But in the year 2004 the discovery of new plant Thellungiella halophila generates new knowledge about the tolerance mechanism of plants towards salinity responses because it's a halophytes which can tolerate extreme saline condition.
And also it has very similarity with the Arabidopsis so it's considered as the Model organism for the study of Salt stress physiology.
There are major two pathways involved in response to Salt stress (described in presentation).
Mineralization of organic nitrogen
The document discusses the mineralization of organic nitrogen in soil through three processes: aminization, ammonification, and nitrification. Aminization and ammonification are anaerobic processes mediated by heterotrophic bacteria that convert organic nitrogen into ammonia. Nitrification is an aerobic process mediated by autotrophic bacteria that converts ammonia to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate. Key factors that affect the rates of these processes include soil aeration, moisture, temperature, pH, and the carbon to nitrogen ratio.
Somatic hybridization
This document discusses somatic hybridization, which is the fusion of isolated plant protoplasts in vitro to form a hybrid cell that can develop into a hybrid plant. It involves fusing protoplasts using various methods like PEG treatment or electric fusion. Hybrid cells are then selected using techniques like drug resistance, flow cytometry or visual inspection. The document provides details on the steps of protoplast fusion, mechanisms of fusion, and selection of hybrid cells.
Temperature tolerance
Being sessile, plants are constantly exposed to changes in temperature and other abiotic stress factors. The temperature stress experienced by plants can be classified into three types: those occurring at (a) temperature below freezing (b) low temperature above freezing and (c) high temperature. The plants must adapt to them in other ways. The biological substances that are deeply related to these stresses, such as heat shock proteins, glycine betaine as a compatible solute, membrane lipids etc.and also detoxifiers of active oxygen species, contribute to temperature stress tolerance in plants. Rapid advances in Molecular Genetic approaches have enabled genes to be cloned, both from prokaryotes and directly from plants themselves, that are thought to provide the key to the mechanism of temperature adaptation (Iba et al., 2002).
The accumulation of heat shock proteins under the control of heat stress transcription factors is assumed to play a central role in the heat stress response and in acquired thermotolerance in plants (Kotak et al., 2007). The pattern of protein synthesis during cold acclimation is very dissimilar to the heat shock proteins in many ways. Different low temperature stress proteins, such as Anti-freeze proteins or thermal hysteresis proteins (THPs) and cold shock domain proteins etc. are accumulated in plant cell and are frequently correlated with enhanced cold tolerance ( Guy, 1999).
The heat stress-induced dehydrin proteins (DHNs) expression and their relationship with the water relations of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) leaves were studied to investigate the adaptation to heat stress in plants (Wahid and Close, 2007). In order to get an in vitro evidence of Hsc70 functioning as a molecular chaperone during cold stress, a cold-inducible spinach cytosolic Hsc70 was subcloned into a protein expression vector and the recombinant protein was expressed in bacterial cells. Results suggest that the molecular chaperone Hsc70 may have a functional role in plants during low temperature stress (Zhang and Guy, 2006). To analyze the least and most strongly interacting stress with Hsps and Hsfs, a transcriptional profiling of Arabidopsis Hsps and Hsfs has been done (Swindell et al., 2007).
As plants receive complex of stress factors together, therefore in future research, emphasis should be placed on such cases where tolerance is attempted to different stress factors simultaneously by employing sophisticated techniques.
17415 biofertilizers
This document discusses biofertilizers, which are products containing living microorganisms that can fix atmospheric nitrogen or solubilize soil phosphorus, making it available to plants. It classifies biofertilizers as nitrogen-fixing or phosphorus-solubilizing. Some major nitrogen-fixing biofertilizers discussed are Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, and blue-green algae. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms include Bacillus and Pseudomonas. Biofertilizers are applied through seed treatment, root inoculation, or soil application. They provide nutrients to plants, improve soil health, and can replace some chemical fertilizers in a
Bioremediation.
The document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to break down environmental pollutants and clean contaminated sites. It describes different types of bioremediation including microbial remediation, which uses bacteria and fungi, and phytoremediation, which uses plants. The goals, methods, applications, advantages and limitations of bioremediation are summarized. Key bioremediation techniques mentioned are bioventing, land-farming, bioaugmentation, and biopiles.
Techniques for bioremediation
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic forms. There are two main techniques: in-situ treats contaminated soil and groundwater in place without excavation, while ex-situ excavates soil prior to treatment using methods like biopiles, bioreactors, land farming, and windrows that optimize conditions for microorganisms. The document discusses various enhanced bioremediation methods for both in-situ and ex-situ treatment.
Microbes involved in aerobic and anaerobic process in nature
This document provides an overview of microbes involved in aerobic and anaerobic processes in nature. It discusses bioremediation, the bioremediation cycle, biodegradation, and the roles of various microorganisms. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to break down environmental pollutants. The bioremediation cycle involves microbes consuming contaminants and converting them into harmless substances. Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microbes. Various microbes are involved in aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation processes to break down contaminants.
Bioremediation
xenobiotic compounds, recalcitrant compounds, Halocarbons
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), Synthetic polymers, Alkyl benzyl sulphonate, Oil mixture, biodegradation, biosaparging, bioventing, biostimulation, in - situ bioremediation, ex - situ bio remediation , intrinsic and extrinsic bioremediation, bioremediation of heavy metals, pesticides, oil spills, plastic
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Bioremediation and Phytoremediation
Bioremediation uses living organisms like microbes and plants to degrade environmental pollutants into less toxic or non-toxic substances. Key bioremediation strategies include adding genetically engineered microbes, using indigenous microbes, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and phytoremediation using plants. Bioremediation aims to break down pollutants so they are undetectable or at safe concentrations set by regulatory agencies. New techniques include using chelates to help plants extract heavy metals from soil or microbes that can transform toxic chromium VI into less toxic chromium III.
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Abiotic stresses in plant
This document discusses abiotic stress in plants. It defines plant stress and describes how environmental factors like water deficit, salinity, temperature extremes, and mineral deficiencies can stress plants. It explains how plants acclimate and adapt to stress through physiological and morphological changes. The document outlines various stress sensing, signaling pathways and hormonal responses in plants, as well as developmental and antioxidant mechanisms that help protect plants from abiotic stress. Developing crop varieties with enhanced stress tolerance is an important goal.
Bio degradation of pesticides and herbicides
Microorganisms play a major role in biodegrading pesticides and herbicides in soil. Various bacteria, fungi, and other microbes secrete enzymes and metabolites that can break down these chemicals into less toxic compounds. The rate of biodegradation depends on genetic and environmental factors. Common strategies to enhance pesticide and herbicide degradation include biostimulation, bioaugmentation, composting, and phytoremediation. Examples are provided of specific microorganisms involved in degrading pesticides like DDT, lindane, malathion, and various herbicides.
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Phytoremediation
Phytoremediation uses plants to remove, detoxify, or immobilize environmental pollutants like metals and organic compounds from soil and water. It works through natural processes of plants like absorption, accumulation, precipitation, volatilization, and stimulation of degrading microbes. Common mechanisms include phytoextraction, phytostabilization, phytotransformation, phytostimulation, and rhizofiltration. While cost-effective and environmentally friendly, phytoremediation is slow and not suitable for highly contaminated sites. Plant species are chosen based on their ability to uptake and process contaminants as well as adapt to soil and climate conditions.
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The document discusses bioremediation techniques for treating fish processing waste. It provides background on the large quantities of solid waste and wastewater generated by fish processing plants. Both aerobic and anaerobic bioremediation techniques can be used, including intrinsic and accelerated bioremediation which use indigenous or added microorganisms. Specific in situ techniques mentioned are bioventing, biostimulation, and bioaugmentation. Essential factors for effective microbial bioremediation include suitable microbial populations, oxygen, water, nutrients, temperature, and pH. Bioremediation is seen as a cost effective and environmentally friendly way to treat fish processing waste and other pollutants.
Resistance_Mechanism_and_Molecular_Responses_to_the_Salinity.pptx
In this presentation, I would like to provide the Resistance Mechanism and Molecular Responses to the Salinity.
There are two types of plants Halophytes and Glycophytes (categories on the basis of their responses to the salinity) examples are Thellungiella halophila and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively.
Earlier Arabidopsis was considered as Model organism incase of plants but it can't tolerate high saline condition that's the reason for the limited study of plant towards salinity responses. But in the year 2004 the discovery of new plant Thellungiella halophila generates new knowledge about the tolerance mechanism of plants towards salinity responses because it's a halophytes which can tolerate extreme saline condition.
And also it has very similarity with the Arabidopsis so it's considered as the Model organism for the study of Salt stress physiology.
There are major two pathways involved in response to Salt stress (described in presentation).
Mineralization of organic nitrogen
The document discusses the mineralization of organic nitrogen in soil through three processes: aminization, ammonification, and nitrification. Aminization and ammonification are anaerobic processes mediated by heterotrophic bacteria that convert organic nitrogen into ammonia. Nitrification is an aerobic process mediated by autotrophic bacteria that converts ammonia to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate. Key factors that affect the rates of these processes include soil aeration, moisture, temperature, pH, and the carbon to nitrogen ratio.
Somatic hybridization
This document discusses somatic hybridization, which is the fusion of isolated plant protoplasts in vitro to form a hybrid cell that can develop into a hybrid plant. It involves fusing protoplasts using various methods like PEG treatment or electric fusion. Hybrid cells are then selected using techniques like drug resistance, flow cytometry or visual inspection. The document provides details on the steps of protoplast fusion, mechanisms of fusion, and selection of hybrid cells.
Temperature tolerance
Being sessile, plants are constantly exposed to changes in temperature and other abiotic stress factors. The temperature stress experienced by plants can be classified into three types: those occurring at (a) temperature below freezing (b) low temperature above freezing and (c) high temperature. The plants must adapt to them in other ways. The biological substances that are deeply related to these stresses, such as heat shock proteins, glycine betaine as a compatible solute, membrane lipids etc.and also detoxifiers of active oxygen species, contribute to temperature stress tolerance in plants. Rapid advances in Molecular Genetic approaches have enabled genes to be cloned, both from prokaryotes and directly from plants themselves, that are thought to provide the key to the mechanism of temperature adaptation (Iba et al., 2002).
The accumulation of heat shock proteins under the control of heat stress transcription factors is assumed to play a central role in the heat stress response and in acquired thermotolerance in plants (Kotak et al., 2007). The pattern of protein synthesis during cold acclimation is very dissimilar to the heat shock proteins in many ways. Different low temperature stress proteins, such as Anti-freeze proteins or thermal hysteresis proteins (THPs) and cold shock domain proteins etc. are accumulated in plant cell and are frequently correlated with enhanced cold tolerance ( Guy, 1999).
The heat stress-induced dehydrin proteins (DHNs) expression and their relationship with the water relations of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) leaves were studied to investigate the adaptation to heat stress in plants (Wahid and Close, 2007). In order to get an in vitro evidence of Hsc70 functioning as a molecular chaperone during cold stress, a cold-inducible spinach cytosolic Hsc70 was subcloned into a protein expression vector and the recombinant protein was expressed in bacterial cells. Results suggest that the molecular chaperone Hsc70 may have a functional role in plants during low temperature stress (Zhang and Guy, 2006). To analyze the least and most strongly interacting stress with Hsps and Hsfs, a transcriptional profiling of Arabidopsis Hsps and Hsfs has been done (Swindell et al., 2007).
As plants receive complex of stress factors together, therefore in future research, emphasis should be placed on such cases where tolerance is attempted to different stress factors simultaneously by employing sophisticated techniques.
17415 biofertilizers
This document discusses biofertilizers, which are products containing living microorganisms that can fix atmospheric nitrogen or solubilize soil phosphorus, making it available to plants. It classifies biofertilizers as nitrogen-fixing or phosphorus-solubilizing. Some major nitrogen-fixing biofertilizers discussed are Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, and blue-green algae. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms include Bacillus and Pseudomonas. Biofertilizers are applied through seed treatment, root inoculation, or soil application. They provide nutrients to plants, improve soil health, and can replace some chemical fertilizers in a
Bioremediation.
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Techniques for bioremediation
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic forms. There are two main techniques: in-situ treats contaminated soil and groundwater in place without excavation, while ex-situ excavates soil prior to treatment using methods like biopiles, bioreactors, land farming, and windrows that optimize conditions for microorganisms. The document discusses various enhanced bioremediation methods for both in-situ and ex-situ treatment.
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), Synthetic polymers, Alkyl benzyl sulphonate, Oil mixture, biodegradation, biosaparging, bioventing, biostimulation, in - situ bioremediation, ex - situ bio remediation , intrinsic and extrinsic bioremediation, bioremediation of heavy metals, pesticides, oil spills, plastic
Microbes as Biocontrol Agents & Biofertilizers.pdf
Microbes can be used as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers to provide benefits over chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Bio-control uses microbes like fungi, bacteria, and viruses to control pests in a targeted manner. Bacillus thuringiensis produces crystal proteins that are toxic to insect orders like Lepidoptera and act by paralyzing the insect's digestive tract. Biofertilizers contain living microorganisms like Rhizobium bacteria that form symbiotic relationships with plant roots to fix atmospheric nitrogen into an organic form accessible to plants. Organic farming utilizes these biological methods to maintain soil fertility and ecological balance while avoiding synthetic substances.
Seminar presentation
This is the brief description of the boiremediation esp. phytoremediation. May be helpful for the learners.
Bioremediation
This document discusses different types of bioremediation including microbial, phytoremediation, and mycoremediation bioremediation. It also outlines principles of bioremediation like natural attenuation, biostimulation, and bioaugmentation. Specific techniques are explained such as in situ bioremediation methods like bioventing and bioslurry and ex situ methods including land farming, biopiles, and bioreactors.
Bioremediation
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to break down contaminants in soil and water. There are three main types: biostimulation adds nutrients to encourage microbial growth; bioaugmentation adds microbes that degrade specific contaminants; and intrinsic bioremediation relies on naturally occurring microbes. Microbes metabolize contaminants through anabolism and catabolism, using contaminants for energy and building cell structures. Factors like microbial populations, contaminant availability, temperature, and nutrients influence bioremediation effectiveness.
Microbial inoculants defined, types, importance, advantages.pptx
This document discusses bioinoculants, which are beneficial soil microbes used to promote plant growth. It defines bioinoculants and microbial inoculants, and explains that they are important for sustainable agriculture by reducing the need for chemical fertilizers. The document then describes the different types of relationships microbes can have with plants and lists various microbes used as inoculants, including nitrogen fixers, phosphate solubilizers, biocontrol agents, and biopesticides. It outlines the key benefits inoculants provide plants and soils, such as improving nutrition, stimulating growth, and suppressing pathogens. Finally, it notes that bioinoculants have advantages over chemical fertilizers in that they are less harmful
Bioremediation, principle and types
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses living organisms like microbes and plants to break down and consume environmental pollutants. It can be done through microbial remediation using intrinsic or engineered microbes, or phyto-remediation using plants. Methods include in-situ techniques like bioventing and biosparging as well as ex-situ ones like biopiles and landfarming. While bioremediation is natural and can control pollution, it is limited to biodegradable wastes and specific processes, and ex-situ methods may disperse pollutants.
microbial_remediation_of_pollutants.pptx
Bioremediation uses microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi to degrade environmental pollutants into less toxic or non-toxic substances. It can occur naturally or be induced through bioaugmentation, which involves adding specific microorganisms, or biostimulation, which provides nutrients to promote the growth of indigenous microbes. Effective bioremediation requires the microbes, pollutants, and environmental conditions to allow the microbes to break down pollutants through their metabolic processes.
Bioremediation.pdf
Bioremediation
Bioremediation refers to the use of either naturally occurring or
deliberately introduced microorganisms to consume and break down
environmental pollutants, in order to clean a polluted site.
The process of bioremediation enhances the rate of the natural
microbial degradation of contaminants by supplementing the
indigenous microorganisms (bacteria or fungi) with nutrients, carbon
sources, or electron donors (biostimulation, biorestoration) or by
adding an enriched culture of microorganisms that have specific
characteristics that allow them to degrade the desired contaminant at
a quicker rate (bioaugmentation).
It is a cleaning process that degrades dangerous contaminants using
naturally existing microbes. These bacteria may consume and
degrade organic chemicals as a source of food and energy, degrade
organic substances that are dangerous to living creatures, including
humans, and degrade the organic pollutants into inert products.
Because the bacteria already exist in nature, they offer no pollution
concern
Bioremediation is the use of
microorganisms or microbial processes
to detoxify and degrade environmental
contaminants.
Microorganisms have been used for the
routine treatment and transformation
of waste products for several decades
Bioremediation strategies rely on
having the correct microorganisms in
the right location at the right time in the
right environment for degradation to
occur. The appropriate microorganisms
are bacteria and fungi that have the
physiological and metabolic
competence to breakdown pollutants
Objective of Bioremediation
The objective of bioremediation is to decrease pollutant levels to
undetectable, nontoxic, or acceptable levels, i.e., within regulatory
limits, or, ideally, to totally mineralize organopollutants to carbon
dioxide
BIOREMEDIATION AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN ENVIRONMENT
PROTECTION
Bioremediation is defined as ‘the process of using microorganisms to remove
the environmental pollutants where microbes serve as scavengers’.
• The removal of organic wastes by microbes leads to environmental clean-up.
The other names/terms used for bioremediation are biotreatment,
bioreclamation, and biorestoration.
• The term “Xenobiotics” (xenos means foreign) refers to the unnatural, foreign
and synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, herbicides, refrigerants, solvents
and other organic compounds.
• The microbial degradation of xenobiotics also helps in reducing the
environmental pollution. Pseudomonas which is a soil microorganism
effectively degrades xenobiotics.
• Different strains of Pseudomonas that are capable of detoxifying more than
100 organic compounds (e.g. phenols, biphenyls, organophosphates,
naphthalene, etc.) have been identified.
• Some other microbial strains are also known to have the capacity to degrade
xenobiotics such as Mycobacterium, Alcaligenes, Norcardia, etc.
Factors affecting biodegradation
The factors that affect the
biodegradation are:
• the chemical nature of
xenobiotics,
• the conc
ens.pdfdjjdjdjjdjdjjddjdjjdndbdsnrisoebk
This document provides an overview of bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to degrade hazardous substances in the environment. It defines bioremediation as using organisms or their enzymes to return polluted areas to their original condition. The document outlines different types of bioremediation technologies, factors that affect bioremediation like microbial populations, environmental conditions and contaminant availability. It also explains how microbes metabolize contaminants through anabolic and catabolic processes to gain energy, and how biostimulation provides nutrients to indigenous microbes to degrade site contaminants.
- Bioremediation- BY MUWOWO SAMUEL
This document discusses environmental biotechnology and bioremediation. It begins with an introduction and overview of environmental biotechnology and why it is needed. It then discusses definitions of key terms like bioremediation, biodegradation, and xenobiotic compounds. The main body discusses various bioremediation techniques like bioremediation of polluted environments, phytoremediation, biosurfactants, immobilized enzymes and cells, and ex-situ and in-situ bioremediation. It concludes by emphasizing the aims of environmental biotechnology to prevent environmental degradation through appropriate use of biotechnology and other technologies while ensuring safety.
bioremediation for hazardous wastes
The document discusses bioremediation as a method for treating hazardous wastes using biological organisms. It describes how microorganisms can break down and degrade many types of environmental contaminants through metabolic processes. Bioremediation is beneficial as it uses naturally occurring microbes to detoxify pollutants in an inexpensive and environmentally friendly manner. The document outlines different bioremediation techniques including in situ and ex situ methods and notes the optimal conditions required to maximize the effectiveness of bioremediation in remediating sites contaminated with chemicals, oils, and other organic wastes.
Bioremediation -Bioaugmentation and types .pptx
Bioaugmentation is the process of adding microorganisms to contaminated environments to degrade pollutants more quickly and efficiently. There are two main types: in situ bioaugmentation involves adding microbes directly to contaminated soil or groundwater, while ex situ bioaugmentation treats excavated contaminated materials outside of their natural environment. Both approaches can be effective but also have disadvantages like chemical alterations to the environment or high costs of ex situ methods. The document provides details on various bioaugmentation techniques and their applications in bioremediation.
Bioremadiation-.pdf types of Bioremediation process
It's a basic knowledge about Bioremediation and type of Bioremediation process and instiu and exsitu Bioremediation type
Bioremediation.
The document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants. It describes different types of bioremediation including in situ and ex situ methods. In situ bioremediation occurs on-site and can be intrinsic or engineered, while ex situ involves removing contaminated material for treatment using methods like land farming, composting, or biopiles. The document also outlines factors influencing bioremediation and lists some advantages and limitations.
MICROALGAE AS BIOFERTILIZERS. pptx
Microalgae as biofertilizers are major enhancing soil fertility and quality. Microalgae can create plant growth hormones, Polysaccharides, antibacterial chemicals and other metabolites.
Bioremediation clean environment
Bioremediation uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to degrade contaminants in soil and water. It works by stimulating natural microbial activity to break down harmful pollutants into harmless substances. Various technologies can be used including treating excavated soil in biopiles or bioreactors, injecting nutrients and oxygen into contaminated groundwater and soil, and planting vegetation that helps remove toxins from the environment. The microbes metabolize the pollutants for food and energy through aerobic or anaerobic processes, transforming contaminants into less toxic or non-toxic forms.
Bioremediation-Lecture-2hoqt8y.ppt
This document discusses environmental biotechnology and bioremediation. It defines key terms like bioremediation, biodegradation, xenobiotic compounds, and cometabolism. It describes the organisms, pollutants, and environments involved in bioremediation. Methods of bioremediation discussed include phytoremediation, biosurfactants, bioremediation techniques like in-situ and ex-situ processes, and water/gas bioremediation using biofilters. Stages of biodegradation studies and methods of enzyme and cell immobilization are also summarized.
Scope of microbiology in different field
Microorganism and principle of biology,Medical microbiology and immunology,Soil microbiology,Industrial microbiology,Food microbiology,Water microbiology,Sewage microbiology
Similar to Bioremediation and phytoremediation 45 (20)
Microbes involved in aerobic and anaerobic process in nature
Microbes involved in aerobic and anaerobic process in nature
Microbes as Biocontrol Agents & Biofertilizers.pdf
Microbes as Biocontrol Agents & Biofertilizers.pdf
Microbial inoculants defined, types, importance, advantages.pptx
Microbial inoculants defined, types, importance, advantages.pptx
Bioremadiation-.pdf types of Bioremediation process
Bioremadiation-.pdf types of Bioremediation process
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The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
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Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
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https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
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The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
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Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Bioremediation and phytoremediation 45
- 1. Presented by: MUSHTAQ-UR-REHMAN IMRAN IQBAl SAIRA YAQOOB RAZIA SULTANA WAQAS SHAHID Preston university islamabad BIOREMEDIATION and PHYTOREMEDIATION
- 3. HOW IT WORKS Microbes release enzymes and it degrade the contaminant.. Conventional…….. Microbes attack only one side of contaminant , leads to slower and less effective remediation
- 4. Enhanced bioremediation Combination of microbes and emulsifiers break the contaminants and enzymes digest it quickly…..
- 6. BIOREMEDIATION • Bioremediation is a process of removing or degrading the toxic pollutant from the environment by using microorganism . • commonly used micro organisms are, Flavobacterium,Arthrobacter, and Azotobacter • Bioremediation focuses on different sources they are called as different names. plant------------- phytoremediation fungi------------- mycoremediation
- 7. STRTEGIES GMO”s Use of indigenous microorganism Bio stimulation Bio augmentation Phyto remediation
- 8. GENE MANIPULATION Gene responsible for the degradation of pollutant is introduced and expressed in bacteria e.g. Gene opd of flavobacterium which is responsible for the degradation of carbonats is introduced in the fungi , Gliocladium virens, who express the gene.
- 9. GENE MANIPULATION Enterobacter agglomerans , containing plasmids RP-4 encodes for biophenyl degradation This strain when added to soil it disappear quickly but plasmid is transferred to the microbes , which carry out the process of biophenyl degradation
- 10. Use of indigenous micro organism Soil harbours a number of microorganisms with degradative potential Microbes are ubiquitous in distribution The have developed enzymatic systems to tackle environmental contaminants
- 11. USE OF INDIGENOUS micro organism Cyanobacteria and algae – hydrocarbons Pseudomonas putida – can degrade benzoate completely
- 12. BIOSTIMULATION
- 13. BIOSTIMULATION Biostimulation is the stimulation of indigenous microbial growth by providing them with necessary nutrients Principle : Microbes cannot use pollutants as a sole source of energy. Hence they need to be provided with other essential nutrients
- 14. BIOAUGMENTATION Bioaugmentation is addition of selected organisms to the contaminated site in order to supplement indigenous microbial population and speed up degradation Bioaugmentation has been successfully carried out by using activated soil rather than pure cultures Activated soil – soil containing indigenous microbial population recently exposed to contaminants
- 15. BIOAUGMENTATION Activated soil containing various bacteria have been used to degrade : Pentachlorophenol Atrazine Chloro benzoate
- 17. PHYTOREMEDIATION Phytoremediation is the use of plants for the removal of contaminants and metals from the soil and water, or to render them harmless It is basically the decontamination or stabilization of the polluted area using plants
- 18. PROCESS IN PHYTOREMEDIATION Phytoextraction Phytodegradation Phytovolatilization Phytostabilization
- 19. PHYTOEXTRACTI ON
- 21. Conclusion Bioremediation, the process whereby natural degradation rates are accelerated through stimulation of indigenous microorganisms is an effective ecologically and economically effective reclamation alternative