The document discusses various methods of biodegradation and bioremediation. It defines biodegradation as the breakdown of chemicals into simpler forms or smaller molecules aided by microbes or their enzymes. Bioremediation uses microbes, fungi or plants to return contaminated environments to their original state. Approaches include bioaugmentation which adds degrading microbe cultures, and biostimulation which adds nutrients to support indigenous microbe growth. Methods include biopiles, bioreactors, bioventing, landfarming and phytoremediation using plants to uptake contaminants.

1. Biodegradasi
Bioremediasi

2. Biodegradasi: perubahan senyawa kimia
menjadi bentuk yang lebih sederhana
atau dengan ukuran molekul yang lebih
kecil dengan bantuan mikroba atau
enzim yang dihasilkannya
Biodegradasi

3. Complete vs incomplete biodegradation
Glucose→pyruvate →CO2 + H2O
Incomplete
TCA cycle
Complete
(mineralization)
Glucose→ CO2 + H2O
TCA cycle

4. Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
H
Cl
Cl
2e-, H+
Cl
Cl
H
Cl
H
2e-, H+
Cl
Cl
H
H
H
2e-, H+
Cl
2e-, H+ Cl
H
H
H
H
PCE TCE cis-1,2-DCE vinyl chloride
ethene
Incomplete degradation: Biological Reductive
Dechlorination Pathway
Vinyl chloride intermediate is more
toxic than PCE

5. Biodegradation steps
• In most cases there are two steps required for
biodegradation:
1. Uptake and transport of the contaminant
into the cell
2. Metabolism

6. Overall process of biodegradation
Organic C Carbon dioxide
Electron donor
Carbon source
Electron acceptor
O2 aerobic respiration
H2O
NO3, Fe(III), Mn(IV), SO4, CO2 anaerobic respiration

7. Compounds with low solubility and/or high
sorption are not in the aqueous solution
surrounding the cell and therefore their uptake is
limited.
Example:
Compound Solubility (mg/L) Biodegradation in 5 days
C7H16 2.93 complete
C16H34 0.0063 ~ 64%
C40H82 very, very low ~ 5%
Factors affecting biodegradability
1. Bioavailability: low water solubility sorption

8. A
B
C
D
Hydrocarbon phase
Aqueous phase
How do microbes increase bioavailability
in the environment?
A - Uptake of solubilized hydrocarbon
B – Uptake of hydrocarbon at the oil-water interface
C – Uptake of dispersed droplets of oil
D – Production of biosurfactants to increase the oil-water interfacial area
Scenario –an ocean oil spill

9. 2. Genetic makeup: lack of appropriate degrading
genes
• Each step in a biodegradation reaction is
catalyzed by an enzyme. If the appropriate
enzymes are not present, biodegradation will
not occur. Since each enzyme is encoded by a
gene, the genetic makeup of the microbial
population is a critical factor in determining
whether biodegradation will occur.

10. 3. Environment (biotic and abiotic)
• moisture content (too much limits oxygen
availability, too little inhibits microbial activity in
general)
• oxygen (required for rapid biodegradation processes)
• pH (extremes limit microbial activity)
• nutrient availability: includes mineral nutrients and
organic matter (source of carbon and energy)
• competition (are the microbes of interest active, do
added microbes survive?)
• Temperature, salinity, water activity

11. Bioremediasi

12. Bioremediation
• Bioremediation can be defined as any process
that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants or
their enzymes to return the natural environment
altered by contaminants to its original condition.

13. Bioremediation
• Cleanup of oil spills by the addition of nitrate
and/or sulfate fertilizers to facilitate the
decomposition of crude oil by indigenous or
exogenous bacteria.
• To attack specific soil contaminants, such as
degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by
bacteria.

15. Pendekatan bioremediasi
• Bioaugmentasi: penambahan kultur
mikroba pendegrasi yang mampu
beradaptasi dan tumbuh maksimum pada
area yang terkontaminasi polutan sebagai
upaya meningkatkan/mempercepat proses
biodegradasi
• Biostimulasi: penambahan faktor-faktor
tertentu (biasanya nutrien) yang menjadi
faktor pembatas dari pertumbuhan
maksimum populasi mikroba degrader

16. Biodegradasi minyak
• Banyak bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria dan algae
hijau mampu mengoksidasi produk minyak
secara aerobik
• Bakteri pendegradasi hidrokarbon menempel
pada tumpahan minyak dan mendegradasinya

17. Pantai di Alaska yang terkontaminasi
tumpahan minyak dari Exxon Valdez pada
tahun 1989

18. Penanganan Tumpahan Minyak
• Selama 3 bulan mikroba dan tambahan nutrisi disemprotkan
pada lokasi yang ada tumpahan minyak
• Lokasi bersih setelah 11 bulan
Tumpahan minyak sebelum 4000 ppm,
sesudah bioremediasi turun jadi 100ppm
Sebelum Sesudah

20. It is a technique that involves combining
contaminated soil with nonhazardous
organic amendants such as manure or
agricultural wastes. The presence of these
organic materials supports the
development of a rich microbial population
and elevated temperature characteristic of
composting.
Composting

22. It is a full-scale technology in which excavated
soils are mixed with soil amendments, placed
on a treatment area, and bioremediated using
forced aeration. It is a hybrid of landfarming
and composting.
The basic biopile system includes a treatment
bed, an aeration system, an irrigation/nutrient
system and a leachate collection system.
Biopile treatment (ex-situ)

24. Bioreactors (ex-situ)
There are many ways in which a bioreactor can be
designed; but most are a modification of one of two
systems. In the first system, which is often referred
to as a trickling filter or fixed media system. The
second common bioreactor design uses a sealed
vessel to mix the contaminants, amendments and
micro-organisms.
Recent research has expanded the capabilities of this
technology, which along with its generally lower cost,
has led to bioremediation becoming an increasingly
attractive cleanup technology.

25. Bioreactors

26. Bioventing (in-situ)
Bioventing uses relatively low-flow soil aeration
techniques to enhance the biodegradation of soils
contaminated with organic contaminants. Although
bioventing is predominantly used to treat
unsaturated soils, applications involving the
remediation of saturated soils and groundwater
(augmented by air sparging) are becoming more
common. Generally, a vacuum extraction, an air
injection, or a combination of both systems is
employed. An air pump, one or more air injections or
vacuum extraction probes, and emissions monitors at
the ground surface level are commonly used.

27. Bioventing
A basic bioventing system includes a well and a blower,
which pumps air through the well and into the soil.

28. Landfarming
Ex situ processes also include landfarming,
which involves spreading contaminated soils
over a large area. Bioremediation may also
be conducted in a bioreactor, in which the
contaminated soil or sludge is slurried with
water in a mixing tank or a lagoon.
Bioremediation systems require that the
contaminated soil or sludge be sufficiently
and homogeneously mixed to ensure
optimum contact with the seed organisms.

30. Phytoremediation
• ≈350 plant species naturally take up toxic
materials
– Sunflowers used to remove radioactive cesium
and strontium from Chrenobyl site
– Water hyacinths used to remove arsenic from
water supplies in Bangladesh, India

33. Phytoremediasi
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