The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document provides an overview of working length determination in endodontics. It discusses the historical perspectives on working length, important definitions like working length and anatomical structures at the root apex. Methods of determining working length are also covered, including both radiographic and non-radiographic techniques. Factors that influence working length like root canal anatomy and methods to prevent loss of working length are described. The importance of accurately determining working length for treatment success is emphasized.
The document discusses various aspects of root canal obturation including definitions, purposes, techniques, and materials. Obturation involves filling and sealing the cleaned and shaped root canal using gutta-percha and a sealer. The goals are to achieve a fluid-tight seal, prevent microleakage and reinfection. Common techniques include cold lateral compaction, warm vertical compaction using heat carriers, continuous wave compaction, and thermoplasticized gutta-percha injection. Carrier-based techniques like Thermafil and SimpliFill are also described. Key factors for treatment success include absence of preoperative lesions, void-free fillings, obturation within 2mm of the apex, and adequate coronal restoration
The document discusses guidelines for preparing access cavities for root canal treatment. It outlines principles such as removing all caries and defective restorations, conserving tooth structure, and providing straight-line access to canal orifices. Specific guidelines covered include visualizing internal anatomy, evaluating anatomical landmarks, preparing cavities through lingual/occlusal surfaces, and locating all root canals before placing a dental dam. The goal is to efficiently locate and treat all canals following principles of access cavity design.
1. Access cavity preparation is the first and most important phase of root canal treatment, with the goals of achieving straight line access to the apical foramen, locating all root canal orifices, and conserving sound tooth structure.
2. The principles of access cavity preparation include establishing an outline form based on pulp chamber size and shape and the number/direction of root canals, providing a convenience form for improved visibility and instrumentation, and removing caries/defective restorations and debris from the pulp chamber.
3. Key steps in access cavity preparation depend on the specific tooth but involve using burs and instruments to locate and prepare access to all root canal orifices while avoiding errors like
This document discusses irrigation in endodontics. It provides an introduction to irrigation solutions and devices used, challenges of irrigation, and recent advances. It describes the ideal characteristics of endodontic irrigants and commonly used solutions such as sodium hypochlorite. Sodium hypochlorite is the current irrigant of choice and its properties, concentrations, effects on dentin, and safety considerations are discussed in detail. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of irrigation in endodontic treatment.
This document discusses root canal morphology and access cavity preparation. It begins with an introduction discussing the objectives of root canal treatment and the importance of understanding root canal anatomy. It then covers topics like root canal classification systems, anatomy of the apical root, accessory canals, canal isthmuses, root canal curvatures, and guidelines for cavity preparation. The document provides detailed information on root canal anatomy and considerations for access cavity preparation.
- Endodontic instruments have evolved over time to have standardized sizes and tapers. Ingle and LeVine suggested standardizing diameters that increase by 0.05mm while maintaining a constant taper.
- Instruments are now numbered 6-140 based on tip diameter in hundredths of a millimeter. The diameter increases 0.32mm over the first 16mm of the instrument.
- Instruments can be hand operated, low-speed, engine-driven, or ultrasonic/sonic and are used for cleaning and shaping root canals.
This document discusses a laser examination tool called DIAGNOdent that can detect dental decay earlier than traditional methods. It uses laser fluorescence to detect decay, providing higher accuracy than visual examination, probing, or x-rays. Studies have shown DIAGNOdent to be over 90% accurate in detecting hidden decay in tooth fissures and fractures, compared to around 50-60% for other examination methods. It is designed as an additional tool to use during dental exams to improve early detection of dental caries.
This document provides an overview of working length determination in endodontics. It discusses the historical perspectives on working length, important definitions like working length and anatomical structures at the root apex. Methods of determining working length are also covered, including both radiographic and non-radiographic techniques. Factors that influence working length like root canal anatomy and methods to prevent loss of working length are described. The importance of accurately determining working length for treatment success is emphasized.
The document discusses various aspects of root canal obturation including definitions, purposes, techniques, and materials. Obturation involves filling and sealing the cleaned and shaped root canal using gutta-percha and a sealer. The goals are to achieve a fluid-tight seal, prevent microleakage and reinfection. Common techniques include cold lateral compaction, warm vertical compaction using heat carriers, continuous wave compaction, and thermoplasticized gutta-percha injection. Carrier-based techniques like Thermafil and SimpliFill are also described. Key factors for treatment success include absence of preoperative lesions, void-free fillings, obturation within 2mm of the apex, and adequate coronal restoration
The document discusses guidelines for preparing access cavities for root canal treatment. It outlines principles such as removing all caries and defective restorations, conserving tooth structure, and providing straight-line access to canal orifices. Specific guidelines covered include visualizing internal anatomy, evaluating anatomical landmarks, preparing cavities through lingual/occlusal surfaces, and locating all root canals before placing a dental dam. The goal is to efficiently locate and treat all canals following principles of access cavity design.
1. Access cavity preparation is the first and most important phase of root canal treatment, with the goals of achieving straight line access to the apical foramen, locating all root canal orifices, and conserving sound tooth structure.
2. The principles of access cavity preparation include establishing an outline form based on pulp chamber size and shape and the number/direction of root canals, providing a convenience form for improved visibility and instrumentation, and removing caries/defective restorations and debris from the pulp chamber.
3. Key steps in access cavity preparation depend on the specific tooth but involve using burs and instruments to locate and prepare access to all root canal orifices while avoiding errors like
This document discusses irrigation in endodontics. It provides an introduction to irrigation solutions and devices used, challenges of irrigation, and recent advances. It describes the ideal characteristics of endodontic irrigants and commonly used solutions such as sodium hypochlorite. Sodium hypochlorite is the current irrigant of choice and its properties, concentrations, effects on dentin, and safety considerations are discussed in detail. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of irrigation in endodontic treatment.
This document discusses root canal morphology and access cavity preparation. It begins with an introduction discussing the objectives of root canal treatment and the importance of understanding root canal anatomy. It then covers topics like root canal classification systems, anatomy of the apical root, accessory canals, canal isthmuses, root canal curvatures, and guidelines for cavity preparation. The document provides detailed information on root canal anatomy and considerations for access cavity preparation.
- Endodontic instruments have evolved over time to have standardized sizes and tapers. Ingle and LeVine suggested standardizing diameters that increase by 0.05mm while maintaining a constant taper.
- Instruments are now numbered 6-140 based on tip diameter in hundredths of a millimeter. The diameter increases 0.32mm over the first 16mm of the instrument.
- Instruments can be hand operated, low-speed, engine-driven, or ultrasonic/sonic and are used for cleaning and shaping root canals.
This document discusses a laser examination tool called DIAGNOdent that can detect dental decay earlier than traditional methods. It uses laser fluorescence to detect decay, providing higher accuracy than visual examination, probing, or x-rays. Studies have shown DIAGNOdent to be over 90% accurate in detecting hidden decay in tooth fissures and fractures, compared to around 50-60% for other examination methods. It is designed as an additional tool to use during dental exams to improve early detection of dental caries.
This document discusses preparations for partial veneer crowns. It covers indications, contraindications, advantages, disadvantages, and preparations for both posterior and anterior teeth. For posterior teeth, it describes preparations for maxillary premolar and molar three-quarter and seven-eighth crowns, as well as mandibular premolar modified three-quarter crowns. For anterior teeth, it discusses maxillary canine three-quarter crowns and pinledge preparations for maxillary central incisors. The goal of partial veneer crowns is to preserve tooth structure while providing retention, resistance, and rigidity. Proper preparation design and metal coverage are important for successful partial crowns.
This document provides an overview of root fractures, including their definition, classification, causes, diagnosis and management. It discusses the different types of root fractures - horizontal/transverse and vertical. For horizontal fractures, it describes their sub-classification based on location and extent. Diagnosis involves dental and medical history, clinical examination including mobility and radiographs. Management depends on the location of the fracture and includes repositioning and splinting, disinfection and obturation, or surgical removal of the apical fragment. Prognosis depends on maintaining the fragments in proper alignment during healing.
The document discusses the C-shaped canal, which occurs in approximately 1% of lower second molars. The C-shaped canal takes its name from its C-shaped appearance when viewed from above. Melton divided C-shaped canals into three types based on their shape and number of canals. The document then describes the cleaning and shaping process for a C-shaped canal, including using small files to determine the canal shape and irrigation with sodium hypochlorite. Master cones and additional gutta-percha cones are placed using guides to ensure proper placement within the C-shaped canal. Warm lateral condensation is then used to further adapt the filling to the canal anatomy.
The document discusses various endodontic mishaps that can occur during root canal treatment. It describes mishaps related to access preparation, instrumentation, and obturation. Access-related mishaps include treating the wrong tooth, missing canals, damaging existing restorations, perforating the access cavity, and crown fractures. Instrumentation mishaps include ledge formation, perforating the root, and separated instruments. Obturation mishaps include overfilling or underfilling the canal. The document provides details on the causes, recognition, correction, prevention and prognosis of several common endodontic mishaps.
Cleaning and shaping the root canal systemParth Thakkar
The document discusses various techniques for cleaning and shaping the root canal during endodontic treatment. The objectives are to remove infected tissue, provide access for irrigants and medicaments, create space for obturation, and maintain tooth integrity. Key steps discussed include determining working length, instrumentation using techniques like step-back preparation, and irrigation. Factors that can affect working length determination and techniques to enhance cleaning and shaping are also outlined.
working length estimation in endodontic Marwa Ahmed
The document discusses methods for determining working length in root canals. It describes both radiographic and non-radiographic methods. Radiographic methods include Grossman's formula, Ingles method, Weine's modification, and use of xeroradiography and radiovisiography. Non-radiographic methods discussed are digital tactile sense, apical periodontal sensitivity, paper point measurement, and use of electronic apex locators. Electronic apex locators are highlighted as an important advancement, with different generations discussed varying in their measurement of resistance, impedance, or frequency. Accuracy and limitations of different methods are also reviewed.
Minimally invasive dentistry aims to control dental disease through early detection and least invasive treatment methods. It focuses on remineralizing early lesions and performing minimal surgical procedures. Recent advances include new cavity classification systems, preparation techniques like tunnels and slots, and caries removal methods like air abrasion, sonoabrasion, and chemomechanical removal. The Atraumatic Restorative Technique and Interim Therapeutic Restoration were developed to provide basic dental care using only hand instruments and restorative materials like glass ionomer cement. Lasers can also be used for caries prevention, removal and cavity preparation with minimal thermal damage to surrounding tooth structure.
The second phase of a root canal treatment.
This presentation covers the most basic techniques of root canal shaping.
provides the reader with a concise overview of the big picture.
This document discusses open apex and apexification treatment. It defines open apex as an immature root with incomplete development and a large apical opening. Treatment depends on pulp vitality - apexogenesis aims to encourage continued root development if the pulp is vital, while apexification induces apical closure if the pulp is necrotic. The document outlines the stages of root development, causes of open apex, complications, diagnosis, and various treatment options and materials used for apexogenesis and apexification such as calcium hydroxide, MTA, and Biodentine.
In this lecture I explain the basic concept of root canal filling or what called obturation. The lectures discuss different techniques used in that matter in step-by-step fashion and explanatory pictures.
It is directed to the level of undergraduate mind.
This document discusses newer methods for removing dental caries. It begins by classifying techniques as mechanical, chemomechanical, or thermal. Mechanical techniques include non-rotary methods like air abrasion and air polishing, as well as sonic and ultrasonic instrumentation. Chemomechanical caries removal uses chemical agents like carisolv or enzymes to dissolve carious dentin which is then removed. Thermal techniques include lasers. The document then discusses several methods in more detail, including controlled rotary excavation techniques like the endostepper and smart prep burs, as well as air abrasion, air polishing, sonoabrasion, and chemomechanical caries removal.
This document discusses the use of sonics and ultrasonics in endodontics. It begins with an introduction and history of endosonics. It then covers the physics behind ultrasonics and sonics. Next, it discusses the biophysical effects of endosonics like cavitation and acoustic streaming. It provides an overview of irrigants and compares ultrasonics and sonics. It analyzes the use of ultrasonics and sonics for various endodontic procedures like shaping canals, debridement, post removal and offers a conclusion with references.
In this lecture I explain in step-by-step fashion the basics of Endodontic Diagnosis: Pulp Vitality Tests. a photo guide is attached to the guide to aid in better understanding of the topic
This document summarizes recent advances in irrigation devices used in endodontics. It describes both manual and machine-assisted irrigation techniques. For manual techniques, it discusses syringe irrigation with different needle types, use of brushes, and manual dynamic irrigation. It also covers machine-assisted devices like rotary brushes, continuous irrigation during instrumentation, sonic irrigation with devices like the Rispisonic file and Endoactivator. The document provides details on how each technique works and its advantages over other methods.
This document outlines a treatment plan for periodontal disease. It includes 5 phases: emergency, etiotropic (non-surgical), surgical, restorative, and maintenance. The etiotropic phase involves nonsurgical therapies like scaling, root planing, and oral hygiene instruction. The surgical phase uses various periodontal surgeries to further treat pockets and furcations. The restorative phase focuses on final restorations. Lastly, the maintenance phase provides periodic recall visits to monitor the patient's condition. The overall goal is to resolve inflammation and reduce pocket depths through a coordinated approach involving multiple dental specialists.
1. Success rates for initial endodontic treatment range from 54-95% depending on studies and definitions of success.
2. Factors affecting success or failure include diagnosis, root canal anatomy, debridement, quality of filling, and systemic health.
3. Causes of endodontic failure include residual bacteria, incomplete debridement, hemorrhage, iatrogenic errors, and systemic factors.
4. Retreatment involves removing previous fillings and obstructions, regaining patency, and thoroughly cleaning and refilling canals. Outcomes depend on regaining patency and quality of
A root canal is often the alternative to pulling a tooth. It is used to save your own natural tooth as opposed to having a tooth extraction, which in this case a dental bridge or dental implant will be needed to restore the missing tooth for proper functioning.
Certified dental assistant power pointkaseylosborn
Kasey Osborn is a certified dental assistant whose expanded functions include placing fillings, taking x-rays, applying sealants and temporary crowns, and performing coronal polishing, among other procedures. She completed her education to become a CDA and invites interested parties to contact her by phone or email for more information.
This document discusses preparations for partial veneer crowns. It covers indications, contraindications, advantages, disadvantages, and preparations for both posterior and anterior teeth. For posterior teeth, it describes preparations for maxillary premolar and molar three-quarter and seven-eighth crowns, as well as mandibular premolar modified three-quarter crowns. For anterior teeth, it discusses maxillary canine three-quarter crowns and pinledge preparations for maxillary central incisors. The goal of partial veneer crowns is to preserve tooth structure while providing retention, resistance, and rigidity. Proper preparation design and metal coverage are important for successful partial crowns.
This document provides an overview of root fractures, including their definition, classification, causes, diagnosis and management. It discusses the different types of root fractures - horizontal/transverse and vertical. For horizontal fractures, it describes their sub-classification based on location and extent. Diagnosis involves dental and medical history, clinical examination including mobility and radiographs. Management depends on the location of the fracture and includes repositioning and splinting, disinfection and obturation, or surgical removal of the apical fragment. Prognosis depends on maintaining the fragments in proper alignment during healing.
The document discusses the C-shaped canal, which occurs in approximately 1% of lower second molars. The C-shaped canal takes its name from its C-shaped appearance when viewed from above. Melton divided C-shaped canals into three types based on their shape and number of canals. The document then describes the cleaning and shaping process for a C-shaped canal, including using small files to determine the canal shape and irrigation with sodium hypochlorite. Master cones and additional gutta-percha cones are placed using guides to ensure proper placement within the C-shaped canal. Warm lateral condensation is then used to further adapt the filling to the canal anatomy.
The document discusses various endodontic mishaps that can occur during root canal treatment. It describes mishaps related to access preparation, instrumentation, and obturation. Access-related mishaps include treating the wrong tooth, missing canals, damaging existing restorations, perforating the access cavity, and crown fractures. Instrumentation mishaps include ledge formation, perforating the root, and separated instruments. Obturation mishaps include overfilling or underfilling the canal. The document provides details on the causes, recognition, correction, prevention and prognosis of several common endodontic mishaps.
Cleaning and shaping the root canal systemParth Thakkar
The document discusses various techniques for cleaning and shaping the root canal during endodontic treatment. The objectives are to remove infected tissue, provide access for irrigants and medicaments, create space for obturation, and maintain tooth integrity. Key steps discussed include determining working length, instrumentation using techniques like step-back preparation, and irrigation. Factors that can affect working length determination and techniques to enhance cleaning and shaping are also outlined.
working length estimation in endodontic Marwa Ahmed
The document discusses methods for determining working length in root canals. It describes both radiographic and non-radiographic methods. Radiographic methods include Grossman's formula, Ingles method, Weine's modification, and use of xeroradiography and radiovisiography. Non-radiographic methods discussed are digital tactile sense, apical periodontal sensitivity, paper point measurement, and use of electronic apex locators. Electronic apex locators are highlighted as an important advancement, with different generations discussed varying in their measurement of resistance, impedance, or frequency. Accuracy and limitations of different methods are also reviewed.
Minimally invasive dentistry aims to control dental disease through early detection and least invasive treatment methods. It focuses on remineralizing early lesions and performing minimal surgical procedures. Recent advances include new cavity classification systems, preparation techniques like tunnels and slots, and caries removal methods like air abrasion, sonoabrasion, and chemomechanical removal. The Atraumatic Restorative Technique and Interim Therapeutic Restoration were developed to provide basic dental care using only hand instruments and restorative materials like glass ionomer cement. Lasers can also be used for caries prevention, removal and cavity preparation with minimal thermal damage to surrounding tooth structure.
The second phase of a root canal treatment.
This presentation covers the most basic techniques of root canal shaping.
provides the reader with a concise overview of the big picture.
This document discusses open apex and apexification treatment. It defines open apex as an immature root with incomplete development and a large apical opening. Treatment depends on pulp vitality - apexogenesis aims to encourage continued root development if the pulp is vital, while apexification induces apical closure if the pulp is necrotic. The document outlines the stages of root development, causes of open apex, complications, diagnosis, and various treatment options and materials used for apexogenesis and apexification such as calcium hydroxide, MTA, and Biodentine.
In this lecture I explain the basic concept of root canal filling or what called obturation. The lectures discuss different techniques used in that matter in step-by-step fashion and explanatory pictures.
It is directed to the level of undergraduate mind.
This document discusses newer methods for removing dental caries. It begins by classifying techniques as mechanical, chemomechanical, or thermal. Mechanical techniques include non-rotary methods like air abrasion and air polishing, as well as sonic and ultrasonic instrumentation. Chemomechanical caries removal uses chemical agents like carisolv or enzymes to dissolve carious dentin which is then removed. Thermal techniques include lasers. The document then discusses several methods in more detail, including controlled rotary excavation techniques like the endostepper and smart prep burs, as well as air abrasion, air polishing, sonoabrasion, and chemomechanical caries removal.
This document discusses the use of sonics and ultrasonics in endodontics. It begins with an introduction and history of endosonics. It then covers the physics behind ultrasonics and sonics. Next, it discusses the biophysical effects of endosonics like cavitation and acoustic streaming. It provides an overview of irrigants and compares ultrasonics and sonics. It analyzes the use of ultrasonics and sonics for various endodontic procedures like shaping canals, debridement, post removal and offers a conclusion with references.
In this lecture I explain in step-by-step fashion the basics of Endodontic Diagnosis: Pulp Vitality Tests. a photo guide is attached to the guide to aid in better understanding of the topic
This document summarizes recent advances in irrigation devices used in endodontics. It describes both manual and machine-assisted irrigation techniques. For manual techniques, it discusses syringe irrigation with different needle types, use of brushes, and manual dynamic irrigation. It also covers machine-assisted devices like rotary brushes, continuous irrigation during instrumentation, sonic irrigation with devices like the Rispisonic file and Endoactivator. The document provides details on how each technique works and its advantages over other methods.
This document outlines a treatment plan for periodontal disease. It includes 5 phases: emergency, etiotropic (non-surgical), surgical, restorative, and maintenance. The etiotropic phase involves nonsurgical therapies like scaling, root planing, and oral hygiene instruction. The surgical phase uses various periodontal surgeries to further treat pockets and furcations. The restorative phase focuses on final restorations. Lastly, the maintenance phase provides periodic recall visits to monitor the patient's condition. The overall goal is to resolve inflammation and reduce pocket depths through a coordinated approach involving multiple dental specialists.
1. Success rates for initial endodontic treatment range from 54-95% depending on studies and definitions of success.
2. Factors affecting success or failure include diagnosis, root canal anatomy, debridement, quality of filling, and systemic health.
3. Causes of endodontic failure include residual bacteria, incomplete debridement, hemorrhage, iatrogenic errors, and systemic factors.
4. Retreatment involves removing previous fillings and obstructions, regaining patency, and thoroughly cleaning and refilling canals. Outcomes depend on regaining patency and quality of
A root canal is often the alternative to pulling a tooth. It is used to save your own natural tooth as opposed to having a tooth extraction, which in this case a dental bridge or dental implant will be needed to restore the missing tooth for proper functioning.
Certified dental assistant power pointkaseylosborn
Kasey Osborn is a certified dental assistant whose expanded functions include placing fillings, taking x-rays, applying sealants and temporary crowns, and performing coronal polishing, among other procedures. She completed her education to become a CDA and invites interested parties to contact her by phone or email for more information.
Minor oral surgery procedures include trans alveolar extractions and removing impacted teeth. Impacted teeth fail to erupt into the dental arch due to issues like lack of space, obstruction, or malpositioning. Impacted third molars can be difficult to remove depending on their position, depth, orientation, and root morphology. A thorough clinical and radiographic examination is needed to assess difficulty and plan the surgery appropriately. Complications are minimized by using proper surgical techniques like raising a mucoperiosteal flap to provide access and visibility while preserving the blood supply.
The document describes several common minor surgical procedures, including incision and drainage, central venous pressure monitoring, tracheostomy, thoracentesis, pericardiocentesis, and paracentesis abdominis. For each procedure, the document discusses indications, relevant anatomy, equipment needed, and basic techniques. Minor surgical procedures allow for drainage, monitoring, airway management, fluid removal, and diagnostic sampling in a minimally invasive manner.
Minor Oral Surgical Procedures / oral surgery courses training by indian dent...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
This document provides an overview of basic implant surgery procedures. It discusses preoperative planning and patient preparation, sterile surgical techniques, flap design options, bone preparation using drills and taps, implant placement, cover screw installation, post-operative care, and recent advances like computer-guided surgery. Successful implant placement requires thorough planning, training on the selected implant system, and meticulous sterile technique to ensure predictable, long-lasting results.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Root canal treatment involves removing infected or dead pulp from the root canal of a tooth. X-rays are used to examine the root canal shape and signs of infection. The tooth is anesthetized and isolated with a rubber dam. A hole is drilled and the pulp is removed using files to scrape the canal walls. If not completed in one session, a temporary filling is placed until the next.
This document discusses common dental emergencies that can occur during root canal therapy. It describes access-related mishaps like treating the wrong tooth or damaging existing restorations. Instrument-related accidents are also outlined, such as ledge formation or perforations from using larger instruments in curved canals. Missed canals are another area of concern that can lead to infection if not properly treated. Finally, improper obturation techniques like overfilling the canal or using leaky silver points are mentioned as additional procedural risks that clinicians must take care to avoid during root canal treatment.
The document discusses the history and current state of renewable energy in the United States. It notes that while renewable energy sources like solar and wind power are growing, they still only account for around 11% of the country's total energy production. The document calls for continued policy support and investments to help renewable sources expand their market share and better combat the impacts of human-caused climate change.
A fixed partial denture (FPD) is a fixed dental restoration used to replace one or more missing teeth. It has 3 main components:
1. Pontic - the artificial tooth used to replace the missing tooth.
2. Connectors - the part that joins the FPD components together.
3. Retainer - the fixed restoration, usually a crown, that is cemented to the prepared tooth to provide stabilization for the FPD.
An abutment tooth can be a natural tooth or implant used to support and retain the FPD. Abutment teeth are classified by their position (primary, secondary, pier, distal), nature (natural tooth with full
Partial coverage restorations restore only a portion of the clinical crown and are classified based on retention features like grooves or pins. A 3/4 crown restores the occlusal surface and three axial surfaces, excluding the facial surface. It is indicated for anterior and posterior teeth. Contraindications for partial coverage restorations include when maximum retention is required, with a thin or short clinical crown, in patients with high caries risk, or with active periodontal disease.
A dental crown is a cap that is placed over a damaged tooth to restore and protect it. The main types of dental crowns are:
1. Extra-coronal restorations - Restorations used to cover the external part of the damaged coronal portion of the tooth. These include full coverage crowns and partial coverage crowns.
2. Intra-coronal restorations - Restorations used to cover just a portion of the clinical crown, such as inlays and onlays.
3. Intra-radicular restorations - Restorations used to restore endodontically treated teeth, classified according to retention (e.g. by post), attachment (attached or detached), and
Fixed partial dentures (FPDs) can be classified in several ways, including by location (anterior, posterior, complex), number of retainers (simple with 1-2 retainers, compound with more), material (metal, composite, ceramic), length of missing teeth span (short, medium, long), chronology (provisional, definitive, immediate placed after extraction), and number of retainers and teeth replaced (simple, complex). A simple FPD has only one missing tooth replaced and two abutment teeth, while complex FPDs replace two or more missing teeth. An immediate FPD is placed right after tooth extraction but intended as
Patient and operator position simplifiedmithunkashyap
This document discusses dental ergonomics and the proper positioning of dental chairs, patients, and operators. It notes that the first specialized dental chair was invented in 1790 using a modified Windsor chair. Modern dental chairs are designed to support the patient's body in any position and reduce strain on the neck. For procedures, patients may be seated in an almost supine or 45-degree reclined position. Proper operator positioning is also important for visibility, accessibility, and to avoid musculoskeletal disorders, with forearms parallel to the floor and other guidelines provided.
This document provides an introduction to fixed prosthodontics. It defines fixed prosthodontics and fixed partial dentures. The aims of fixed prosthodontic treatments are to restore function, aesthetics, and dental arch integrity while supporting TMJ treatment. Indications for fixed prosthodontics include replacing one or two missing adjacent teeth when supportive tissues and abutment teeth are healthy. Contraindications include disease or missing tissues and teeth or poor patient health and motivation. Types of cast restorations and fixed bridge components are described.
The document discusses dental chair and patient positioning. It describes upright, almost supine, and reclined 45 degree positions for patients. Operating positions for the dentist are defined relative to a clock, including right front (7 o'clock), right (9 o'clock), right rear (11 o'clock), and direct rear (12 o'clock). The sequence for establishing proper positioning is outlined as: 1) operator position, 2) patient chair and head position, 3) equipment adjustment, 4) non-dominant hand placement, and 5) dominant hand placement. Correct positioning is important for operator ergonomics and visibility during dental procedures.
Full coverage restorations include metal crowns, porcelain jacket crowns, and metal-ceramic crowns. Metal crowns provide great strength but poor aesthetics, while porcelain jacket crowns have the best cosmetic results but risk of fracture. Metal-ceramic crowns combine the strength of metal with the aesthetics of porcelain, making them suitable for teeth requiring esthetics or with extensive destruction.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document discusses various techniques for cleaning and shaping the root canal system during endodontic treatment. It describes the objectives and basic principles of root canal preparation, including removing debris and maintaining the original shape of the canal. Several techniques are summarized, such as step-back, crown-down, balanced force, and ultrasonic instrumentation. For each technique, the document outlines the steps and discusses advantages and disadvantages.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
1. Fixed orthodontic appliances deliver precise forces to teeth to correct malocclusions and include brackets, wires, and elastics.
2. The Begg and Edgewise techniques popularized the use of fixed appliances; Begg emphasized light forces while Edgewise allowed three-dimensional control.
3. Modern preadjusted appliances provide built-in tip and torque for improved control of tooth movement and alignment.
1. Cleaning and shaping of the root canal involves removing debris and establishing a continuously tapering canal to allow for disinfection and filling.
2. There are various techniques for cleaning and shaping including step-back, crown-down, and balanced force, each aiming to optimize the mechanical, biological and clinical objectives.
3. The techniques differ in whether they work from the apex to the crown or vice versa, and use hand or rotary instruments in various sequences to safely and effectively prepare the complex root canal system.
Bpt part ii /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Bio progressive therapy part ii /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Bioprogressive therapy1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Biomechanical preparation/ rotary endodontic courses by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This lecture explain the basic of root canal preparation in endodontic treatment. It is not meant to be a comprehensive lecture, rather an preliminary one
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document discusses several root canal irrigation techniques:
1. The step-down technique aims to remove coronal interferences and debris before shaping the apical part of the canal.
2. The balanced force technique uses safe-tipped files and a positioning/cutting motion to shape canals while preventing ledges.
3. The crown-down technique shapes canals from the crown toward the apex, allowing for better debris removal and irrigant penetration.
Bio progressive therapy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
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Cleaning and shaping of root canal systemsSindhuVemula1
1. The document discusses various techniques for cleaning and shaping root canals, including standardized preparation, step-back preparation, and crown-down preparation.
2. It describes the objectives of cleaning and shaping as removing infected tissue, giving irrigants access to the canal, creating space for medication and filling, and maintaining root structure integrity.
3. The key motions for instrumenting the canal are filing, reaming, watch winding, and balanced force technique, with each motion suited to different phases of canal preparation.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses various mechanics sequences and techniques for treating Class II Division II malocclusions. There are three main treatment options: 1) distalizing the upper arch, 2) advancing the lower arch, or 3) using reciprocal mechanics. The sequence involves initially advancing, intruding, and controlling the torque of the upper incisors. Next, the lower incisors and cuspids are intruded. Then, the buccal segments are aligned and Class II correction occurs. Finishing and idealization of the arches follows consolidation of the upper incisors. Details are provided on appliance designs and mechanics for extraction and non-extraction therapies.
The document discusses the definitions, objectives, and techniques for cleaning and shaping the root canal system, including the use of various hand files, rotary instruments, and ultrasonic devices. It covers the phases of negotiation, coronal pre-enlargement, working length determination, and root canal shaping techniques. The goals are to remove debris and shape the canal to receive obturation while preserving the canal anatomy and preventing errors.
Lingual orthodontics ,. /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Similar to Biomechanical preparation of root canal / dental implant courses (20)
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
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Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Biomechanical preparation of root canal / dental implant courses
1. BIO MECHANICAL
PREPARATION OF THE
ROOT CANAL
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing Dental Education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
2. In an endodontic treatment, the root canal
system is our road map to success
In the past, we have been thinking only
vertically. Many students were taught that
the first concern in root canal preparation
was “working length”. Now, we understand
that the critical issue is three-dimensionality.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. Almost 30 years ago, Schilder introduced the
concept “cleaning and shaping”.
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5. Refers to the removal of all contents of the root
canal system before and during shaping.
Substrates, microflora, bacterial products, caries
etc.
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6. The final preparation of this system should be an
exact replica of the original canal configuration in
shape, taper, and flow only larger.
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7. Filing:
Indicates a push-pull action with the
instrument
The inward passage of the file is powered by
the hand and the rigidity of the file.
This is an effective technique with H-file
since they do not engage during the insertion
action and cut efficiently during the
withdrawal motion.
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8. Disadvantages:
◦ With H-file that it can easily cut the middle of a curvature
and cause strip perforation.
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9. Indicates clockwise / right-hand rotation of an
instrument.
The instrument must be restrained from insertion
to generate a cutting effect
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10. Is a combination of reaming and filling, the file is
inserted with a ¼ turn clockwise and inwardly
directed hand pressure (i.e. reaming) positioned
into the canal by this action, the file is
subsequently withdrawn (i.e. filling).
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11. Is the back-and-forth oscilation of a file (30-60°)
right and (30-60°) left as the instrument is pushed
into the canal.
This back-and-forth movement causes the files
and reamers to plane the walls efficiently.
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12. With each clockwise turn, the instrument moves
apically until it meets resistance and must be
freed with a pull stroke.
Used with H-files
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13. ◦ insert an instrument, it is rotated to the right
(clockwise) a quarter turn. This pulls the instrument
into the canal and positions the cutting edges into
the walls.
◦ Next, it is rotated left (counterclockwise) at least
1/3rd of the revolution to unthread the instrument
and drive it from the canal.
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14. Advantages:
◦ Simultaneous apical and counter-clockwise rotation
of file strikes a balance between the tooth structure
and instrument elastic memory. This balance locates
the instrument very near the canal axis, even in
severely curved canals, so this technique avoids
transportation.
◦ It works effectively without pre-curving.
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16. Done in narrow canals with circular cross-
sections.
WL determined.
Smallest instrument adjusted to WL.
Sequentially enlarged entire canal.
The canal is then obturated
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17. Disadvantages:
Risk of extrusion of debris.
Alteration of WL.
Vertical root # is possible if over instrumentation is
carried out.
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18. WL determined.
Instrument that fills to correct WL is chosen.
Enlarge 3 No’s larger at the apex.
Reduce the WL length by 1mm and continue to
enlarge canal / flaring.
Recapitulate, irrigate for patency.
Coronal preparation done using GGD.
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19. Step back
1. Phase I: Apical preparation starting at apical
constriction
2. Phase II: Preparation of reminder of canal
3. Phase IIA: Refining phase with Gates glidden
4. Phase IIB: Circumferential filing with No.25 file
5. Completed preparation
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23. Extrusion of debris.
Apical blockage.
Alteration of W.L.
Tendency for canal deviations.
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24. advantages
Less lightly to like cause periapical
trauma.
Development of apical matrix prevent over
filling.
Greater condensation pressure can be
exerted.
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25. Balanced force technique was derived from the
physical law which states that “action and
reactions are equal and opposite”
Develop instrumentation which has high
magnitude of forces against file, small magnitude
forces against the canal walls to develop a
balance of action to reaction.
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26. K-type files are preferably used in this
technique because of their cross section
(triangular)
K-type design provides cutting edges with
identical rake and clearance angles
regardless of the direction of action
They provide bi-directional cutting mechanism
without loss of efficacy
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27. Bi-direction refers to cutting efficacy
in
apical (insertion)
coronal (withdrawal)
clockwise rotation
counter clockwise rotation
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28. Disadvantages
Over extension and stripping of the inner walls of
the curved canals are the major disadvantages
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29. Modified step back technique
Step back procedure begins 2-3mm up the
canal which provides almost retentive parallel
walls at the apex.
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30. Passive step back Technique
Walton’s and Torabinejad technique(1994).
Combination of hand and rotary instrumentation.
Requires 10-40 No K-file,
2-3 No. GG drills,
2-3 No. Peeso reamers.
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31. Technique involves 6 steps
1. Access opening and working length determination.
2. Passive step back hand instrumentation.
3. Passive use of GG drills
4. Confirmation of working length.
5. Passive use of GG drills and/or peeso reamers.
6. Apical preparation.
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37. Ohio-State Technique
Enlargement of the apex to No.25
GG No. 2 for coronal 2/3rd
No. 30, 35 to the original working length
GG No. 3
No. 40 to the original working lengthwww.indiandentalacademy.com
44. Albert C George in the year 1982 proposed this
technique which combines the step down and step
back techniques.
The coronal portion is prepared by step down tech
and the apical preparation is completed with step
back.
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45. Determine W.L.
Prepare till 14 mm / coronal to the curve.
Irrigate and clean.
Go 1mm deeper, maintaining instrumentation coronal to
the curve and file.
Again 1mm deeper.
Continue till WL is achieved.
Prepare using step-back
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46. Indications:
For straight canals or
For straight portions of curved canals.
Contra indications:
In calcified canals.
In young permanent teeth with open apices.
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47. Canal master technique uses modified root canal
instrument in a coronal apical approach.
The inst can be both hand held or mechanized.
The apical 0.75mm of the hand instrument is safe-
ended to facilitate maintenance of canal curvature.
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48. Determine WL
Prepare to the beginning of the curve with GG
Use canal master in step-back fashion to prepare
the rest of the canal
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49. Root canal preparation using
Rotary cutting instruments
• Profile series
• Light speed
• Protaper
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54. Ultrasonic System
Richman introduced in 1957.
Barbed broaches were used first.
Now wide ranges of files with particles are used.
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55. Mechanics
20 to 40 KHz of sound energy is used from electromagnetic
or piezo
Cavitation.
Synergistic action- chemical action of irrigant, abrasive
action of file.
Negative pressure within cells.
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56. Advantages
Decreases operator time.
Faster root canal preparation.
Irrigation of root canal is more efficient.
Disadvantages
Corrosion of tips.
Zip formation
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59. LASER preparation
first reported use by Weichmen &Johnson in 1971
they tried to seal the apical foramen by means of CO2
laser
150 mili joules laser energy is used.
Plasma effect is same.
CO2 laser of 10.6 micrometer is used.
Nd:YAG of 1.06 micrometer is used.
ArF excimer of 193 is used.
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61. Was introduced by Lussi et al in 1993
the technique uses a vacuum pump and an
electrically driven piston generating alternating
pressure and bubbles in the irrigation solution
inside the root canal
this expected to enhance the ability of NaOCl to
dissolve organic pulp tissue
following the cleansing procedure the root canal
may be obturated by the vacuum pump with a
sealer.
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62. In experimental studies done on extracted teeth
the mean percentage of teeth with tissue
remnants and remaining debris in the coronal
third of the root canal was shown to be 34.4%,
55.8 % in the middle third and 76.6% in the
apical part
Additional intraoperative problems such as
severe pain under extension and apical extrusion
of sealer or breakdown of vacuum have been
reported
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63. In conclusion as the NIT system is presented not
marketed and long term observations are missing
it cannot be regarded as an alternative to the
mechanical root canal instrumentation
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